National Aeronautics and Space Administration
GRADES
K-12
Aeronautics
Research
Mission
Directorate
Museum
in a
BOX
Series
www.nasa.gov
parts of an airplane
Wing Design
MUSEUM IN A BOX
(Photo courtesy of NASA - www.nasaimages.org)
Wing Design
Lesson Overview
In this lesson, students will learn about forces, motion, and properties of objects and materials through the concepts of
basic wing design. They will begin by exploring birds wings and discovering the properties required for successful flight.
Next they will move to basic aircraft wing shapes and finally, calculate some basic wing parameters.
Objectives
Materials:
Students will:
In the Box
1. Discover how the feathers on different varieties of
birds relate to their ability to fly.
Ostrich Feather
Turkey Feather
2. Learn how airplane wings are designed for specific
tasks and situations.
3. Learn the basic math behind wing design.
Provided by User
Ruler
GRADES
K-12 Time Requirements: 1 hour 10 minutes
parts of an airplane
Wing Design
Wing design is constantly evolving. If you were to compare
the wing of the Wright Flyer (Img. 1) with that of a modern
aircraft, such as the Boeing 787 (Img. 2), the difference is
remarkable. The number of lifting surfaces, shape, size and
materials used all contribute to an aircrafts performance.
Since the 1930s, NASA and its predecessor NACA have been
on the forefront of wing design, developing the basic airfoil
(Photo courtesy of Wikipedia, GNU Free Documentation License)
Img. 1 The 1903 Wright Flyer
shapes airplane manufacturers have used ever since to
MUSEUM IN A BOX
Background
provide the lift component that is vital to air travel.
Before a wing is designed, its mission has to be determined.
What type of aircraft will this wing be attached to? Will it need
to operate at high altitudes with thin atmospheres? Will it
have to carry heavy loads? Will it need space to mount the
engines? How much fuel will we want to store inside? How
(Photo courtesy of Boeing)
fast or agile will the aircraft need to be? The list of potential
specifications is long and highly complex.
Img. 2 Boeing 787
The same type of design challenges can be seen in nature with our feathered friends, the birds. While all birds have
wings, not every bird can fly. Take the ostrich (Img. 3) for example. It is a large bird, weighing on average nearly 200
pounds, but its wings are short and its feathers are fluffy and
undefined. No matter how hard it tries, the wing will never be
able to produce enough lift for the ostrich to fly.
(Photo courtesy of Lost Tribe Media, Inc.)
Img. 3 An ostrich with folded wings
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MUSEUM IN A BOX
The seagull (Img. 4) on the other hand is a small bird, weighing
barely 2 pounds, but has long, thin wings which are perfect for
gliding on the coastal breezes. It needs airflow over the wing to
work though, so in order to fly the bird has to first run forwards
to increase the airflow over its wings, just as a plane would on
the runway.
The robin (Img. 5) uses a very different style of wing. To avoid
predators such as cats, it needs to be able to jump quickly into
the air and does so using short, fast moving wings that provide
((Photo courtesy of Arnold Paul, CC BY-SA 2.5 License)
Img. 4 A seagull in flight
lots of lift, but at the sacrifice of forward speed.
Lastly, some predatory birds, such as hawks, need the ability
to fly quickly in order to catch their prey, but also need to carry
the meal home to their offspring. To achieve this, they are
able to fold their wings back while diving, giving them a fast,
sleek appearance for the attack, but a wide, large wingspan for
carrying heavy loads on the journey home.
(Photo courtesy of Fauxpasgrapher, CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 License)
Img. 5 A robin in flight
parts of an airplane
As with everything in life there are compromises and this is no different with wing design. While each design works
well, they all have limitations or restrictions making them suitable only for certain tasks.
Rectangular Wing: The rectangular wing, sometimes referred to as
the Hershey Bar wing in reference to the candy bar it resembles, is
a good general purpose wing. It can carry a reasonable load and fly
at a reasonable speed, but does nothing superbly well. It is ideal for
personal aircraft as it is easy to control in the air as well as inexpensive
to build and maintain.
MUSEUM IN A BOX
Compromises
Elliptical Wing: The elliptical wing is similar to the rectangular wing and
was common on tail-wheel aircraft produced in the 1930s and 40s. It
excels however in use on gliders, where its long wingspan can capture
the wind currents easily, providing lift without the need for a lot of
forward momentum, or airspeed.
Swept Wing: The swept wing is the go to wing for jet powered aircraft.
It needs more forward speed to produce lift than the rectangular wing,
but produces much less drag in the process, meaning that the aircraft
can fly faster. It also works well at the higher altitudes, which is where
most jet aircraft fly.
Delta Wing: The delta wing advances the swept wing concept, pulling
the wings even further back and creating even less drag. The downside
to this however is that the aircraft has to fly extremely fast for this wing
to be effective. This is why its only found on supersonic aircraft (aircraft
that fly faster than the speed of sound) such as fighter jets and the Space
Shuttle orbiter. There were also two commercial passenger jets that
used this wing design, the Russian TU-144 (Img. 6) and BOACs Concorde
(Img. 7), both of which could cruise at supersonic speeds.
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MUSEUM IN A BOX
(Photo courtesy of NASA)
Img. 6 A Russian TU-144 Supersonic Passenger Jet
(Photo courtesy of Henrysalome & Wikipedia (GNU Free Documentation License))
Img. 7 The BOAC Concorde Supersonic Passenger Jet
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MUSEUM IN A BOX
Wing Construction & Mathematics
The earliest wings were designed mostly through trial and error, using drawings and small scale models to test
theories. Today though, we can precisely calculate a wings performance before it ever leaves the ground. Below are
some terms related to wings and the mathematics behind wing design.
Skin: The outer surface of the wing. Originally made of fabric, modern aircraft use aluminum or composite materials
due to their lightweight and rust-resistant properties.
Ribs & Stringers: These make up the inner skeleton of the wing, providing rigidity and strength. While strength is
necessary, it is also important that the wing can flex slightly while it flies. This flexibility allows it to absorb the stress
caused by turbulence and hard landings.
Spar: The main center beam of the wing, designed to carry the structural loads and transfer them by attachment to
the fuselage, or body, of
the aircraft.
Root
Flap
Spar
Fuel Tank: Commonly
located in the wing, fuel
can either be housed in
its own tank or allowed to
Fuel tank
Aileron
fill the cavities between
the ribs. In addition to
powering the engines, the
fuel adds rigidity to the
wing.
Slats
Ribs
Flaps: Are a high lift /
Wing tip
high drag device. Not
only do they improve the
Fig. 1 The components of a wing
Stringers
lifting ability of the wing
at slower speeds by changing the camber, or curvature of the wing, they also create more drag, meaning an aircraft can
descend, or lose altitude faster, without gaining airspeed in the process.
Root: The wing root is the portion of the wing that attaches to the fuselage, or body of the aircraft.
Wing Tip: The wing tip is furthest from the fuselage and is typically where the navigation lights are mounted (a red
light on the left, a green light on the right).
Slats: Another high lift device typically found on swept or delta wing aircraft. Slats are similar to the flaps except
they are mounted on the leading edge of the wing. They also assist in changing the camber to improve lifting ability at
slower speeds.
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MUSEUM IN A BOX
Wing Construction & Mathematics (cont.)
Aspect Ratio: The ratio of the wings length to its chord line. A wing with a high aspect ratio will perform well at
slow speeds and produce large quantities of lift, but at the expense of maneuverability and airspeed. A wing with
a low aspect ratio on the other hand will have a sleek appearance and allow an aircraft to fly faster, or be more
maneuverable.
Camber: The name given to the curvature of the upper or lower surfaces of the wing. A higher camber, or more
curved surface, results in an aircraft that can fly at slower speeds while still generating sufficient lift for flight.
Chord Line: The theoretical line running from the leading edge of the wing to the trailing edge.
Leading Edge: The front edge of an aircrafts wing.
Trailing Edge: The rear edge of an aircrafts wing.
Trailing Edge
Leading Edge
Chord Line
Fig. 2 Wing cross-section
For additional information on wing design and aerodynamics, please refer to the Museum In A Box lessons
Four Forces and Bernoulli Principle.
parts of an airplane
GRADES
Avian Wing Comparison
K-12
Materials:
In the Box
Ostrich Feather
Turkey Feather
Provided by User
None
Worksheets
Avian Feather
Comparison
(Worksheet 1)
Time Requirement: 20 minutes
Objective:
In this activity, students will discover how the feathers on different species of birds relate
to their ability to fly.
Activity Overview:
MUSEUM IN A BOX
Activity 1
Students will compare the feather characteristics of both flying and non-flying birds and
determine how the design of the feather correlates to the ability of the bird to fly.
Activity:
1. Begin by discussing with the students the
Background information provided.
2. Pass around each of the feathers and
Reference Materials
Img. 8 Turkey
Img. 9 Ostrich
Key Terms:
None
their associated images while asking the
students to determine which feather
came from which bird.
(Photo courtesy of the United States
Department of Agriculture)
3. Have the students list the characteristics
of both the bird and the feather on their
Img. 8 Turkey
worksheets.
Note: Your students answers may
vary depending on the feathers included in
the kit.
4. Finally, have the students flap the
feather in the air, using the same motion
that a bird does flapping its wings. Ask
(Photo courtesy of Kwolana & Wikipedia
GNU Free Documentation License)
them to describe its reaction to the wind
and record it on their worksheets.
Img. 9 Ostrich
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MUSEUM IN A BOX
Discussion Points:
1. Based upon your observations, why do you think the ostrich cannot fly, yet
the turkey can?
It should be noticed that the ostrich feather isnt very good at catching the air. It
has very little resistance, which means it cannot produce much lift. This is because
of the large gaps between each hair on the wing. Also, the ostrichs wings are
much shorter than the turkeys in comparison to the weight of the bird, meaning
that the wing would have to work much harder in order to produce lift.
2. What makes the turkey wing more efficient at flight?
The turkey wing has the appearance of a solid surface, just like an airplanes wing.
This makes it much more efficient at producing lift. Also, the bone at the center of
each feather is hollow, making it lighter and therefore requiring less energy for the
bird to become airborne.
3. Using what we have learned about bird wings, what can we infer about the
wings of an airplane?
Generically speaking, long, thin wings that are light in weight will produce the
most lift. It is important to note though that there is no single best wing solution.
Each wing is designed specifically for the aircraft intended for use. While both
turkeys and sparrows can fly, a turkey couldnt use a sparrows wings to become
airborne; they are simply too short to support the turkeys weight. The same is true
for the wings of different aircraft. Activity Two discusses this in more detail.
10
parts of an airplane
SCIENCE AS INQUIRY
Abilities necessary to do scientific inquiry
Understanding about scientific inquiry
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
Property of objects and materials
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Abilities of technological design
Understanding about science and technology
NATIONAL SCIENCE STANDARDS 5-8
MUSEUM IN A BOX
NATIONAL SCIENCE STANDARDS K-4
SCIENCE AS INQUIRY
Abilities necessary to do scientific inquiry
Understandings about scientific inquiry
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
Properties and changes of properties in matter
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Abilities of technological design
Understanding about science and technology
NATIONAL SCIENCE STANDARDS 9-12
SCIENCE AS INQUIRY
Abilities necessary to do scientific inquiry
Understandings about scientific inquiry
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
Structure and properties of matter
Interactions of energy and matter
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Abilities of technological design
Understanding about science and technology
parts of an airplane 1 1
MUSEUM IN A BOX
Activity 2
GRADES
Airplane Wing Design
K-12
Materials:
In the Box
None
Provided by User
None
Worksheets
Wing Designs
(Worksheet 2)
Reference Materials
Img. 10 Lockheed Martin
F-22 Raptor
Img. 11 Cessna
T-37 Tweet
Img. 12 McDonald
Douglas KC-10 Extender
Img. 13 Lockheed Martin/
NASA ER-2
4 Planform Silhouettes
Fig. 3 Lockheed Martin
F-22 Raptor
Time Requirement: 20 minutes
Objective:
In this activity, students will learn how airplane wings are designed for specific
tasks and situations.
Activity Overview:
Students will compare the outline of a variety of airplane wings and determine
how each can be used to perform specific tasks.
Activity:
1. If you have not performed Activity 1 - Avian Wing Comparison, review
the background information with the students prior to completing this
activity.
2. Show the students each of the four images below and ask them to
describe the type of plane and what purpose it serves.
Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor: A fighter aircraft, designed to be fast and highly maneuverable.
Cessna T-37 Tweet: A training aircraft for new military pilots.
McDonald Douglas KC-10 Extender: A transport category aircraft, designed to carry heavy
loads long distances.
Lockheed Martin/NASA ER-2: A very high-altitude surveillance plane.
Fig. 4 Cessna T-37 Tweet
Fig. 5 McDonald Douglas
KC-10 Extender
Fig. 6 Lockheed Martin/
NASA ER-2
Key Terms:
None
(Photo courtesy of the United States Air Force)
Img. 10 Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor
12
parts of an airplane
Img. 11 Cessna T-37 Tweet
MUSEUM IN A BOX
(Photo courtesy of the United States Air Force)
(Photo courtesy of the United States Air Force)
Img. 12 McDonald Douglas KC-10 Extender
(Photo courtesy of NASA)
Img. 13 Lockheed Martin/NASA ER-2
parts of an airplane 1 3
MUSEUM IN A BOX
3. Show the students each of the planform silhouettes and ask them to
describe the type of plane it would likely be attached to and what purpose
it might serve.
The silhouettes are in the same order as above. The purpose of this step is to
highlight the specific differences in each wing so the students can correlate how
a shape of wing is directly related to the type of aircraft it serves.
4. Give each student a copy of the Wing Designs worksheet and discuss the
differences between each design.
Rectangular Wing: A rectangular wing is used on slower aircraft, typically training
aircraft. It is somewhat maneuverable but allows for a high margin of pilot error. It
also produces a large amount of lift so that the wing can be smaller in comparison to
the body of the aircraft.
Elliptical Wing: An elliptical wing is similar to the rectangular wing but is usually
lighter and generates much more lift. It is often found on gliders and ultra-light
aircraft.
Swept Wing: Swept wings are usually found on jet aircraft. The thinner profile
produces less drag, meaning it can fly at faster speeds. It is also much more
maneuverable. These aircraft are less capable of flying at slow speeds however, so
most swept wings are fitted with additional devices such as flaps or slats to assist in
producing lift at low speeds.
Delta Wing: The delta wing is used on very high speed (supersonic) aircraft, which
are extremely maneuverable but much harder to control at slower speeds. As with the
swept wing, they are also fitted with additional components to assist at slower speeds.
Discussion Points:
1. If you had to design a wing for an airplane, what are some of the questions you
might ask?
While this question is very vague, it is designed to elicit further discussion on the factors
behind wing design. For example, is the aircraft required to be fast and maneuverable,
or does it have to carry a lot of weight? Is it being operated by skilled pilots or by newer,
less experienced ones? Refer to the Background information for additional insight.
2. Why is there not one standard wing that will work in all cases?
An unfortunate part of wing design is that what makes one wing great in certain areas
makes it terrible in others. For example, the delta wing is extremely maneuverable,
allowing the plane to perform quick, tight turns, but because it is so short, it requires
a much higher airspeed to work. This prohibits it from being used on slower, propeller
powered aircraft. The rectangular wing could work on all aircraft, but because of its
size and shape, would restrict the speed at which an aircraft could travel. This makes it
a poor choice for jet aircraft, which are designed to operate at much higher speeds.
14
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MUSEUM IN A BOX
Fig. 3 Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor Planform Silhouette
Fig. 4 Cessna T-37 Tweet Planform Silhouette
Fig. 5 McDonald Douglas KC-10 Extender Planform Silhouette
Fig. 6 Lockheed Martin/NASA ER-2 Planform Silhouette
parts of an airplane 1 5
MUSEUM IN A BOX
NATIONAL SCIENCE STANDARDS K-4
SCIENCE AS INQUIRY
Abilities necessary to do scientific inquiry
Understanding about scientific inquiry
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
Property of objects and materials
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Abilities of technological design
Understanding about science and technology
NATIONAL SCIENCE STANDARDS 5-8
SCIENCE AS INQUIRY
Abilities necessary to do scientific inquiry
Understandings about scientific inquiry
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
Properties and changes of properties in matter
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Abilities of technological design
Understanding about science and technology
NATIONAL SCIENCE STANDARDS 9-12
SCIENCE AS INQUIRY
Abilities necessary to do scientific inquiry
Understandings about scientific inquiry
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
Structure and properties of matter
Interactions of energy and matter
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Abilities of technological design
Understanding about science and technology
16
parts of an airplane
Wing Math
GRADES
Time Requirement: 30 minutes
9-12
Materials:
In the Box
Objective:
In this activity, students will be exposed to and practice some of the math skills
used in wing design.
None
Provided by User
Metric ruler
Worksheets
Wing Math
(Worksheet 3)
Reference Materials
None
Activity Overview:
MUSEUM IN A BOX
Activity 3
Students will calculate the surface area, chord and aspect ratio of different wings
to determine how they relate to the speed, maneuverability and performance of
a wing.
Activity:
1. If necessary, complete Activity 2 Wing Design with the students prior to
completing this activity. This will provide a better understanding of how
wings are designed.
Key Terms:
None
parts of an airplane 1 7
MUSEUM IN A BOX
2.
Using the Wing Math worksheet, work through the first problem with
your students. Students should use a ruler to measure lines as needed.
Aspect Ratio =
Length
Surface Area of a Rectangle = Length x Height
X = 7.2cm
Y = 2.5cm
Plane #1
a.
Calculate the surface area of one wing.
Multiply the length by the height.
Surface Area = 7.2cm 2.5cm = 18cm
b.
Calculate the length of the mean chord.
The mean chord is equal to the height of the wing.
Mean Chord = 2.5cm
c.
Calculate the wings aspect ratio.
Divide the mean chord by the length.
2.5cm
Aspect Ratio =
= 0.35
7.2cm
18
Mean Chord
parts of an airplane
Have the students complete the remaining problems on the worksheet
individually or in groups.
Aspect Ratio =
Mean Chord
Length
Surface Area of a Right Triangle =
Y = 4.1cm
(Length x Height)
MUSEUM IN A BOX
3.
X = 8cm
Plane #2
a.
Calculate the surface area of one wing.
Multiply the length by the height, then divide by 2.
Surface Area =
b.
1
2
(8cm 4.1cm) = 16.4cm
Calculate the length of the mean chord.
The mean chord is equal to one half of the height of the wing.
Mean Chord = 2.05cm
c.
Calculate the wings aspect ratio.
Divide the mean chord by the length.
Aspect Ratio =
2.05cm
= 0.26
8cm
parts of an airplane 1 9
MUSEUM IN A BOX
Aspect Ratio =
Mean Chord
Length
Surface Area of a Rectangle = Length x Height
Surface Area of a Right Triangle =
(Length x Height)
X = 7cm
Y = 3.3cm
Z = 0.7cm
Plane #3
a.
Calculate the surface area of one wing.
Seperate the wing into a right triangle and a rectangle. Calculate the area of each
shape, then add them together.
Surface Area = (7cm 0.7cm) +
b.
1
2
(7cm 3.3cm) = 4.9cm + 11.55cm = 16.45cm
Calculate the length of the mean chord.
Find the average between the length of the wings root (y+z) and the length of the wings tip (z).
(3.3cm + 0.7cm) + 0.7cm
Mean Chord =
= 2.35cm
2
c.
Calculate the wings aspect ratio.
Divide the mean chord by the length.
Aspect Ratio =
20
parts of an airplane
2.5cm
7cm
= 0.34
Mean Chord
Length
Surface Area of a Rectangle = Length x Height
X = 5.9cm
Surface Area of a Right Triangle =
Y = 4.9cm
(Length x Height)
Z = 1.5cm
a = 0.7cm
b = 3.4 cm
MUSEUM IN A BOX
Aspect Ratio =
Plane #4
a.
Calculate the surface area of one wing.
(Surface Area of Triangle P) + (Surface Area of Triangle Q) + (Surface Area of Rectangle R)
Surface Area = (
b.
1
2
(5.9cm 4.9cm)) + (
1
2
(0.7cm 3.4cm)) + (5.9cm 1.5cm) = 24.45cm
Calculate the wings aspect ratio.
When the mean chords length is unknown, divide the wings surface area by the square of the
wingspan (the longest part of the wings length; in this case, a + x).
Aspect Ratio =
c.
Surface Area
24.45cm
=
= 0.56
Length 2
(0.7cm + 5.9cm) 2
Determine the length of the mean chord.
Use the formula
Aspect Ratio =
Mean Chord
Length
to calculate the length of the mean chord.
Multiply the length of the longest part of the wing by the aspect ratio.
Mean Chord = Length Aspect Ratio = (0.7cm + 5.9cm) 0.56 = 3.7cm
parts of an airplane 2 1
MUSEUM IN A BOX
Aspect Ratio =
Mean Chord
Length
1
Surface Area of a Right Triangle =
(Length x Height)
X = 8.8cm
K = 2.4cm
Y = 3.8cm
J = 1.3cm
A
4.4cm
4.4cm
Leng
t
h=9
.2cm
J = 1.3cm
Area of Triangle A = Area of Triangle B
Plane #5
a.
Calculate the surface area of one wing.
Because Triangle A = Triangle B, the surface area of this wing is the area of the
triangle with base X and height Y. Multiply the length by the height, then divide by 2.
Surface Area =
b.
1
2
(8.8cm 3.8cm) = 16.72cm
Calculate the length of the mean chord.
The mean chord is equal to one half of the height of the wing.
Mean Chord =
c.
2.4cm + 1.3cm
= 1.85cm
2
Calculate the wings aspect ratio.
Divide the mean chord by the length.
Aspect Ratio =
22
parts of an airplane
1.85cm
9.2cm
= 0.2
1. What benefit does calculating the aspect ratio provide when designing a wing?
The aspect ratio directly relates to the ability of the wing to provide lift. Wings with
higher aspect ratios will produce a lot of lift at fairly slow speeds but in turn produce a
lot of drag, which equates to a slower overall aircraft.
2. If you had to design a rectangular wing with an aspect ratio of 8.5, but were
limited to a total wingspan of 40 meters, what distance would the chord line be?
40m
= 4.71m
8.5
3. After building the wing from #2 above, you discovered the aircraft couldnt fly
fast enough to produce sufficient lift to fly. What could be done to improve the
wings lift-producing qualities?
MUSEUM IN A BOX
Discussion Points:
By increasing the camber, or curvature of the upper surface of the wing, you can
increase the amount of lift a wing can produce. This also causes additional drag
however, so the maximum speed of the aircraft (in flight) is reduced proportionately.
parts of an airplane 2 3
MUSEUM IN A BOX
NATIONAL SCIENCE
STANDARDS K-4
NATIONAL MATH
STANDARDS K-12
SCIENCE AS INQUIRY
NUMBER AND OPERATIONS
Abilities necessary to do scientific inquiry
Understanding about scientific inquiry
Understand numbers, ways of representing numbers,
relationships among numbers, and number systems
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
Understand meanings of operations and how they relate to one
another
Property of objects and materials
Compute fluently and make reasonable estimates
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Abilities of technological design
Understanding about science and technology
NATIONAL SCIENCE
STANDARDS 5-8
SCIENCE AS INQUIRY
Abilities necessary to do scientific inquiry
Understandings about scientific inquiry
ALGEBRA
Represent and analyze mathematical situations and structures
using algebraic symbols
Use mathematical models to represent and understand
quantitative relationships
MEASUREMENT
Understand measurable attributes of objects and the units,
systems, and processes of measurement
Apply appropriate techniques, tools, and formulas to determine
measurements.
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
Properties and changes of properties in matter
DATA ANALYSIS AND PROBABILITY
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Formulate questions that can be addressed with data and
collect, organize, and display relevant data to answer them
Abilities of technological design
Understanding about science and technology
NATIONAL SCIENCE
STANDARDS 9-12
SCIENCE AS INQUIRY
Abilities necessary to do scientific inquiry
Understandings about scientific inquiry
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
Structure and properties of matter
Interactions of energy and matter
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Abilities of technological design
Understanding about science and technology
24
parts of an airplane
PROCESS
Problem Solving
Communication
Connections
Representation
Reference Materials
Fig. 1 The components of a wing
Root
Fuel tank
Slats
Ribs
Flap
Stringers
Spar
Aileron
Wing tip
Leading Edge
Chord Line
Trailing Edge
Fig. 2 Wing cross-section
Fig. 3 Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor Planform Silhouette
Fig. 4 Cessna T-37 Tweet Planform Silhouette
Fig. 5 McDonald Douglas KC-10 Extender Planform Silhouette
Fig. 6 Lockheed Martin/NASA ER-2 Planform Silhouette
Student Worksheets
MUSEUM IN A BOX
34
Worksheet 1
Avian Feather Comparison
Turkey Feather
Ostrich Feather
Rectangular Wing
Wing Designs
Elliptical Wing
Notes:
Notes:
Swept Wing
Delta Wing
Notes:
MUSEUM IN A BOX
Worksheet 2
Notes:
35
MUSEUM IN A BOX
Worksheet 3
Surface Area of a Rectangle = Length x Height
Aspect Ratio = Mean Chord = Y
Length
X
Plane #1
X
Surface Area =
Mean Chord =
Aspect Ratio =
36
Wing Math
Wing Math
Surface Area of a Right Triangle = 1 (Length x Height)
2
Y
Aspect Ratio = Mean Chord =
Length
X
Plane #2
MUSEUM IN A BOX
Worksheet 3 (cont.)
Surface Area =
Mean Chord =
Aspect Ratio =
37
MUSEUM IN A BOX
Worksheet 3 (cont.)
Surface Area of a Rectangle = Length x Height
Surface Area of a Right Triangle = 1 (Length x Height)
2
Aspect Ratio = Mean Chord =
Length
Plane #3
Surface Area =
Mean Chord =
Aspect Ratio =
38
Wing Math
(Y + Z) + Z
2
Wing Math
Surface Area of a Rectangle = Length x Height
Surface Area of a Right Triangle = 1 (Length x Height)
2
Aspect Ratio =
Surface Area
Length 2
24.45cm
(0.7cm + 5.9cm) 2
Mean Chord = Length Aspect Ratio
Plane #4
MUSEUM IN A BOX
Worksheet 3 (cont.)
Surface Area =
Aspect Ratio =
Mean Chord =
39
MUSEUM IN A BOX
Worksheet 3 (cont.)
Wing Math
Surface Area of a Right Triangle = 1 (Length x Height)
2
Mean
Chord
Aspect Ratio =
Length
Plane #5
J
Leng
t
Surface Area =
Mean Chord =
Aspect Ratio =
40
Images
Img. 1 The 1903 Wright Flyer
MUSEUM IN A BOX
(Photo courtesy of Wikipedia, GNU Free Documentation License)
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Img. 2 Boeing 787
MUSEUM IN A BOX
(Photo courtesy of Boeing)
MUSEUM IN A BOX
Img. 3 An ostrich with folded wings
(Photo courtesy of Lost Tribe Media, Inc.)
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Img. 4 A seagull in flight
MUSEUM IN A BOX
(Photo courtesy of Arnold Paul, CC BY-SA 2.5 License)
Img. 5 A robin in flight
MUSEUM IN A BOX
(Photo courtesy of Arnold Paul, CC BY-SA 2.5 License)
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Img. 6 A Russian TU-144 Supersonic Passenger Jet
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MUSEUM IN A BOX
(Photo courtesy of NASA)
Img. 7 The BOAC Concorde Supersonic Passenger Jet
MUSEUM IN A BOX
(Photo courtesy of Henrysalome & Wikipedia (GNU Free Documentation License))
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Img. 8 Turkey
MUSEUM IN A BOX
(Photo courtesy of the United States Department of Agriculture)
Img. 9 Ostrich
MUSEUM IN A BOX
(Photo courtesy of Kwolana & Wikipedia GNU Free Documentation License)
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Img. 10 Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor
MUSEUM IN A BOX
(Photo courtesy of the United States Air Force)
Img. 11 Cessna T-37 Tweet
MUSEUM IN A BOX
(Photo courtesy of the United States Air Force)
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MUSEUM IN A BOX
Img. 12 McDonald Douglas KC-10 Extender
(Photo courtesy of the United States Air Force)
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Img. 13 Lockheed Martin/NASA ER-2
MUSEUM IN A BOX
(Photo courtesy of the NASA)
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Aeronautics
Research
Mission
Directorate
Museum
Museum
in a
BOX
Series
parts of an airplane
www.nasa.gov
EP-2010-12-464-HQ
