Mumias EIA

Environmental Assessment Project Report
Mumias Sugar Cogeneration Project
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF WORK.....6
1.1.
Introduction .............................................................................................................................................6
1.2.
Assessment Objectives.............................................................................................................................6
1.3.
Scope .........................................................................................................................................................6
1.4.
Terms of Reference..................................................................................................................................7
1.5.
Responsibilities ........................................................................................................................................ 7
1.6.
Methodology Outline...............................................................................................................................7
1.6.1.
Environmental Screening............................................................................................................... 8
1.6.2.
Environmental Scoping .................................................................................................................. 8
1.6.3.
Desk Study....................................................................................................................................... 8
1.6.4.
Baseline Data/Information Gathering........................................................................................... 8
1.6.5.
Site Assessment ............................................................................................................................... 8
1.6.6.
Reporting ......................................................................................................................................... 8
2.
2.1.
POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK ...............................................................9

General Overview ....................................................................................................................................9
2.2.
Policies ...................................................................................................................................................... 9
2.2.1.
National Environment Action Plan (NEAP)................................................................................. 9
2.2.2.
National Policy on Energy..............................................................................................................9
2.2.3.
Kenyan Economic Strategy for Wealth and Employment Creation (2003-7) ......................... 10
2.2.4.
Policy Guidelines on Environment and Development ............................................................... 10
2.3.
Legal Aspects ......................................................................................................................................... 10
2.3.1.
The Environment Management and Co-ordination Act, 1999 ................................................. 10
2.3.2.
Electric Power Act, 1997 ..............................................................................................................11
2.3.3.
The Factories Other Places of Work Act (Cap 514) .................................................................. 11
2.3.4.
The Water Act 2002......................................................................................................................12
2.3.5.
The Public Health Act (Cap. 242)................................................................................................ 12
2.3.6.
Local Government Act (cap 265)................................................................................................. 13
2.3.7.
The Sugar Act ............................................................................................................................... 13
2.3.8.
EIA/ EA Regulations ....................................................................................................................14
3.
BASELINE INFORMATION & DATA...............................................................15
3.1.
Existing Boiler and Turbine Configuration ........................................................................................ 15
3.2.
Project Site and Topography................................................................................................................15
3.3.
Drainage System and Hydrology.......................................................................................................... 16
3.4.
Vegetation............................................................................................................................................... 16
3.5.
Rainfall and Climate ............................................................................................................................. 16
3.6.
Soils ......................................................................................................................................................... 16
Prepared By Environmental Cost Management Centre 2006
3.7.
Water Resources ....................................................................................................................................16
3.8.
Bio-diversity ........................................................................................................................................... 17
3.9.
Air Quality ............................................................................................................................................. 17
3.10.
Land Use Activities................................................................................................................................17
3.11.
Areas of Cultural Importance ..............................................................................................................17
3.12.
Environmentally Sensitive and/or Significant Areas.......................................................................... 17
3.13.
Economic Development......................................................................................................................... 18
3.14.
Social Issues............................................................................................................................................ 18
4.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND MAGNITUDE OF OPERATIONS ..................19
4.1.
General Description, Ownership and Project Location ..................................................................... 19
4.2.
Nature of the Project and Proposed Development ............................................................................. 19
4.3.
Site Description...................................................................................................................................... 21
4.4.
Project Design and Technology ............................................................................................................ 21
4.5.
Process Description................................................................................................................................22
4.6.
Sources of Raw Materials ..................................................................................................................... 22
4.7.
Waste Generation ..................................................................................................................................23
4.8.
Project Construction ............................................................................................................................. 23
4.8.1.
Construction Inputs......................................................................................................................23
4.8.2.
Construction Activities ................................................................................................................. 23
4.8.3.
Current Status of the Project and Construction Period............................................................23
4.9.
Project Implementation and Operation...............................................................................................24
4.10.
Project Budget ....................................................................................................................................... 24
4.11.
Project Lifetime and Decommissioning ...............................................................................................24
5.
ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ................................................ 25
6.
STAKEHOLDER COMMENTS ......................................................................... 25
7.
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ....................................................27
8.
CONCLUSION...................................................................................................30
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Mumias Sugar Company Limited is a registered agro based public company in Kenya21, involved in growing
and crushing sugar cane to produce sugar. The company ownership is as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
34% by the Government of Kenya

30% by farmers
4% by Commonwealth Development Corporation
The balance by other shareholders.
The company, which started production in 1972 after completing construction in 1968, is located in ButereMumias District along the Kakamega Bungoma Road, 38 kilometres west of Kakamega town and 23 kilometres
south of Bungoma town at the Busia Junction on plot No. FR/257/12 with a total area of 4,295 hectares.
The objective of the project is to satisfy the ever increasing demand for electricity in Kenya with a clean
alternative to the more fossil-fuel based electricity component of the Kenyan national grid. The project aims to
generate not less than 30 MW of electricity, with not more than 10 MW internal consumption by the factory, and
at least 20 MW export to the national grid. The project is to be located in Mumias Sugar Company, within
Mumias town of Western Province of Kenya.
The proposed Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) project, the Mumias Sugar Cogeneration Project, is a
power capacity expansion project involving the generation of electricity using sugarcane bagasse on site and
consisting of the following activities:
Interim installation of a 5 MVA transformer on the power export line to the Kenya Power & Lighting
Company (KPLC) to facilitate 24 hour-a-day export of 2 MW up to commissioning.
Installation of 1 new high pressure steam boiler (in the region of 150 t/hr steam at 87 barg pressure and 525
0C) at Mumias Sugar Company Limited.
Installation of a 22-34 MW turbo alternator to replace at least 3 of the existing 4 alternators at Mumias Sugar
Company Limited.
The results of this study show that the proposed Mumias Sugar Cogeneration project does not have a potential
for serious negative environmental impacts. The project is siting within an existing factory and the specific area
already has a suitable foundation built.
The project uses renewable waste to produce energy in Kenya where at least 50% of the energy is hydro based
and very susceptible to weather patterns. The other potion is significantly fossil fuel based thermal energy which
is prone to exchange fluctuations and other political instability in certain regions of the world. Energy source
diversification is therefore very beneficial to the whole country.
The potential adverse environmental impacts such as ash, wastewater and particulate matter in flue gases have
been adequately mitigated. Plans are also in place to adequately mitigate the health and safety impacts of the
project.
From a socio-economic point of view, the project has significant economic benefits not only to the community
but also to the whole country.
21
Mumias Sugar Company changed from a parastatal to public company in 2002.
The recommendations have been provided in the Environmental management Plan (Section 7) as proposed
actions .
This report presents the findings under the following headings:
Environmental impact assessment objectives and scope
Nature of the project
Methodology
Policy and legal issues
Baseline conditions of the site
Anticipated environmental impacts
Conclusions and recommended mitigation measures
Environmental management plan
Annexes
1.
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF WORK
1.1.
Introduction
Mumias sugar factory crushes about 380 tonnes of cane per hour, resulting to generation of
967,781.25 tonnes of bagasse per year. A sizable volume of the bagasse is used for generation
of electricity for internal use, while unused bagasse is transported to nucleus estates where it
is dumped and left to decay. The bagasse which is dumped in the nucleus estates has some
negative effects on the environment during decomposition through emission of methane
which increases global warming effect.
In order to utilise the excess bagasse and diversify revenue sources, the company would like
to set up a cogeneration project next to the existing sugar factory. The cogeneration project
will utilise bagasse as raw materials to generate 30 MW of electricity. Of the 30 MW
generated, 20 MW will be sold to the national grid while 10 MW will be used internally in the
factory and in the domestic areas.
It is recognised that projects such as the proposed cogeneration project by Mumias Sugar
Company Limited could have certain adverse environmental impacts if appropriate measures
to protect the environment are not undertaken.
In order to ensure lasting co-existence of the site activities with other social and economic
activities in the area, and compliance with the Environmental Management and Coordination
Act, 1999, the site operators commissioned this environmental assessment for the project.
1.2.
Assessment Objectives
The objective of this assessment is to determine and assess the impacts of the proposed
project and to develop appropriate mitigation measures. The assessment also aims to ensure
compliance with the provisions of the Environmental Management and Coordination Act,
1999 and to prepare an Environmental Management Plan which can be used as the basis for
future audits.
1.3.
Scope
The Kenya Government has put forward measures aimed at protecting the environment by
listing projects which must undergo environmental impact assessment under schedule 2 of
EMCA 1999. For a proposed project to get a licence form NEMA, they are required to either
submit a project or EIA report depending on the magnitude and nature of the project. This
EIA report covers the following aspects of the proposed cogeneration project:
The baseline environmental conditions of the area
Description of the nature and design of the project
Description of the major activities at the site during construction, operation and
decommissioning phases of the project
Provisions of the relevant environmental laws
Identification of materials to be used and by-products and wastes
Identification and discussion of the potential adverse impacts to the environment from the
site
Establish appropriate mitigation measures for these impacts
Provision of an environmental management plan.
1.4.
Terms of Reference
The terms of reference for the EIA included the following:
Hold appropriate meetings with the management to establish the procedures, define
requirements, responsibilities, and a timeframe
Provide a description of the nature, design, activities of the proposed Mumias Sugar
Cogeneration Project with a focus on potential impacts to the surrounding environment
Inspect the site and its surroundings in collaboration with the management
Carry out a systematic environmental assessment at the site following the gazetted
regulations
Conduct a stakeholder meeting for the identification of social and community concerns
Produce an environmental assessment project report that should contain among other
issues identification of key environmental aspects, recommendations on appropriate
mitigation measure to minimize or prevent adverse impacts and ensure health and safety
of the workers and neighbouring communities
Develop an environmental management plan.
1.5.
Responsibilities
While the environmental impact assessment expert provided the technical understanding on
the baseline environmental status, potential impacts, management options and legal
framework, the client was provided the following:
Site map(s) showing roads, service lines, buildings layout and the actual size of the site
Full details of nature of the project, design, materials usage and by-products, site
operational outline and any wastes to be generated
Anticipated measures for handling wastes on the site
Anticipated management programme for the proposed development
Arrangement with surrounding community/stakeholder meetings
The output from the environmental expert included the following:
An environmental impact assessment project report comprising of an executive summary,
study approach, operational nature of the project, baseline conditions, impacts and
appropriate mitigation measures
An environmental management plan as part of the report recommendations
1.6.
Methodology Outline
The general steps followed during the assessment were as follows:
Preliminary assessment of the site
Environment screening, in which the project was identified as among those requiring a
project report under schedule 2 of Environmental Management and Coordination Act
(EMCA), 1999
Environmental scoping that provided the significant environmental issues related to
proposed project and the site activities
Desk studies and interviews with the site managers
Detailed physical inspection of the site and the surrounding areas
Community/stakeholder comments gathering
Reporting
1.6.1.
Environmental Screening
This step was applied to determine whether an environmental assessment project report was
required and what level of assessment was necessary. This was done in reference to
requirements of the EMCA, 1999, and specifically the second schedule. Issues considered
included the physical location, sensitive issues, nature of the project, project design and
nature impacts.
1.6.2.
Environmental Scoping
The scoping process helped narrow down onto the most critical issues requiring attention
during the assessment. Environmental issues were categorized into physical,
natural/ecological, social, and economic aspects.
1.6.3.
Desk Study
The desk study included documentary review on the nature of the site activities, project
design, operational requirements, policy and legislative framework as well as the
environmental setting of the area among others. It also included discussions with managers
and staff.
1.6.4. Baseline Data/Information Gathering

Site information was gathered through observation and research. The site was visited for
inspection of the physical environment and status of the immediate surroundings. A preprepared data sheet was used to record information gathered during the visit of the sites. The
field data sheet addressed various aspects of the project site and the general environment and
had been adopted from the international environmental protocol then adjusted to incorporate
issues listed in the EIA regulations in the Kenya Gazette Supplement No. 56 of 13th June
2003.
Project design documents, including main drawings, were reviewed. Physical investigation
took into consideration the relatively benign sea environment where the cogeneration plant
will be located. The hydrology and surface geology of the area, the drainage system, and the
typical socio-economic activities around the site were investigated. Also investigated were the
public services provided in the area including the drainage systems, water supply/abstractions,
and access roads.
1.6.5.
Site Assessment
Field visits were meant for physical inspections of the site characteristics and the
environmental status of the surrounding areas to determine the baseline data and potential
impacts. The assessors were conducted around the site by a manager of the company.
Community/stakeholder consultation comments were also solicited during this stage through
stakeholders meeting at Mumias.
1.6.6. Reporting
In addition to briefing the management, this project report was prepared. The contents were
then presented to the client for submission to the National Environmental Management
Authority (NEMA) as required by law.
2.
POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK
2.1.
General Overview
Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is a tool for environmental conservation and is used
for the identification of significant environmental aspects and impacts of proposed projects
which when addressed ensure sustainable operations with respect to environmental resources
and co-existence with other socio-economic activities in the neighbourhood. At the national
level, Kenya has put in place necessary legislation that requires environmental impact
assessments to be carried out on specified types of operations and projects and reports to be
submitted to the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) for approval and
issuance of relevant licences.
To facilitate this process, regulations on EIA and environmental audits have been established
under the Kenya Gazette Supplement No. 56 of 13th June 2003. Besides, a number of other
national policies and legal statutes have been reviewed to enhance environmental
sustainability in national development projects across all sectors. Some of the policies and
legal provisions that are deemed relevant to the proposed project are briefly presented in the
following sub-sections. For the purposes of this report, emphasis has been put on those
policies and legal provisions that relate to the design, installation and operation of the
proposed facilities. Detailed and more comprehensive review will be conducted during the
full environmental impact assessment of the proposed project.
2.2.
Policies
2.2.1. National Environment Action Plan (NEAP)

According to the Kenya National Environment Action Plan (NEAP, 1994) the Government
recognized the negative impacts on ecosystems emanating from industrial, economic and
social development programmes that disregarded environmental sustainability. Following on
this, establishment of appropriate policies and legal guidelines as well as harmonization of the
existing ones have been accomplished and/or are in the process of development. Under the
NEAP process, EIA was introduced and among the key participants identified were the
industrialists, business community and local authorities.
2.2.2. National Policy on Energy
The National Policy on Energy, Sessional Paper 4 of 2004 recognises that the success of
socio-economic and environmental transformation strategies pursued by the government at
present and in the future is to a large extent depended on the performance of the energy sector
as an economic infrastructure. The paper encourages the use of environmentally friendly and
efficient technology for the generation of electricity; and the generation of electricity from
renewable energy sources through a wider adoption and use of renewable technologies and
thereby enhance their role in the country s energy supply matrix. This enhancement will
reduce the country s dependence on oil based thermal generation.
The proposed project is therefore in line with the policy.
2.2.3. Kenyan Economic Strategy for Wealth and Employment Creation (2003-7)
The strategy also identifies implementation of cogeneration (renewable sources of energy)
projects as part of the key reforms necessary in the energy sector, which is in line with the
posed project. The proposed project will improve the revenue base of Mumias Sugar
Company with possible improvement in income of sugarcane farmers and increased job
creation in the region. At the same time the project will lead to economic improvement of the
country through increased power availability.
2.2.4.
Policy Guidelines on Environment and Development

Among the key objectives of the Policy Paper on Environment and Development (Sessional
Paper No. 6 of 1999) are:
To ensure that from the onset, all development policies, programmes and projects take
environmental considerations into account,
To ensure that an independent environmental impact assessment (EIA) report is prepared
for any industrial venture or other development before implementation,
To come up with effluent treatment standards that will conform to acceptable health
guidelines.
Under this paper, broad categories of development issues have been covered that require
sustainable approach. These issues include the waste management and human settlement
sectors. The policy recommends the need for enhanced re-use/recycling of residues including
wastewater, use of low non-waste technologies, increased public awareness raising and
appreciation of clean environment. It also encourages participation of stakeholders in the
management of wastes within their localities. Regarding human settlement, the paper
encourages better planning in both rural and urban areas and provision of basic needs such as
water, drainage and waste disposal facilities among others.
The proposed project conserves water through use of high pressure technology and recycling,
both of which support this policy guideline. Provisions will be mage for safe disposal of the
ash generated from the project.
2.3.
Legal Aspects
Application of international conventions and national statutes and regulations on
environmental conservation and pollution prevention suggests that organisations have a legal
duty and responsibility to conserve resources and discharge only wastes of acceptable quality
to the receiving environment and without compromising public health and safety. The key
international and national laws of relevance that govern the management of environmental
resources in the country have been briefly discussed in the following paragraphs. Note that
wherever any of the laws contradict each other, the Environmental Management and Coordination Act, 1999 prevails.
2.3.1. The Environment Management and Co-ordination Act, 1999

This Act has sections which regulate the environmental aspects of the energy sector. Part II of
the Environment Management & Co-ordination Act, 1999 states that every person in Kenya is
entitled to a clean and healthy environment and has the duty to safeguard and enhance the
environment.
10
To achieve this, the Act directs that any operator of any proposed significant undertaking
should carry out an environmental impact assessment and prepare an appropriate report for
submission to the National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA), who in turn may
issue a license as appropriate.
The second schedule of the same Act lists management of power projects among the projects
that must undergo an environmental impact assessment before implementation.
Part VIII section 72 of the Act prohibits discharging or applying poisonous, toxic, noxious or
obstructing matter, radioactive or any other pollutants into aquatic environment. Section 73
requires those operators of projects, which discharge effluent or other pollutants to submit to
NEMA accurate information about the quantity and quality of the effluent. Section 80
demands that all owners of an industrial establishment or trade emitting a substance or energy
causing or likely to cause air pollution to apply for an emission license from the Authority.
However, NEMA has not yet established the emission standards.
Cogeneration projects are renewable sources of energy which utilise bagasse, a sugar cane
processing by-product. The waste generated is mainly ash with significant boiler emissions
from the stack. The technology to be applied will ensure safe disposal of the ash and adequate
cleaning of the flue gases.
2.3.2. Electric Power Act, 1997
Section 121 (1) c of the Electric Power Act, 1997 empowers the Electricity Regulatory Board
(ERB) to
enforce environmental and safety regulations in the power sub-sector ; ERB is
therefore the Lead Agency in respect of the electric power sub-sector, while section 9 (3) of
the requires ERB to take into account the need to protect the environment, conserve natural
resources, and protect the health and safety of service users and the public at large, among
other things; when evaluating applications for licences.
The Act also empowers the board to ensure the licensees provide information to the public on
the environmental performance and sources of their electric power.
To ensure compliance, a copy of this EIA report will be issued to the ERB to verify
conformance before issuing of the licence.
2.3.3.
The Factories Other Places of Work Act (Cap 514)

Section 13 states that every factory shall be kept in a clean state and free from effluvia arising
from any drain, sanitary convenience or nuisance including accommodation of dirt and refuse.
Section 17 of the same Act requires that where any process is carried out which renders the
floor liable to be wet to such an extent that the wet is capable of being removed by drainage,
effective means shall be provided and maintained for safe draining off the wet. Section 51
requires suitable means of removing dust or fumes from work places. Section 53 of this Act
requires that workers employed in a process involving exposure to wet or to any injurious or
offensive substances, suitable protective clothing and appliances (gloves, footwear, goggles,
and head coverage) shall be provided.
Section 4 of Kenya subsidiary legislation of 2004, Legal Notice No. 31 of Kenya Gazette
Supplement No. 25 of 24th May, 2004 of the Factories Act Cap 514, requires that, all
factories or other workplace owners to establish a safety and health committee, which shall
consist of safety representatives from the management and the workers.
11
The number of the committee members will range from 3 to 7 depending on the size (number)
of employees. The Act also requires the management to appoint a competent person who is a
member of the management staff to be responsible for safety, health, and welfare in the
factory or workplace. Section 13 goes ahead to state that a health and safety audit of the
workplace be carried out in every twelve months by a registered health and safety adviser. If
the owner(s) or management contravenes any of the rules, he/she shall be guilty of an offence.
Under environment health and safety performance in the electric power sub-sector, the
electricity generating stations are regarded as factories. The Factories Act has provisions
dealing with the safety and health of persons working in factory premises, which description
encompasses electricity generating plants. The provisions of the Factories and Other Places of
Work Act (Cap 514) and the attendant subsidiary legislations are enforced by the Department
of Occupational Health and Safety of the Ministry of Labour. The Electricity Regulatory
Board will therefore liaise with the Department of Occupational Health and Safety to ensure
that the safety and health of persons working in utilities in the electric power sub-sector are
safeguarded at all times.
Mumias cogeneration project will be governed by this Act and since the project deals with
power generation, appropriate measures will be put in place to ensure safety of workers and
property as a whole. Since Mumias Sugar Company already complies with this the provisions
of this Act, it will extend to the Cogeneration Plan.
2.3.4. The Water Act 2002
Part II section 18 of the Act provides for national monitoring and information systems on
water resources. Following on this, sub-section 3 allows the Water Resources Management
Authority to demand from any person or institution, specified information, documents,
samples or materials on water resources. Under these rules, specific records may need to be
kept by a factory operator and the information thereof furnished to the authority.
Section 73 of the Act allows a person with license (licensee) to supply water to make
regulations for purposes of protecting against degradation of water sources. Section 75 and
sub-section 1 allows the licensee to construct and maintain drains, sewers and other works for
intercepting, treating or disposing of any foul water arising or flowing upon land for
preventing pollution of water sources within his/her jurisdiction.
The proposed project will decrease water demand from the current rates because less steam
will be generated. During the operation of the project, any boiler blow downs will be routed
to the existing waste water treatment plant. In addition, sugar cane processing generates net
water and therefore the project will not adversely affect the water quantity in the river.
2.3.5. The Public Health Act (Cap. 242)
Part IX section 115 of the Act states that no person/institution shall cause nuisance or
condition liable to be injurious or dangerous to human health. Section 116 requires Local
Authorities to take all lawful, necessary and reasonably practicable measures to maintain their
jurisdiction clean and sanitary to prevent occurrence of nuisance or condition liable for
injurious or dangerous to human health.
12
Such nuisance or conditions are defined under section 118, and include waste pipes, sewers,
drains or refuse pits constructed or situated in such a state as in the opinion of the medical
officer of health to be offensive or injurious to health. Any noxious matter or waste water
flowing or discharged from any premises into a public street or into the gutter or side channel
or watercourse, irrigation channel or bed not approved for discharge is also deemed as a
nuisance. Other nuisances are accumulation of materials or refuse which in the opinion of the
medical officer of health is likely to harbour rats or other vermin.
Section 130 provides for making and imposing regulations by the county councils and others
the duty of enforcing rules in respect of prohibiting use of water supply or erection of
structures draining filth or noxious matter into water supply as mentioned in section 129. This
provision is supplemented by Section 126A that requires county councils to develop by-laws
for controlling and regulating among others private sewers, communication between drains
and sewers and between sewers as well as regulating sanitary conveniences in connection to
buildings, drainage, cesspools, etc. for reception or disposal of foul matter.
Part XII Section 136 states that all collections of water, sewage, rubbish, refuse and other
fluids which permits or facilitate the breeding or multiplication of pests shall be deemed
nuisances and are liable to be dealt with in the manner provided by this Act.
Mumias Sugar Company will ensure that the bagasse and ash collection areas are kept in such
a way that they do not constitute a health hazard.
2.3.6. Local Government Act (cap 265)
Section 163 allows the County Council to prohibit all businesses, which may be or become a
source of danger, discomfort, or annoyance due to their noxious nature through smoke, fumes,
dust, noise, or vibrations
Section 165 allows the local authority to refuse to grant or renew any license which is
empowered in this act or any other written law on the grounds that the activity does not
conform to the requirements of any by-laws in force in the area of such local authority or the
granting of the license would be contrary to the public interest.
The boiler to be used will be fitted with an electrostatic precipitator in order to remove any
particulate matter that may be in the flue gases.
2.3.7. The Sugar Act
Section 29 provides for sugar industry agreements negotiated between growers and millers,
growers and out grower institutions, and millers and out growers' institutions. The agreements
are aimed at specifying any agricultural crop from which it is possible to manufacture sugar.
Sugarcane farming contract should provide for the terms and conditions of the production of
sugarcane and sugar and prescribing the rights and obligations of growers and millers and
formula for determining the price to be paid by millers to growers for sugarcane.
Second schedule part 2 section 3 gives the Kenya Sugar Board power to promote a more
extensive use of sugar and its by-products and to ensure that millers and out grower
institutions look into the welfare of its members and institutional development of the regions
where they are situated.
13
Mumias Sugar Company already operates in compliance with the provisions of this Act. They
will therefore continue to do so even in the context of cogeneration. There have been requests
by stakeholders that the company should consider reviewing the farmer payment terms to
reflect the increased earnings from the sugar cane crop.
2.3.8. EIA/ EA Regulations
The environmental impact assessment guidelines require that the study be conducted in
accordance with the issues and general guidelines spelled out in the second and third
schedules of the regulations. These include coverage of the issues on schedule 2 (ecological,
social, landscape, land use and water considerations) and general guidelines on schedule 3
(impacts and their sources, project details, national legislation, mitigation measures, a
management plan and environmental schedules and procedures.
14
3.
BASELINE INFORMATION & DATA

Project information was gathered through site visit for comprehensive investigation of the
physical environmental status of the company operation(s) and that of the immediate
surroundings and discussions with the company managers, staff, and other stakeholders.
3.1.
Existing Boiler and Turbine Configuration

The current cogeneration set up at Mumias Sugar Company Limited consists of 7 low
pressure (20 bar) boilers providing about 300 t/hr of steam which is used to generate about 15
MW of electricity through 5 turbine generators. The steam produced is also to meet the
process steam requirements of the sugar mill (See Table 1 below).
Table 1: EXISTING BOILERS AND TURBINE GENERATORS AT MSC
Boilers22
Steam
Capacit
y
(t/hr)
22
55
110
308
Number
of Units
Pressure
(Barg)
4
2
1
20
20
21
Steam
Temperatur
e
(o C)
283
380
380
Age
(Years)
33
27
10
Turbine Generators
Capacit Number
y
of Units
(MW)
723
2.5
1.25
1.75
15
1
2
1
1
5
Age
(Years)
Under 10
15
22
22
The ash from the boilers is washed out via a wet ash system which then passes through
meandering channels to settle the ash before discharge into River Nzoia. This system is not
very efficient and some of the ash with some carbon content is washed into the river.
The boiler flue gases contain particulate soot which is discharged into the air from where it
gradually settles towards the ground.
3.2.
Project Site and Topography

The Mumias Sugar Cogeneration Project will be located in the old factory site where a strong
foundation already exists. The area is flat, well drained and is made out of concrete like the
rest of the existing factory site.
Both factory compound and the nucleus sugarcane plantation gently slop towards Nzoia
River. The surrounding nucleus sugarcane plantations lying on undulating land. Within the
nucleus, there are swamps, which have been reclaimed and used for sugarcane growing. The
site will be located next to the existing sugar mill in a flat area.
22
All the existing boilers are bagasse fired.
23
This back pressure turbine generator is the only reliable generator at MSC currently.
15
3.3.
Drainage System and Hydrology

All the surface water drains to River Nzoia, which passes through the site within less than 1/2
kilometre away from the site. There are several springs and tributaries, which originate from
within the company site and drain into River Nzoia. The company has established an
elaborate drainage system for both rainwater, domestic and factory wastewater. There will be
no significant waste water generation other than periodic boiler water blow-down which will
be routed to the existing waste water treatment ponds.
3.4.
Vegetation
The project will be located next to the existing sugar mill plant so that bagasse generated can
be fed into the project boilers using convey belts. Because of this, the project will not have
any impact on the vegetation in the area.
3.5.
Rainfall and Climate

The area has good weather with fairly heavy rains of about 200mm in two heavy modes.
November and March are usually dry with maximum temperatures of 290 Celsius during the
day and minimum 150 Celsius at night. The area has a humidity of about 54% and generally
good agro-ecology. The wind direct in the area has no distinct direction but changes
depending on pressure changes from time to time during the day.
The sugar mill is usually shut down for maintains for a period of 60 days during the rainy
season when the dams are also full and there is plenty of hydroelectricity. This complements
well with the cogeneration project which will be in full operation during the dry season when
the dams are low and the proportion of thermal electricity is increased in the grid.
3.6.
Soils
Soils and underlying rock formations in the area have not been surveyed by Kenya Soil
Survey and geological information is lacking. The company has categorised the soils into
lowland and upland soils. Lowland soils are clays and water logged, found in swampy areas
while upland soils are red loamy, and well drained. Soils in certain sites have little organic
matter because they contain red oxide and are shallow in depths, but large parts of the area
have well drained soils. The project is not expected to have adverse impact on the soils in the
site because the soil will only be disturbed during the laying of the foundation and from
construction activities.
3.7.
Water Resources
The Nzoia River, which is about 334 km long and runs 1/2 kilometre north of the factory site
in an approximate south-west direction, is the nearest surface water body to the proposed
project site. There are other small streams within the site, which drain into Nzoia River. The
river is important to Western Kenya, flowing through a region estimated to be populated by
over 3 million people. Its waters provide irrigation all year round, while the annual floods
around the lowland area of Budalangi deposit sediment that contributes to the area's good
agricultural production.
16
Nzoia River originates from Mount Elgon/Cherangani Hills area and, as it flows down before
entering Lake Victoria near the town of Busia, it passes through areas where there are several
industrial, agricultural and municipal activities, which release wastes into the river. Such
discharges into the river from upstream activities have reduced the water quality of the river.
In addition, the agricultural activities and deforestation around the river have resulted in
increased siltation of the river.
To ensure sustainable use of the river, Mumias Sugar Company, in a private public sector
initiative with other organisations have started the Nzoia River Basin Management Initiative.
Mumias company operations use large amounts of water per day, but discharge more water
than what is abstracted from the river. To meet the water demand for factory processes and
domestic use, the company pumps raw water from the river using 16" pipe to the water
treatment plant located within the factory compound for treatment.
It was confirmed from the Mumias-Butere District Water Resources Management Authority
Representative that the abstraction rates are within the licensed quantities.
3.8.
Bio-diversity
There is no major biodiversity within the factory site where the new equipment will be
located.
3.9.
Air Quality
The existing boilers burn, bagasse, a by-product of sugarcane milling process, to generate
steam with significant flue gases from the stack. Currently, there is no system for removal of
the particulate matter in the flue gases which can cause respiratory problems.
Although no air measurements were conducted near the boilers, it is expected that the
particulate matter content of the air is significantly higher than normal because of the flue
gases and the bagasse fluffs in the general area.
3.10.
Land Use Activities

The dominant land use in the area is cane growing in general and industrial sugar milling in
the particular are of the project. This will not be affected by the project.
3.11.
Areas of Cultural Importance

The proposed project will be located within the existing Mumias Sugar factory compound
where there are no areas of cultural importance.
3.12.
Environmentally Sensitive and/or Significant Areas

The only area which was identified as environmentally sensitive is Nzoia River (see 3.7
above), which passes through Mumias Sugar Company nucleus estate. The river originates
from Mount Elgon/Cherangani Hills area but there are several wetlands along its course
which feed it.
17
Wastewater generated from ash removal system from boilers is channelled in meanders where
most of the ash settles out before reaching the river. This method of managing ash is not
effective and some carbon particles and bagasse which is partially burned reaches the river.
3.13.
Economic Development
Mumias Sugar Company is the largest and most profitable sugar company in Kenya with
significant regional and national economic impacts in the country. It provides employment to
a number of local community members and other Kenyans at larger. Currently, it exports
about 2 MW of electricity into the grid.
3.14.
Social Issues
The existence of the factory in the region has enabled the farmers to earn a living from sale of
sugarcane. The monetary gain of the factory to the community is enormous and cannot be
quantified. However, sugarcane growing has sometimes being done at the expense of food
sufficiency by the local household.
The company runs a number of social services such as schools and medical facilities for the
local and national communities. Particulate matter from the exhaust chimneys could
negatively impact the health of the communities leaving nearby by causing frequent asthmatic
conditions and bronchial problems.
18
4.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND MAGNITUDE OF OPERATIONS
4.1.
General Description, Ownership and Project Location

Mumias Sugar Company Limited is a registered agro based public company in Kenya24,
involved in growing and crushing sugar cane to produce sugar. The company ownership is as
follows:
34% by the Government of Kenya
30% by farmers
4% by Commonwealth Development Corporation
The balance by other shareholders.
The company, which started production in 1972 after completing construction in 1968, is
located in Butere-Mumias District along the Kakamega Bungoma Road, 38 kilometres west of
Kakamega town and 23 kilometres south of Bungoma town at the Busia Junction on plot No.
FR/257/12 with a total area of 4,295 hectares.
In 2005, the company processed 2,348,019 tonnes of cane which resulted in production of
269,184 tonnes of sugar and 967,781.25 tones of bagasse. As part of the ongoing business
expansion and diversification, Mumias Sugar Company Limited has decided, with the
assistance of CDM, to invest in upgrading its cogeneration and grid connection systems that
will allow the export of 20 MW of electricity to the national grid.
The cogeneration project will be owned and run by MSC as part of the existing factory where
it will also be located.
4.2.
Nature of the Project and Proposed Development

The objective of the project is to satisfy the ever increasing demand for electricity in Kenya
with a clean alternative to the more fossil-fuel based electricity component of the Kenyan
national grid. The project aims to generate not less than 30 MW of electricity, with not more
than 10 MW internal consumption by the factory, and at least 20 MW export to the national
grid. The project is to be located in Mumias Sugar Company, within Mumias town of Western
Province of Kenya.
The proposed Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) project, the Mumias Sugar
Cogeneration Project, is a power capacity expansion project involving the generation of
electricity using sugarcane bagasse on site and consisting of the following activities:
Interim installation of a 5 MVA transformer on the power export line to the Kenya Power
& Lighting Company (KPLC) to facilitate 24 hour-a-day export of 2 MW up to
commissioning.
Installation of 1 new high pressure steam boiler (in the region of 150 t/hr steam at 87 barg
pressure and 525 0C) at Mumias Sugar Company Limited.
Installation of a 22-34 MW turbo alternator to replace at least 3 of the existing 4
alternators at Mumias Sugar Company Limited.
24
Mumias Sugar Company changed from a parastatal to public company in 2002.
19
The new configuration will consist of 2 boilers and 4 turbines as shown on Table 1 below
with the resulting reduction of near 40 t/hr of steam for double the amount of electricity
generated. The new boiler stack will be equipped with a precipitator to capture all the
particulate matter from the flue gases.
The ash from the boiler will be disposed of via a dry system which does not have adverse
impact on the open water system. The ash collected will be used for soil conditioning and pH
correction in the sugar cane plantations.
As part of the project, the 110 t/hr low pressure steam boiler will be retained to generate
steam while the two 55 t/hr and four 22 t/hr boilers will be decommissioned. Most of the
steam will then be used to drive the new and retained turbine generators to produce about 30
MW of electricity, 20 MW of which will be exported to the grid after meeting the 10 MW
internal process and domestic demand within the company estate.
Electrical equipment will mostly be imported but considerable local assembly will be done to
adapt to specific site requirements.
Table 1: PROPOSED BOILERS AND TURBINE GENERATORS AT MSC
Boilers25
Steam
Capacity
(t/hr)
Age
(Years)
Turbine Generators
Capacit Number
y
of Units
(MW)
21
Steam
Temperatur
e
(o C)
380
33
87
525
New
2.527
22
2
1
30
Pressure
(Barg)
11026
Numb
er
of
Units
1
150
260
Age
(Years)
Under
10
15
New
With the implementation of this project, the power house will be able to supply steam and
power for the sugar factory s internal demand, including domestic use, besides supplying the
20 MW export to the national grid to replace the portion of the grid electricity that is supplied
by thermal plants. The project will therefore reduce GHG emissions directly from the
following sources:
Displacing grid electricity (33% fossil-fuel based) with GHG-neutral biomass electricity
generation. This component of the project activity is expected to achieve GHG emission
reductions of 846,431.38 t CO2e over the 10 year period (2008-2018).
Methane abatement through avoidance of dumping of bagasse and instead using it to
generate electricity is expected to achieve GHG emission reductions of 80,128.05 tCO2e
over 10 year period.
The overall GHG emission reductions expected from the project is 923,085.02 tCO2e over the
period (2008-2018).
25
All the existing boilers are bagasse fired.
26
This boiler is to be retained
27
At least one of these two turbines will be operated depending on the power demand
20
4.3.
Site Description
The proposed cogeneration project is going to be located within the old factory site next to the
existing factory. On the site, a foundation already exists and there will be no major exaction
or works on the ground except for installing equipment mounting points. Some additional
water and steam piping will be required though.
4.4.
Project Design and Technology

The cogeneration project activity is based on conventional steam power cycle involving direct
combustion of biomass (bagasse) in a boiler to raise steam, which is then expanded through a
turbo alternator to generate electricity. The plant comprises of a new 150 t/hr at 87 barg and
525 0C in combination with the existing 110 t/hr low pressure (20 barg) steam boiler. The
new turbo alternator will be in the region of 22-34 MW in combination with 2 or less of the
existing 5 back pressure turbines. The steam extracted from the turbo alternators is used in the
sugar plant processes and the power generated is both used in-house and excess is exported to
the Kenya Power and Lighting Company national grid via a high tension line to be upgraded
by the Kenya Power and Lighting Company
The steam cycle plant will be located within the factory where the exhaust from the steam
turbine is recovered and used for meeting industrial process steam and heat needs. The
technology combines heat and power (cogeneration) systems with greater levels of energy
services per unit of biomass (bagasse) consumed than systems that generate power only. For
Mumias Sugar Company, steam recovery will not be of much value as the factory will not
need additional steam for efficiency improvement, instead, the project is aimed at utilizing
excess bagasse which is not utilized (dumped in the nucleus estate) at the moment, and boiler
efficiency improvement to generate electricity which will be exported to the national
electricity grid. The project will result in a net decrease of 30 to 40 t/hr in steam demand but
with a two fold increase in electricity generation.
Figure 1: Schematic diagram of a biomass-fired steam-Rankine cycle for cogeneration using a

condensing extraction steam turbine
21
The technology involves generation of high pressure steam from pressurized water, with the
resulting steam expanding to drive a turbo-generator, and then condensing back to water for
partial or full recycling to the boiler. A heat exchanger is used to recover heat from flue gases
to preheat combustion air, and a deaerator is used to remove dissolved oxygen from water
before it enters the boiler. An electrostatic precipitator is installed to remove the particulate
matter in the boiler flue gases while a dry ash extraction system is used to remove the ash
generated from the combustion. This is an improvement from the current wet ash system
which results in some of the carbon and other compounds in the ash being discharged into the
Nzoia River.
The technology used is safe, environmentally friendly and proven. The successful completion
of this project activity is likely to contribute to the adoption of similar cogeneration
technologies by firms in the sugar and other industry sectors in Kenya.
4.5.
Process Description
Bagasse will be received from the sugar cane milling process via a conveyor and fed directly
to the boilers to produce steam. The new boiler will produce 150 t/hr of steam at 87 barg and
525 0C temperature while the old retained boiler will generate 110 t/hr of steam at 21 barg
pressure and 3800C temperature. The high pressure steam will be used to drive the 22 MW
turbo generator to produce electricity and exhaust steam and condensate.
The exhaust steam and condensate will be passed through a deaerator to remove dissolved
oxygen before being recycled back into the boiler drum. The low pressure steam will be used
directly in the mill for drives and sugar processing. Other than the steam used directly in the
milling process, all the steam will be recycled and only little make up will be required from
River Nzoia once the system is operational and stable.
Flue gases will pass up the boiler stack which will be fitted with a precipitator to remove any
particulate matter in the gases. A heat exchanger is used to recover heat from flue gases to
preheat combustion air. The ash will be collected under the boiler using a dry system from
where it will be accumulated awaiting use for soil conditioning or pH correction in the
plantations.
The electricity generated will be metered at various locations to determine the quantity used
internally or exported to the grid.
4.6.
Sources of Raw Materials

Every hour, Mumias Sugar factory crushes about 380 tonnes of sugar cane to produce 40
tonnes of sugar, 12 tonnes of molasses and 130 tonnes of bagasse. 20% of the sugar cane
received by the sugar mill is grown in the company owned and run nucleus plantations while
the remaining 80% of the cane input is supplied by the out growers. The key inputs and their
approximate annual consumption are shown in Table 2.
Table 2: Raw Materials
Raw Material
Source
Sugar Cane
Nucleus
&
out
plantations
Bagasse
Sugar production
Water
River Nzoia
Annual Consumption (tonnes)

growers 2,615,625
967,781
Exact amount not determined yet
22
4.7.
Waste Generation
The main wastes to be generated by the cogeneration project are ash, back wash water from
the boiler feed water treatment system and boiler water blow down (Table 3 below). The ash
will be piled and used for soil condition and pH adjustment in the plantations while the
backwash water and the boiler blow down will be routed to the waste water treatment ponds
before discharge into the river.
Table 3: Waste Generation
Type
Waste
Solid
Ash
Liquid
Gaseou
s
Source
Boilers
Water
treatment Boilers
backwash
Boiler blow down
Flue gases and
Boilersparticulate matter
Bagasse
combustion
4.8.
Project Construction
4.8.1.
Construction Inputs
Disposal Method
Discharged in piles and disposed of in
plantations as soil conditioner
Disposed of via the waste water treatment
ponds into the river
To the atmosphere via
precipitator and high stack
electrostatic
Construction will require the following inputs:

Some raw construction materials such as ballast, cement, stones, sand, and steel since the
foundation is already in place
Construction labour force (both semi-skilled and skilled)
Some water for construction purposes, especially for plinths and other equipment mounting
points
Heavy machinery (hoisting equipment and delivery trucks)
4.8.2. Construction Activities
Construction activities will involve the following:
Site preparation, including construction of plinths and equipment mounting points
Procurement and delivery of construction materials
Storage of materials, including fuels
Construction, with significant welding activities
Disposal of construction wastes
Completion of the development and commissioning
4.8.3.
Current Status of the Project and Construction Period

The project has evolved from preliminary through to final detailed design stages. Already
construction tender has been awarded for the start of construction and approval for generation
license is under process.
The construction period is expected to last about 22 months from the date of commencement
estimated to be October 2006. Most of the work will be carried out during standard working
hours (from 0800hrs to 1700hrs).
23
4.9.
Project Implementation and Operation

The project implementation and operation phase is covered under 4.5 to 47 above.
4.10.
Project Budget
The total project budget is estimated at US$ 20 million.
4.11.
Project Lifetime and Decommissioning

The project is designed to have a lifetime of 20 years. Before decommissioning a full
environmental impact assessment will be conducted in order to ensure that it is carried out in
environmentally responsible manner.
24
5.
ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

The proposed site lies within the Mumias Sugar Company existing milling factory, which is
already developed as an industrial site and no settlements are going to change. Furthermore,
the project is to be operated as an integral part of the existing operations. The project impacts
can therefore, not be separated from the total impact of the entire factory and company
operations. The potential environmental impacts mainly relate to construction, operation and
management of the cogeneration plant as opposed to the project siting and site preparation.
These are:
The construction activities, waste generation and their management.
The operations of the cogeneration plant, waste and their management.
During the construction phase, the most important aspect is occupational health and safety of
all involved in the activity. Not much waste is expected as the foundation is already in place,
but minimal excavation, some waste construction materials and off cuts are expected. High
standards of health and safety and full compliance with the Factories and Other Places of
Work Act will be required as a mitigation measure.
During operation the following waste will be generated:
Solid waste Boiler ash
Liquid waste Boiler water wash back water and boiler blow down, both of which are
generated from intermittent activities
Gaseous emissions flue gases from the stack which could contain particulate matter.
In the assessment of the impacts, therefore the following considerations were taken:
Mumias Sugar Company intends to collect and continue using all the ash as soil
conditioner and pH adjuster in the plantations as is the current practice.
All the liquid waste will be routed to the existing waste treatment ponds and since no
increase is expected either in quantity or pollutant load as a result of the cogeneration
projects, the waste will be treated adequately through the existing system pending
disposal into the river.
The gaseous emissions are composed of carbon dioxide, carbon particles and traces of
bagasse dust. A system to remove the particulate matter will be installed with the new
boiler.
The most likely impacts are described in Table 4 below. Some are short term and a few are
long term.
6.
STAKEHOLDER COMMENTS
A stakeholders consultative meeting was held in Mumias to inform them about the projects
and its potential impacts. The meeting concluded that the project was beneficial and should
proceed to implementation. Suggestions were however put for increased employment from
the local community, provision of some of the power generated to the local community,
especially common facilities such as markets and shopping centres and compensation of the
local farmers and community in consideration for the additional value added from the sugar
cane fibre.
The detailed minutes with the list of participants are in Annex 1 below.
25
Health and
safety
Socioeconomic
impacts
Resource
conservation
Use of clean
technology
Increased
incomes from
project activities
Ash generation
and disposal
Occupational
hazard
Increasing employment opportunities for the local

community
Increased revenue generation for the company which
eventually trickles down to farmers and workers
Reduction of health effects caused by presence of particulate
matter in the air
Use of ash for soil pH stabilisation eliminates the need for
artificial fertilisers
Water conservation due to reduced water consumption
Use of renewable resources for electricity generation reduces
the pressure of fossil fuels and vegetation
Possible water & soil pollution if the ash is not handled

carefully during collection and disposal
Destruction of property
Accidents and injuries to worker during construction and
operation of the project
Fire outbreak
Increased noise levels from construction equipment
Soil
TABLE 4: ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS, IMPACTS AND MITIGATION

Environmental Aspect
Impact
Issues
Surface water
Abstraction of
Increased water abstraction from the river during construction
quantity &
water for steam and start of operation
quality
generation
Increased downstream flow due to reduced overall volume of
Discharge of
water abstracted from the river for steam generation once
effluent
operations of the project stabilises
No quality impact due to waste treatment
Air quality
Flue gasses and Presence of particulate matter in the air can cause bronchial
particulate
and asthmatic conditions to workers and people living within
matter
the area
Presence of greenhouses gases such as carbon dioxide and
methane which is released through combustion of bagasse
increases the global warming conditions
26
Putting measures in place to ensure that operational

procedures are followed always and identification of nonconformity identified and addressed
The company should continue with diversification

programme so as to increase the revenue generation and
economic development. (See attached minutes of the
stakeholders meeting on the project in Annex 1 below).
Removal of particulate matter from the exhaust using

electrostatic precipitator and ensuring that the
precipitators operates effectively always
Reduction of greenhouse gases emission into the
atmosphere from decomposition of bagasse which is
dumped in the sugarcane field and fossil fuel burned in
thermal plants. A carbon neutral project.
Effective collection, storage and controlled application of
the ash in the plantations.
Identification and elimination of potential hazards
Provision and use of appropriate and adequate personal
protective equipment. Ensuring contractor compliance
Provision of adequate fire fighting equipment and
emergency procedures as is currently the case
The contractor should put measures in place to ensure

water conservation during construction activities
Project reduces water demand for steam generation
Continue to monitor treated waste quality before
discharge to the river
Mitigation
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
Air Quality
Soil
Dry ash extracted be stored in a heap

surrounded by a mound to prevent surface
runoff from washing it down to the river,
Periodic removal of the ash and application in
the field
Transportation of the ash to the field should be
done carefully so that the ash is not dispersed
along the way
Putting measures in place to ensure water

conservation during construction activities
Minimum excavation be done at the site to
reduce soil disturbance during construction,
Liners should also be laid down where cement
and other substances are mixed for easy
collection and cleanup after operations.
The design to incorporate an electrostatic
precipitator in the boilers to remove particulate
matter,
Provide appropriate personal protective
equipment where necessary and enforcement
on their application at all times.
Increased water
abstraction from the river
during construction
Presence of particulate
matter in the air can
cause bronchial and
asthmatic conditions to
workers and people
living within the area
Release of greenhouses
gases such as carbon
dioxide and methane due
to combustion of bagasse
increases the global
warming conditions
Possible water pollution
if the ash is not handled
carefully during
collection and disposal
Proposed Actions
Impacts
Environment
al Issue
Water
Quality
Issues
Item
No.
1
The proposed Environmental Management Plan is as follows:
7.
During
construction
and operation
During
construction
and during
operation
Implementation
Timeframes
During
construction
and operation
All costs
involved are
part of
preliminary
contractor
costs
Contractor
costs involved
are part of
contractor
costs
Cost
Contractor
Mumiias
Sugar
Company
Contractor
Mumiias
Sugar
Company
Responsibili
ty
Contractor
27
This will ensure that

the ash disposal
system does not lead
to water pollution
Water conservation
will ensure that
downstream flow is
increased and water
pollution from
construction activities
does not occur
Removal of
particulate matter and
ash will ensure that
that health of the
workers and
individuals living in
the area will not be
affected
General Remarks
Employment
opportunities for the local
community,
Contribution to national
economy.
Use of ash for soil pH
stabilisation eliminates
the need for artificial
fertilisers
Water conservation due
to reduced water
consumption
Use of renewable
resources for electricity
generation reduces the
pressure of fossil fuels
Socioeconomic
issues
Resource
conservation
Destruction of property
Accidents and injuries to
worker during
construction and
operation of the project
Fire outbreak
Health and
safety
Putting measures in place to ensure that

operational procedures are followed always
and identification of non-conformity identified
and addressed
Initiate characterisation of wastes and

segregation of the same during construction,
Ensure that workers are provided with personal
protective equipment and their usage is
enforced
Adequate fire fighting equipment and all the
employees working in the generation plant
shall receive training and education on matters
relating to EHS to ensure effective EHS
performance and continuous improvement in
the same
A first Aid Kit should be maintained in the site
and should be stocked with basic medicines
such as pain relievers, bandages etc. to cater
for minor injuries,
Observance of good and safe construction site
practices
During operation, all workers should adhere to
laid down EHS procedures continuously
Continue with what is in place in order to
ensure sustainability
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (continued)
Continuous
Continuous
During
construction
and during
operation
Contractor
costs involved
are part of
preliminary
contractor
costs while
project
developer
costs are part
of the wider
Mumias Sugar
Company
waste
management
costs
Mumiias
Sugar
Company
Mumiias
Sugar
Company
Contractor
28
Reduction of natural
resource consumption
which is beneficial to
the country
See stakeholders
views and comments
regarding the project
in annexe 1 below
Ensure application of
PPEs, and internal
waste handling
procedures and
ensure that the
procedures are adhere
to.
and vegetation
Compliance with the
legal requirements,
market demands and
ethical obligations.
Compliance
Aspects
Establish a legal register with a focus on the

critical relevant environmental laws,
Carry out annual environmental audits as
required by law,
Review all contractual agreements to reflect
the environmental legal requirements,
Review a corporate environmental policy
guideline,
Obtain necessary water abstraction permit for
the additional water abstraction.
Continuous
Mumiias
Sugar
Company
29
A legal register will

ensure compliance
with laid down
guidelines at all
times,
Obtain necessary
permits where
required, e.g. Water
abstraction permit.
8.
CONCLUSION
The results of this study show that the proposed Mumias Sugar Cogeneration project does not have a
potential for serious negative environmental impacts. The project is siting within an existing factory and
the specific area already has a suitable foundation built.
The project uses renewable waste to produce energy in Kenya where at least 50% of the energy is hydro
based and very susceptible to weather patterns. The other potion is significantly fossil fuel based thermal
energy which is prone to exchange fluctuations and other political instability in certain regions of the
world. Energy source diversification is therefore very beneficial to the whole country.
The potential adverse environmental impacts such as ash, wastewater and particulate matter in flue gases
have been adequately mitigated. Plans are also in place to adequately mitigate the health and safety
impacts of the project.
From a socio-economic point of view, the project has significant economic benefits not only to the
community but also to the whole country.
The recommendations have been provided in the Environmental management Plan as proposed actions.
30
MINUTES OF THE MUMIAS COGENERATION PROJECT STAKEHOLDERS

CONSULTATION MEETING HELD AT MUMIAS SUGAR COMPANY, MUMIAS ON 5TH
SEPTEMBER 2006 AT 10.45 A.M.
Present:
See annexed list
Absent With Apologies:
1. Kenya Power and Lighting Company Limited
Objectives:
The consultative stakeholder meeting was convened as part of the EIA and CDM process for the
proposed Mumias Sugar Company Cogeneration Project. The specific objectives of the meeting
were as follows:
1. To inform the stakeholders (government agencies, the district environmental committee
members, local government, central government, NGOs, proponents and local people) about
the proposed project.
2. To obtain feedback from stakeholders on their views and concerns about the project
3. To influence project design considering the stakeholder feedback
4. To improve transparency, public confidence and accountability in decision-making
5. To reduce conflict
Agenda Items:
During the meeting, the following agenda items were discussed:
1. Proposed project objectives and details by Mr. James Luchacha (Head of Factory, Mumias
Sugar Company Limited).
2. Comments and feedback from participants/stakeholders on the proposed project
3. AOB
Minutes of the Meeting
The meeting started at 10.45 by self introduction of the participants after which Mr. James
Luchacha (Head of Factory, Mumias Sugar Company) presented the proposed project objectives
and details.
Munite1:
Presentation by Mr. James Luchacha
The presentation covered the existing power generation set up, its environmental strengths and
weakness. In his presentation, he identified the following as the major environmental issues with
the existing set up:
Low power generation (15 MW maximum)
Low boiler efficiencies with the main focus having been to burn as much bagasse as possible
in order to minimise bagasse dumping.
Wet ash disposal system which could adversely affect the Nzoia River.
Boiler flue gas systems without a mechanism for particulate matter removal
31
Mr. Luchacha explained that the objective of the proposed cogeneration project was to add value
to the sugar cane crop by generating more electricity from the bagasse available than was
currently the case. The new technology would generate double the amount of power currently
generated with about 30-40 t/hr less steam consumption. He explained that the project would
involved the replacement of 6 existing low pressure (21 barg) boilers with one 87 barg boiler,
which is being designed but will be in the region of 150 t/hr. The steam temperatures will be in
the region of 5250 C. The project will also involve the replacement of at least 3 turbine alternators
with one that will be between 22 MW and 34MW depending on the final design of the boiler.
He identified the following as the major environmental benefits of the project:
Use of a renewable source (bagasse) of energy as opposed to fossil fuel based electricity.
30 to 40 t/hr reduction in steam requirement but for double the amount of power generated
Air quality in the area will improve because the boiler to be installed will have electrostatic
precipitator for removal of particulate matter in the flue gases
Reduced pollution of the Nzoia River as a result of using a dry as opposed to the current wet
ash removal method from the boiler. The current wet method has been releasing some ash and
carbon particles into the river.
Increased and diversified revenue streams for the company which is hoped will reach down to
the farmers and local communities in various forms being considered by the company.
Minute 2:
Province).
Comments by Mr. Benedict Omondi (Provincial Director Environment, Western
The Provincial Director Environment, Western Province stated that:

Since the farmers are the prime movers (input raw materials suupliers) of the company
through sugarcane farming, they should be considered for monetary benefits or some form of
compensation from power sales and associated revenue generation. The sentiments were
based on the facts that the company is utilising their natural resources which they are
producing and a formula for paying back to the community should be found and the farmers
be informed at every stage. He suggested that the Power Purchase Agreement signed between
Mumias Sugar Company and KPLC should be tailored to protect the sugar company so that it
will continue exporting power without any interruption. This way farmers and the country
will benefit.
Mumias Sugar Company should liaise with KPLC so that the locals can be connected with
electricity. This will help in increasing the economic activities and overall development in the
area.
In the environmental impact assessment of the proposed project, consideration should be
given to the electromagnet charge along the transmission lines so as to adequately mitigate
the potential adverse impacts on the health of those leaving close to the lines. Mumias Sugar
Company staff explained that transmission of power, including issues of compensation and
electrical way leave, was under the mandate of KPLC and undertook to raise the issue with
KPLC staff at an appropriate forum.
Management of ash from boilers was considered by the Provincial Director of Environment
as a source of water pollution if good management practices are not implemented.
32
Minute 3:
Comments by Mr. Dennis Okeyo (District Environment Committee Member).
The District Environment Committee Member stated that:

As a District Environment Committee Member, he was more concerned with water pollution
from wastewater discharge from the boilers which contains ash. He said that the ash
contaminates the river water thereby reducing its quality.
The local community who supply the company with sugarcane needs to know how they are
going to benefit directly through use of their resources for additional revenue generation
other than sugar production which is what they are currently paid for. In addition, he
suggested that when the proposed project starts operation, locals should be given priority in
jobs which arise from the project.
Minute 4:
Comments by Aura Saisi (District Environment Officer, Kakamega)
The District Environment Officer, Kakamega wanted to know the following:

If the current sugarcane production in the area will be sufficient to sustain the bagasse
requirement by the proposed project during operation or if Mumias Sugar Company will
introduce new sugarcane varieties to increase bagasse generation.
If the increased power export to the national grid will involve expanding the transmission
lines connecting Mumias Sugar Company and KPLC main transmission line. If so, what
would be the likely impact of transmission lines and whether the local farmers along the
transmission lines who will be affected will be compensated adequately.
Mr. Saisi s concerns were addressed by Mr. Josephat Asira (Mumias Sugar Company,
Electrical Works) who said that there will be no change in the milling capacity of the
company. He said that the design to be employed will involve high pressure and temperature
levels which will lead to increased power production per tonne of bagasse used as compared
with equipment currently in use which generates less power per tonne of bagasse. He also
informed the stakeholders that the transmission lines upgrade will be done by KPLC along
the existing lines and this may not affect the local farmers but this would be confirmed with
KPLC.
Minute 5:
Comments by Mr. Gregory W. Wafula (Water Resources Management
Authority, Butere-Mumias District)
Mr. Wafula said that:
The current management of ash from the boilers is not effective and some carbon particles are
reaching the water system leading to quality deterioration. This is because the carbon
particles take a long time to decompose. He emphasised that the proposed project will
increase ash generation and adequate measures should be put in place to ensure that ash from
the boilers don t get to the water course.
During dry seasons, Nzoia River water has foul smell, a situation he attributed to high
discharge of wastewater to the river by the agro based industries in the region and municipal
councils. He said that, Mumias Sugar Company should try on their part to increase the level
of treatment of the wastewater which it discharges to the river from its treatment works.
The Chairman of the meeting, Mr. Tom Owino (Environmental Cost Management Centre
Limited), noted that although the comments were not directly linked to the proposed project,
Mumias Sugar Company should take note of the concern.
33
Minute 6:
Comments
Representative)
by
Mr.
C.
G.
Ongomba
(District
Commissioner
Office
The District Commission Representative stated that:

The local sugarcane farmers are the ones who sell sugarcane to Mumias Sugar Company for
sugar production. Diversification to power generation therefore constitutes use of the local
resources for the development of the country s economy. He suggested that a special levy be
introduced which will then be ploughed back into the community and be used in initiating
development activities within Mumias-Butere District.
It was his suggested that part of the electricity generated should be used in lighting up local
markets. This he said would help reduce crime and spur economic development in the area.
Minute 7:
Comments by Cllr. Anjeline Okello (Butere-Mumias County Council).
As a representative of the County Council of Butere-Mumias, she said that the county council has
no problem with the project and should there be any issues in future which will warrant action,
they will raise it with Mumias Sugar Company for action to be taken.
Minute 8:
Comments by Mr. Charan Jit Singh (C.A.C) and Rakesh Patel (Ima Hauliers
Ltd); Sugarcane Transporters
They have no objection to the project as it does not affect them negatively. They explained as
follows:
The design of the proposed project will be done so as to utilise the existing bagasse generation
quantities to generate additional power. This means that there will be no increased sugarcane
production as a result of the project. This system will not affect the operations of sugarcane
transporters. In addition, currently extra bagasse which is not utilised is dumped in the sugarcane
estates by Mumias Sugar Company trucks. The proposed project will utilise the bagasse which is
currently dumped in the fields and this will save the company the cost of bagasse dumping. If the
sugarcane transporters were the one dumping the bagasse, then they would have been affected.
Minute 9:
Department).
Comments by Mr. Tom Omungo (Mumias Sugar Company, Agriculture
Mr. Mr. Tom Omungo informed the stakeholders that the proposed design of the project will
involve dry ash discharge system where ash from the boilers will be extracted and stored in a bile.
Once the ash reaches sufficient quantities, the ash will be transported to sugarcane field where it
will be used for pH stabilisation and soil conditioning. Through this ash management system,
water quality in Nzoia River which used to receive wastewater from boilers will no longer be
threatened.
Minute 10:
Comments by Mr. Josephat Asira (Mumias Sugar Company, Electrical Works).
Mr. Asira informed the stakeholders as follows:

That Mumias Sugar Company will only be generating electricity which it will eventually sell
to KPLC who are the sole distributors of electricity in the country. Mumias Sugar Company
has no authority to distribute electricity it will generate to the locals. Though he was in
agreement with those who suggested that the locals should benefit from electricity generated
by Mumias, it will not be within the control of the company due to the electrical regulatory
framework in the country.
34
On transmission of electricity, Mumias Sugar Company will be generating electricity at 11

KV and they have proposed a 66 to132 KV export line for which KPLC will be responsible,
including any need for upgrading and even compensation.
The project will lead to creation of a small number jobs which will be filled following laid
down employment guidelines by the company.
Water abstraction from the river during dry seasons may lead to drop in flow levels, but with
the new project, the boilers to be introduced will lead to reduction in water abstraction
quantities by 30 to 40 t/hr. This is because the boiler will be operating using high
temperatures and pressures while 4 existing boilers will be decommissioned leading to net
reduction of water use.
Minute 11:
Comments by Mr. Wenslaus Adambo (EHS Manager, Mumias Sugar Company).
Wastewater from boiler which contains ash was identified as a source of water pollution. Mr.
Adambo said that there are meanders through which the waste waster leaves the factory which
helps in settling the ash and other particles. He said that samples would be taken for the Water
Resources Management Authority to analyse in order to establish if there were pollutants in the
discharged water going into the river.
Minute 12:
AOB
Mr. Dennis Okeyo ((District Environment Committee Member) raised the issue of sugarcane
transportation and said that the trucks and tractors which transport cane damage the roads very
first. This inconveniences more people. He wanted to know what Mumias is doing to help in
repairing of the roads in the area.
He was informed that roads which are within the jurisdiction of Mumias Sugar Company are
repaired by the company while the ones he was referring to are outside the jurisdiction of the
sugar company. Some of those roads fall under the Ministry of Roads and Works while others fall
within the jurisdiction of Butere-Mumias Municipal/County Councils.
Mr. Aura Saisi (District Environment Officer, Kakamega) said that the local Constituency
Development Fund Committee had in some time early explored the possibility of partnering with
some Pakistani investors to build a chip and paper making company to use bagasse which is
dumped in the field by Mumias Sugar Company. He wanted to know the effect of that proposal if
the company is constructed. He said that if it is constructed, then it will lead to competition for
sugarcane from farmers, because they might opt to sell cane to the highest bidder.
Mr. Asira (Mumias Sugar Company, Electrical Works) informed him that he will comment on the
issue once he reads the feasibility study of the project. However, it was agreed that the proposal
will not cause any risk for the cogeneration project since it was based on utilising extra bagasse
which is dumped by Mumias in the field.
Having established that there were no more comments from stakeholders, the meeting ended at
12.45 P.M. with a closing remark from Mr. Josephat Asira.
Prepared by: Tom Owino Oduol, ECM Centre Ltd
Date: 11th September 2006
Confirmed by:__________________________________________
Date_______________
35
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Name
Tom Owino
Joash Obare
James Luchacha
C. G. Ongomba
Dennis Okeyo
Henry Shadrack Oyange
Wenslaus Adambo
Wycliff Kombo
Tom Omungo
Edward Wekesa
Rakesh Patel
Charan Sigh
Gembe Odhiambo
P.K. Macharia
Cllr. Anjeline Okello
A.G. Muriithi
17
18
Aura Saisi
Benedict Omondi
19
20
21
22
Josephat Asira
Zachary Nyahundi
Judith I. Akatsu
Gregory W. Wafula
23
Kennedy Alusa
Organisation
ECM Centre Consultant (Chairperson)
ECM Centre Consultant, (Secretary)
Mumias Sugar Company Head of Factory
District Commission Representative
District Environment Committee Member
Sustainable Environment Programme
EHS Manager, Mumias Sugar Company
Mumias Sugar Company
Water Resources Management Authority
Ima Hauliers Ltd
C.A.C Transport
C.A.C Transport
OCPD, Butere Mumias District
Butere-Mumias County Council
District Agricultural Officer, Butere-Mumias
District
District Environment Officer, Kakamega
Provincial Director Environment, Western
Province
District Environment Committee Member
Water Resources Management Authority, ButereMumias District
Mumias Sugar Out growers Company

Mumias EIA

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Environmental Assessment Project Report

Mumias Sugar Cogeneration Project

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF WORK.....6

POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK ...............................................................9

BASELINE INFORMATION & DATA...............................................................15

Existing Boiler and Turbine Configuration ........................................................................................ 15

Project Site and Topography................................................................................................................15

Drainage System and Hydrology.......................................................................................................... 16

Rainfall and Climate ............................................................................................................................. 16

Prepared By Environmental Cost Management Centre 2006

Environmental Assessment Project Report

Mumias Sugar Cogeneration Project

Water Resources ....................................................................................................................................16

Air Quality ............................................................................................................................................. 17

Land Use Activities................................................................................................................................17

Areas of Cultural Importance ..............................................................................................................17

Environmentally Sensitive and/or Significant Areas.......................................................................... 17

PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND MAGNITUDE OF OPERATIONS ..................19

General Description, Ownership and Project Location ..................................................................... 19

Nature of the Project and Proposed Development ............................................................................. 19

Project Design and Technology ............................................................................................................ 21

Sources of Raw Materials ..................................................................................................................... 22

Waste Generation ..................................................................................................................................23

Project Implementation and Operation...............................................................................................24

Project Budget ....................................................................................................................................... 24

Project Lifetime and Decommissioning ...............................................................................................24

ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ................................................ 25

STAKEHOLDER COMMENTS ......................................................................... 25

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ....................................................27

Prepared By Environmental Cost Management Centre 2006

Environmental Assessment Project Report

Mumias Sugar Cogeneration Project

34% by the Government of Kenya

Mumias Sugar Company changed from a parastatal to public company in 2002.

Prepared By Environmental Cost Management Centre 2006

Environmental Assessment Project Report

Mumias Sugar Cogeneration Project

Prepared By Environmental Cost Management Centre 2006

Environmental Assessment Project Report

Mumias Sugar Cogeneration Project

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF WORK

Prepared By Environmental Cost Management Centre 2006

Environmental Assessment Project Report

Mumias Sugar Cogeneration Project

Prepared By Environmental Cost Management Centre 2006

Environmental Assessment Project Report

Mumias Sugar Cogeneration Project

1.6.4. Baseline Data/Information Gathering

Prepared By Environmental Cost Management Centre 2006

Environmental Assessment Project Report

POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK

Mumias Sugar Cogeneration Project

2.2.1. National Environment Action Plan (NEAP)

Prepared By Environmental Cost Management Centre 2006

Environmental Assessment Project Report

Mumias Sugar Cogeneration Project

Policy Guidelines on Environment and Development

2.3.1. The Environment Management and Co-ordination Act, 1999