Presented by
P.SIVA NAGENDRA REDDY (11741D5715) Under the Guidance of Mr.A.G.MURALI KRISHNA,M.E Assistant Professor
To design 16-bit non-pipelined RISC processor, which is used for
convolution applications.
The processor has been designed for executing the instruction set comprising of 27 instructions.
Convolution is an important signal processing application which is used in filter design.
Most PC's use CPU based on this architecture. For instance Intel and AMD CPU's are based on CISC architectures.
Typically CISC chips have a large amount of different and
complex instructions.
Greater overhead in decoding instructions, therefore
slowdown of execution.
A large variety of addressing modes. Designing the chips requires more work. Higher power consumption.
The philosophy behind RISC is that almost no one uses
complex instructions as used by CISC. Apple for instance uses RISC chips.
Therefore fewer, simpler and faster instructions would be
better, than the large, complex and slower CISC instructions.
Small instruction set.
Load/store architecture. Fixed length coding and hardware decoding. Large register set.
CISC:
Consider a program to multiply two bits we write mov ax, 10 mov bx, 5 mul bx, ax
The total clock cycles for the CISC version might be:
(2 movs 1 cycle) + (1 mul 30 cycles) = 32 cycles
RISC:
Begin: mov ax, 0
mov bx, 10
mov cx, 5 add ax, bx loop Begin While the clock cycles for the RISC version is:
(3 movs 1 cycle) + (5 adds 1 cycle) + (5 loops 1 cycle) =
13cycles
RISC Simple instructions, few in number Fixed length instructions
Complexity in compiler
CISC Many complex instructions.
Variable length instructions. Complexity in microcode
Only Load/Store instructions access memory
Few addressing modes
Many instructions can access memory
Many addressing modes
Each of the register is of 16-bits width capacity.
The bit widths of each unit are as follows:
Instruction Unit : 16 bits Execution Unit : 8 bits Memory Unit : 16 bits Op-code Width : 5 bits
The Program Counter (PC) is a 16-bit latch that holds the
memory address of location, from which the next instruction will be fetched by the processor.
Arithmetic and Logic unit:
The arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) performs all arithmetic and logical operations.
Register File:
The register file consists of 8 general purpose registers of 16-bits capacity each.
These register files are utilized during the execution of arithmetic
and data-centric instructions.
Clock Control Unit:
Efficient phase scheduling is required to optimize the throughput and the energy consumption of the processor.
Instruction Decoder Unit:
Instruction set is limited yet comprehensive. Since opcode is only 5 bits wide, it was decided to keep the number of instructions supported within 32 for easier implementation.
16-BIT INSTRUCTION FORMAT:
Device Utilization Summary(estimated values):
Logic Utilization Number of Slices Number of Slice Flip Flops Used 886 232 available 4656 9312 Utilization 19% 2%
Number of 4input LUTs Number of bonded IOBs
Number of MULT18XSIOs Number of GCLKs
1705 34
1 1
9312 232
20 24
18% 14%
5% 4%
High speed
Low power
Area efficient
Operation-specific design possibilities
Time period: 5ns (Maximum Frequency: 200MHz)
TOOLS USED:
Software Tool: XILINX 14.3 Programming Language :Verilog HDL
The design of a single cycle 16-Bit non-pipelined RISC
processor for its application towards convolution application has been presented. The processor has been designed for executing the instruction set comprising of 27 instructions in total.
In the future we can add some more Digital Signal Processing
applications like FFT and DFT with the help of 32 instructions .
[1] Robert S. Plachno, VP of Audio A True Single Cycle RISC Processor without Pipelining. ESS Design White Paper RISC Embedded Controller. [2] Youngjoon Shin, Chanho Lee, and Yong Moon, A Low Power 16-Bit RISC Microprocessor Using ECRL Circuits, ETRI Journal, Volume 26, Number 6, December 2004. [3] Yasuhiro Takahashi, Toshikazu Sekine, and Michio Yokoyama, Design of a 16-bit Non-pipelined RISC CPU in a Two Phase Drive Adiabatic Dynamic CMOS Logic, International Journal of Computer and Electrical Engineering, Vol. 1, No. 1, April 2009 1793-8198. [4] V. B. Saambhavi and V. S. Kanchana Bhaaskaran, A 16-Bit RISC Microprocessor Using DCPAL Circuits. International Journal of Advanced Engineering and Technology (IJAET), E-ISSN-0976-3945, Vol.II, Issue I, January-March 2011, pp. 154-162 [5] J.S. Denker, A Review of Adiabatic Computing, IEEE Symp. Low Power Electronics, 1994, pp. 94-97.
