The document summarizes the history and development of microscopy and the cell theory. It describes how early microscopists like Hooke and van Leeuwenhoek first observed cells in the 1600s. Later, Schleiden and Schwann concluded that plants and animals are made of cells. Virchow's work helped support the theory of biogenesis that life comes from preexisting cells. The 3 principles of the cell theory are that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic functional units, and new cells arise from preexisting cells. The document then describes the main structures of animal and plant cells including the cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts and other organelles.
The document summarizes the history and development of microscopy and the cell theory. It describes how early microscopists like Hooke and van Leeuwenhoek first observed cells in the 1600s. Later, Schleiden and Schwann concluded that plants and animals are made of cells. Virchow's work helped support the theory of biogenesis that life comes from preexisting cells. The 3 principles of the cell theory are that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic functional units, and new cells arise from preexisting cells. The document then describes the main structures of animal and plant cells including the cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts and other organelles.
The document summarizes the history and development of microscopy and the cell theory. It describes how early microscopists like Hooke and van Leeuwenhoek first observed cells in the 1600s. Later, Schleiden and Schwann concluded that plants and animals are made of cells. Virchow's work helped support the theory of biogenesis that life comes from preexisting cells. The 3 principles of the cell theory are that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic functional units, and new cells arise from preexisting cells. The document then describes the main structures of animal and plant cells including the cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts and other organelles.
The document summarizes the history and development of microscopy and the cell theory. It describes how early microscopists like Hooke and van Leeuwenhoek first observed cells in the 1600s. Later, Schleiden and Schwann concluded that plants and animals are made of cells. Virchow's work helped support the theory of biogenesis that life comes from preexisting cells. The 3 principles of the cell theory are that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic functional units, and new cells arise from preexisting cells. The document then describes the main structures of animal and plant cells including the cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts and other organelles.
1. 1500s- first lenses used by merchants to determine quality of cloth (look at precision of the weave) 2. 1600s- microscope and telescope constructed Anton van Leeuuwenhoek- made simple compound microscope and observed living things in pond water for the first time Robert Hooke- looked at thin slice of cork. Noticed it was made of tiny empty chambers and called them cells
Hookes work stimulated others to search for cells in
living things. It became apparent that cells were basic units of all living things.
Matthias Schleiden- concluded all plants made of cells
Theodor Schwann- concluded all animals made of cells
Rudolf Virchow- Russian physician said Where a cell
exists, there must have been a preexisting cell. What theory did this help to support? The Theory of Biogenisis: Life comes from other living things!
3 parts to the Cell Theory:
1. All living things are made of cells.
2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in all living things. 3. New cells are produced from preexisting cells.
Cells come in many
shapes and sizes. Smallest cell = bacteria
Largest cell = Ostrich egg and giant amoeba
Cells can be classified as either prokaryotic or
eukaryotic. What is the difference? 1. Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus and membrane bound organelles.
Small and simple; Example: bacteria
Contain cell membrane, cytoplasm,
rribosomes and sometimes a cell wall. 2. Eukaryotic cells do have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles. Larger and more complex Examples: animal cells, plant cells, fungal cells, and protists
Your body has special organs, like a heart, to keep your
body functioning to stay alive. Cells also have organs, but we call them organelles. What are organelles? Specialized structures found in the cell that perform a distinct process within the cell. Examples: Nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, chloroplast, and etc.
Now lets learn the parts of the cell!
Cell Membrane = thin, flexible barrier around the cell.
Regulates what enters and exits the cell like a gate keeper Provides protection and support Made of double-layered sheet called lipid bilayer Phosphate glycerol head is that is not soluble in water. hydrophilic (water loving)
Lipid molecules
2 fatty acid tails are
hydrophobic (water fearing)
Water is found outside the cell and inside the cell,
but not in the cell membrane between the lipid bilayer!
Cell Membrane is a mosaic of many different kinds of
molecules. Protein channels and pumps move materials through the cell membrane Carbohydrate molecules act like ID cards allowing cells to communicate with each other.
Cell Wall- strong layer around the cell membrane found
in plants, algae, fungi, and nearly all prokaryotes. NOT found in animal cells!!!! Provides support and protection for the cell Made from fibers of carbohydrate (cellulose) and proteins
Cytoplasm- jelly-like material inside the cell to
hold the organelles and maintain the cells shape.
Nucleus- large structure only found in eukaryotic cells
that contains the cells genetic material (DNA); the control center of the cell, like a brain.
Parts of the cell nucleus:
Nucleolus- small dense region in nucleus where ribosomes are made Nuclear envelopedouble layer memb. surrounding the nucleus containing tiny nuclear pores to allow materials in &out. DNA has 2 forms: 1.
Chromatin- Coiled DNA
bound to protein. Looks like noodles 2. ChromosomesCondensed DNA that looks like the letter X
Chromatin condenses into Chromosomes when cell
gets ready to divide during mitosis or meiosis. The genetic material is passed from one generation to the next.
Cytoskeleton- Network of protein filaments that
help the cell to maintain its shape and involved in many forms of cell movement
Made up of microtubules and microfilaments
1. Microtubules- serve as tracks along which
organelles are moved. Important in cell division- help to separate chromosomes. Also form cilia and flagella which allow cells to move. 2. Microfilaments- long, thin fibers function in movement and support the cell
Ribosomes- makes proteins by linking amino acids
Endoplasmic Reticulum- interconnected network
of thin, folded membranes that produce, process, and distribute proteins. The cells internal transport system. There are 2 types of ER: 1. Rough ER- (has ribosomes attached) 2. Smooth ER-(no ribosomes attached)
Golgi Apparatus- (Aka: Golgi Body or
Golgi complex) stack of flat, membraneenclosed spaces containing enzymes that process, sort, and deliver proteins. It is like the post office of the cell. Carbohydrates and lipids attached to proteins are packaged Proteins sent to final destination
Lysosomes- organelles that contains enzymes to
break down food or waste within a cell. It is the clean-up crew of the cell. Break down lipids, carbohydrates, proteins from food particles (little digestive sacs) Break down old cell parts, removing debris
Vacuoles- organelle that is used to store materials,
such as water, food, or enzymes, that are needed by the cell. It is like a storage sac Large in plant cells (single large vacuole) In animals, smaller vacuoles called vesicles. They transport substances within the cell.
Vesicle
Chloroplasts- organelle made up of numerous
membranes that are used to convert solar energy into chemical energy (glucose); contains chlorophyll. Found in plants and some other organisms (none found in animals and fungi) Produce energy-rich food molecules from sunlight by photosynthesis Green pigment- chlorophyll found in photosynthetic membranes to absorb sun
Mitochondria- bean shaped organelle that supplies
energy to the cell and has its own ribosomes and DNA. The "Powerhouse of cells found in nearly all eukaryotic cells Use energy from food to power growth, development and movement Cells that require more energy have more mitochondria
Organelle DNA- DNA found in mitochondria and
chloroplasts. Essential for normal function of both organelles. Theory of Endosymbiosis proposed by Lynn Margulis:
A theory to explain how simple prokaryotic single
cell organisms become complex eukaryotic multicellular organisms.
Prokaryotic cell got hungry and ingested another
prokaryotic cell cell cannibalism. The ingested contents did not completely digest. Those undigested particles developed into sophisticated organelles like chloroplast and mitochondria and the cell became eukaryotic. Now the cell doesnt have to rely only on eating other cells for energy. The cell can simply photosynthesize. From here, life became more complex.
