Smith Chart
Smith Chart:
Graphical Chart by P. H. Smith
In a lossless transmission line, the voltage reflection coefficient is
defined as
Z L R0
e j
Z L R0
The normalized load impedance can be written as
Z L RL jX L
zL
r jx
R0
R0
where r and x are normalized resistance and normalized reactance
zL 1
r j i
zL 1
where i and r and x are normalized resistance and normalized
reactance
j
1 1 e
zL
1 1 e j
1 r j i
r jx
1 r ji
1 r ji . 1 r ji
r jx
1 r ji 1 r ji
1 r ji . 1 r ji
r jx
1 r ji 1 r ji
1 2r i2
1 r
2
1 2r i2
2
1
r i
2i
2
1
r i
2
2
i
2i
1 r
i2
1
2
r
i
r
1
1 1
r 1 i
x x
Resistive Circles
Centre
r
r
; i 0
1 r
1
2
r
i
r
1
Radius
1
1 r
1
2
The centers of all r-circles lie on the r axis. r
i
r
1
The r = 0 circle, unity radius, centre at origin
The r-circles becomes progressively smaller as r increases from 0 toward
ending at (r = 1, i = 0) point for open circuit
All r circles pass through the (r = 1, i = 0) point
Reactance Circles
Centre
1
r 1; i
x
1 1
r 1 i
x x
Radius
1
x
1 1
r
i
The centers of all x-circles lie on the r = 1 lines;
x x
for x > 0 (inductive reactance) lie above r axis.
2
for x < 0 (capacitive reactance) lie below r axis.
The x = 0 circle becomes the r axis
The x-circles becomes progressively smaller as x from 0 toward
ending at (r = 1, i = 0) point for open circuit
All xcircles pass through the (r = 1, i = 0) point
Smith Chart: a chart of r and x circle in r and I plane for 1
R and x circle are everywhere orthogonal to one another
The intersection of r and x circle defines a points that represents a
normalized load impedance z r jx
L
Actual Impedance is ZL R0 (r + jx)
1 .0
2.0
0.5
3.0
-1
2.0
5.0
.2
=-0
-3
.0
- 1 .0
r = 1 and i = 0 corresponds to
infinite impedance: open circuit
1.0
-0
.5
X/Z
0.5
.0
-2
r = -1 and i = 0 corresponds to r = 0
and x = 0: short circuit
=0.
2
R/ZO=0.2
X/Z
O
Smith chart can also be marked as polar coordinates:
Magnitude of
Phase angle of
SC 1
OC 1
Pm
PM
Each circle intersect the real axis at two points:
PM on positive real axis
Pm on negative real axis
Since x = 0 along the real axis: PM and Pm both represents a purely
resistive load
RL > R0 (r > 1) : PM
RL > R0 (r < 1) : Pm
if
RL R0
RL
S
r
R0
The value of the r-circle passing through the point PM is numerically
equal to the standing wave ratio
if
RL R0
R0 1
S
RL r
1
r
S
The value of the r-circle passing through the point Pm on negative real
axis is numerically equal to the 1/S
Constant Circle
1. All the circles are centered at the origin and their radii vary from 0 to
1.
2. The angle measured from the positive real axis, of the line drawn from
the origin through the point representing zL equal .
3. The value of the r-circle passing through the intersection of the circle
and the positive real axis equals the standing wave ratio
The input impedance looking towards the load end at a distance z
from the load is
IL
z'
2 z '
Z
e
1
L
0
V z '
Zi z '
2
IL
I z '
Z L Z0 e z ' 1 e2 z '
2Z 0
1 e2 j z '
Zi z ' Z 0
2 j z '
1 e
Normalized input impedance
zi
Zi z '
Z0
2 j z '
1 e
1 e2 j z '
zi
Zi z '
Z0
1 e 2 j z '
1 e 2 j z '
zi
zi
Zi z '
Z0
Zi z '
Z0
At z = 0;
1 e 2 j z '
1 e 2 j z '
1 e
1 e
2 j z '
zi zL
2 j z '
1
1
1 e
1 e j
The magnitude of remains constant, therefore VSWR
are not changed by additional length
Keeping
an angle to
constant, subtract (rotate clockwise direction) from
2 z '
4 z '
This will locate the point for
, which determine
zi
2 j z '
The outer scale on smith chart is marked wavelength toward
generator in clockwise direction (increasing z)
The inner scale is marked wavelength toward load in counter
clockwise direction (decreasing z)
2 z '
if z ' / 2;
4 z '
2 z '
4 z '
Therefore complete revolution gives the z of /2
Example:1 Find L if the load impedance ZL is 25+j100 and characteristic
impedance of transmission line is 50
zL 0.5 j 2.0
Example:2: ZL = 25 + j 100; z = length of transmission line d = 0.18;
Find Zin and (d)
L 0.8246
L 50.906
0.1793
zL 0.5 j 2.0
0.3593
Example:3: ZL = 25 + j 100; Find the location of first voltage maximum (dmax)
and first voltage minimum from load end (dmin)
zL 0.5 j 2.0
Example:4: ZL = 25 - j 100; Find the location of first voltage maximum (dmax)
and first voltage minimum from load end (dmin)
zL 0.5 j 2.0
0.3207
Example:5: Find the VSWR on transmission line
(i) if ZL1 = 25 + j 100 and Z0 = 50 ; (ii) if ZL1 = 25 - j 100 and Z0 = 50
Circle of Constant
resistance r = 10.4
Example:5:
Given: R0 = 50 , S = 3.0, = 0.4 m, First voltage minima zm = 0.05 m:
Find (i) , (ii) ZL
zm'
0.05
0.125
0.4
zL 0.6 j 0.8
Z L 50 0.6 j 0.8
Z L 30 j 40
d e
d / 4 e
j 2 / 4
e e j
e j d
zn d
1 d
1 d
yn d
1 d
1 d
1 d
4 1 d
zn d
yn d
1 d
4
1 d
4
zn d yn d
4
Actual Impedance
Actual Admittance
For l = /4
Z d Z 0 .z n d
4
4
Y d Y0 . yn d
Z L jZ 0 tan l
Zin Z 0
Z0 jZ L tan l
jZ 0
Zin Z 0
Z 02
jZ L
where
Y0 1/ Z0
Z in Z 0
Z0 Z L
1
zin
yL
zL
Example:5: ZL = 25 + j 100 and Z0 = 50 ; Find YL
zn d
1 d
1 d
yn d
Impedance = Resistance + j Reactance
Z=R+jX
1 d
1 d
Short Circuit
Open Circuit
Admittance Chart
Transmission Line Impedance Matching:
Quarter Wave Transformer
Z L jR0 tan l
Zin R0
R0 jZ L tan l
tan l
2
0
R
Zi
ZL
50
R0 50.100 70.7
R0 Zi Z L
/4
70.7
100
Single Stub Matching:
yB
yi
Yi YB YS
For matching
1
Yi Y0
R0
Yi YB YS
Y0 Y0 Y0
yL
ZL
ys
R0
B
R0
yi yB yS
1 yB yS
B
yB
yi
yL
ZL
ys
R0
The input admittance of short circuited stub is
purely susceptive ys
1 yB yS
yB 1 jbB
ys jbB
B
R0
Example: A 50 transmission line is connected to a load impedance ZL
= 35 j 47.5 . Find the position and length of a short-circuited stub
required to match the line.
Solution:
R0 50
Z L 35 j 47.5
ZL
zL
0.70 j 0.95
R0
P1: zL = 0.70 j 0.95
P2: yL = 0.50 + j 0.68
P2: 0.109
Move Constant || circle from
P2 to P3 or P2 to P4 and
reach g = 1 circle
P3: yB1= 1 + j1.2 = 1 + jbB1
P4: yB2= 1 - j1.2 = 1 + jbB2
P3: 0.168
P4:0.332
Solution for location of stub
For P3: (from P2 to P3) d1 = 0.168 - 0.109 = 0.059
For P4: (from P2 to P4) d2 = 0.332 - 0.109 = 0.223
Solution for length of stub
yS = - jbB
For P3: (PSC on the extreme right of chart to P3 which represents jbB1
= -j 1.2
l1 = 0.361 - 0.250 = 0.111
For P4: (from PSC to P4: + j 1.2) l2 = 0.139 + 0.250 = 0.389
First Solution: d1 = 0.059 and l1 = 0.111
Second Solution: d2 = 0.223 and l2 = 0.389
Double Stub Matching:
d0
yB
yi
A
yA
ZL
ySA
A
ySB
R0
B
R0
yA = ySA + yL
yi = ySB + yB
lB
d0 is constant and can be arbitrary chosen as /8 or 3/8
lA
R0
d0
yB
yi
A
yA
ZL
ySA
A
ySB
R0
Yi YB YSB
B
R0
yA = ySA + yL
yi = ySB + yB
For matching
lB
1
Yi Y0
R0
Yi YB YSB
Y0 Y0 Y0
yi yB ySB
1 yB ySB
lA
R0
The input admittance of short circuited stub is purely susceptive ysB
1 yB ySB
yB 1 jbB
ysB jbB
Example: A 50 transmission line is connected to a load impedance ZL
= 60 + j 80 . A double stub tuner spaced /8 apart is used to matched
the load as shown below. Find the required lengths of short circuited
stubs.
d0
Solution:
yB
yi
A
yA
ZL
ySA
A
ySB
R0
B
R0
yA = ySA + yL
yi = ySB + yB
1 R0
50
yL
0.30 j 0.40
zL Z L 60 j80
lB
lA
R0
Draw g0 = 1 circle
Rotate this circle by /8 towards
load
yL = 0.30 j 0.40 as PL
Move on constant g circle
(g = 0.3) which intersects
rotated g circle at PA1 and
PA2.
PA1: yA1 = 0.30 + j 0.29
PA2: yA2 = 0.30 + j 1.75
Move /8 on Constant ||
circle from PA1 or PA2
and reaches PB1 or PB2
respectively
PB1: yB1 = 1 + j 1.38
PB2: yB2 = 1 j 3.5
PA1: yA1 = 0.30 + j 0.29
PA2: yA2 = 0.30 + j 1.75
yL = 0.30 j 0.40 as PL
First stub length
(ySA)1 = yA1 yL = j 0.69
(ySA)2 = yA2 yL = j 2.15
A1: j 0.69
lA1 = (0.096 + 0.25) = 0.346
A2: j 2.15
lA2 = (0.181 + 0.25) = 0.431
PB1: yB1 = 1 + j 1.38
PB2: yB2 = 1 j 3.5
Second stub length
(ySB)1 = - j 1.38
(ySB)2 = + j 3.5
B1: - j 1.38
lB1 = (0.35 - 0.25) = 0.10
B2: + j 3.5
lB2 = (0.206 + 0.25) = 0.456
If yL lies inside the g0 = 1 circle; no value of stub susceptance b1 could
bring the load point to intersect the rotated 1 + jb circle.
Then the region inside g0 = 1 circle is called forbidden range of load
admittance, which can not be matched with this particular double stub tuning
arrangement.
The solution for this problem is that if first stub is connected at some
distance from load end such that it comes out of forbidden region
d0
B
yi
yB
yA
ySA
ySB
R0
yA = ySA + yL
yi = ySB + yB
dL
ZL
A
R0
lB
lA
