The document provides an overview of computer numerical control (CNC) machines. It defines NC and CNC, outlines the history of NC machines, and describes the typical elements of a CNC system including the part program, program input device, machine control unit, drive system, machine tool, and feedback system. It then discusses point-to-point and continuous-path tool movements, open-loop and closed-loop control systems, and common types of CNC machines such as lathes, mills, drills, boring machines, and grinders. The document concludes by covering applications of CNC machines in various industries and outlining advantages like precision and reduced waste and disadvantages like high costs.
The document provides an overview of computer numerical control (CNC) machines. It defines NC and CNC, outlines the history of NC machines, and describes the typical elements of a CNC system including the part program, program input device, machine control unit, drive system, machine tool, and feedback system. It then discusses point-to-point and continuous-path tool movements, open-loop and closed-loop control systems, and common types of CNC machines such as lathes, mills, drills, boring machines, and grinders. The document concludes by covering applications of CNC machines in various industries and outlining advantages like precision and reduced waste and disadvantages like high costs.
The document provides an overview of computer numerical control (CNC) machines. It defines NC and CNC, outlines the history of NC machines, and describes the typical elements of a CNC system including the part program, program input device, machine control unit, drive system, machine tool, and feedback system. It then discusses point-to-point and continuous-path tool movements, open-loop and closed-loop control systems, and common types of CNC machines such as lathes, mills, drills, boring machines, and grinders. The document concludes by covering applications of CNC machines in various industries and outlining advantages like precision and reduced waste and disadvantages like high costs.
The document provides an overview of computer numerical control (CNC) machines. It defines NC and CNC, outlines the history of NC machines, and describes the typical elements of a CNC system including the part program, program input device, machine control unit, drive system, machine tool, and feedback system. It then discusses point-to-point and continuous-path tool movements, open-loop and closed-loop control systems, and common types of CNC machines such as lathes, mills, drills, boring machines, and grinders. The document concludes by covering applications of CNC machines in various industries and outlining advantages like precision and reduced waste and disadvantages like high costs.
Hacettepe University Chemical Engineering Department
22.12.2010
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What are NC & CNC? History CNC system Elements Properties of CNC machine Types of CNC machines CNC applications Advantages& Disadvantages Conclusion References
What are NC & CNC ?
Numerical control (NC) is a method of automatically operating a manufacturing machine based on a code letters, numbers and special characters. The numerical data required to produce a part is provided to a machine in the form of program, called part program or CNC (computer numerical control)
What are NC & CNC ?
The program is translated into the appropriate electrical signals for input to motors that run the machine. A CNC machine is an numerical control machine with the added feature of an on board computer. The computer is referred to as the machine control unit (MCU)
HISTORY
In 1775, John Wilkinson- cannon boring machine (lathe). In 1881, Eli Whitney- milling machine. In 1947, Mr. John Parsons began experimenting for using 3-axis curvature data to control the machine tool motion for the production for aircraft components. In 1949, parsons- first NC machine. In 1951, MIT was involved in the project. In 1955, after refinements NC became available in industry Today, modern machinery are CNC milling machines and lathes.
CNC SYSTEM ELEMENTS
A typical CNC system consists of the following six elements Part program Program input device Machine control unit Drive system Machine tool Feedback system
Figure 1 : Schematic illustration of the major components of a numerical control machine tool
Basic Concept of Part Programming
Part programming contains geometric data about the part and motion information to move the cutting tool with respect to the work piece. Basically, the machine receives instructions as a sequence of blocks containing commands to set machine parameters; speed, feed and other relevant information. A block is equivalent to a line of codes in a part program. N135 G01 X1.0 Y1.0 Z0.125 T01 F5.0
Block number G-code
Coordinates
Special function
Tool number
Programming Methods
Automatically Programmed Tools (APT)
A text based system in which a programmer defines a series of lines, arcs, and points which define the overall part geometry locations. These features are then used to generate a cutter location (CL) file.
Programming Methods
Computer Aided Machining (CAM) SystemsComputer Aided Design (CAD) Systems
CAD/CAM systems allow for rapid development and modifying of designs and documentation. The 3D geometric model produced becomes a common element for engineering analysis (FEA), machining process planning (including CNC part programming, documentation (including engineering drawings), quality control, and so on.
Drives of CNC machine tool
Hydraulic actuator - high power machine tool Stepping motor - small machine due to limited power and torque DC motor - excellent speed regulation, high torque, most widely used
Properties of CNC machines
Based on Motion Type: Motion control - the heart of CNC Point-to-Point or Continuous path
Based on Control Loops: Open loop or Closed loop
Based on Power Supply: Electric or Hydraulic or Pneumatic Based on Positioning System Incremental or Absolute
Point-to-Point Tool Movements
Point-to-point control systems cause the tool to move to a point on the part and execute an operation at that point only. The tool is not in continuous contact with the part while it is moving. Examples: drilling, reaming, punching, boring and tapping.
Continuous-path controllers cause the tool to maintain continuous contact with the part as the tool cuts a contour shape. These operations include milling along any lines at any angle, milling arcs and lathe turning.
Figure 3: http://kaymak06.50webs.com/cnc.html
Loop Systems for Controlling Tool Movement
Schematic illustration of the components of (a) an open-loop and (b) a closed-loop control system for a CNC machine. Figure 4 : http://www.nd.edu/~manufact/MET%20pdf_files/MET_Ch37.pdf
Types of CNC Machines
Lathe Machine Milling Machine Drilling Machine
The bench drill The pillar drill
Boring Machine Grinding Machine
Types of CNC Machines
CNC Mills These machining centers use computer controls to cut different materials. They are able to translate programs consisting of specific number and letters to move the spindle to various locations and depths. Used to make 3D prototypes, moulds, cutting dies, printing plates and sights.
They cut metal that is often turning at fast speeds. CNC lathes are able to make fast, precision cuts using indexable tools and drills with complicated programs.Normally, they cannot be cut on manual lathes. They often include 12 tool holders and coolant pumps to cut down on tool wear.
coated wheel that slowly removes metal to create a part. Through the years, grinding was done on a manual machine, but with the advent of CNC technology, the grinding process has advanced
CNC DRILLING Drilling is commonly used for mass production. The drilling machine (drilling press) is used to create or enlarge holes. Drilling machine for different jobs;
The bench drill: For drilling holes through raw materials such as wood, plastic and metal The pillar drill: A larger version that stands upright on the floor. As the bench drill, it can be used to drill larger pieces of materials and produce bigger holes.
Figure 9 : http://www.metalshopsolutions.com/
Types of CNC Machines
CNC Boring Process of enlarging an existing hole or internal cylindirical surface. This can be accomplished on a lathe or a machine tool specifically designed for the process, such as a horizontal boring machine.
Electrical Discharge Machines (EDM) Wire EDM machines utilize a very thin wire (.0008 to .012 in.) as an electrode. The wire is stretched between diamond guides and carbide that conduct current to the wire and cuts the part like a band saw. Material is removed by the erosion caused by a spark that moves horizontally with the wire.
Laser Cutting Machines The machine utilizes an intense beam of focused laser light to cut the part. Material under the beam experiences a rapid rise in temperature and is vaporized. Laser cuts with a minimum of distortion, no mechanical cutting forces.
Aerospace Industry Aircraft Turbine Machined by 5-Axis CNC Milling Machine
Figure 16: http://boeingcockpit.com/html
Advantages of CNC Machines
Ease of Use
CNC machines are easier for beginners operation of several CNC machines at same time some CNC machines dont need any operator call their operator in case of the emergencies.
High Efficiency
operate almost continuously 24 hours a day, 365 days a year
Expanding Options
Expand the machine's capabilities with Software changes and updates
No Prototyping
New programmes provide elimination build a prototype, save time and money
Precision
Parts are identical to each other
Reduce Waste
Reduce waste as errors allows minimize wasted material.
Disadvantage of CNC Machines
Cost CNC machinery: costs quite a lot more than conventional machinery does not eliminate the need for expensive tools expensive to repair
CONCLUSION
CNC machines which are applicable any type of processing manufacturing anything is identical in shorter time CNC machines provide many advantages many industries prefer using CNC machines
