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Siddhant Muktavali Mul

This document discusses the philosophical views presented in the text "Gita Govinda" and compares them to the views of Adi Shankaracharya. It suggests that there were debates between Shankaracharya and the author of the Gita Govinda regarding the nature of divine service. While Shankaracharya advocated renunciation and solitary meditation, the Gita Govinda promoted devotion and service to God through love. The document analyzes both perspectives in the context of Hindu philosophical concepts like dharma, moksha, and bhakti.
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100% found this document useful (1 vote)
882 views45 pages

Siddhant Muktavali Mul

This document discusses the philosophical views presented in the text "Gita Govinda" and compares them to the views of Adi Shankaracharya. It suggests that there were debates between Shankaracharya and the author of the Gita Govinda regarding the nature of divine service. While Shankaracharya advocated renunciation and solitary meditation, the Gita Govinda promoted devotion and service to God through love. The document analyzes both perspectives in the context of Hindu philosophical concepts like dharma, moksha, and bhakti.
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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24

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26

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40

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Ana V nydpZ dm{XZmo ~hYm OJw&


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42

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ZmZVa dmh$nm`m A{n XeZ {d{hVmdJmndJ$nm$bm{{e`Vo.


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AWo{V. A` OmVar`dm` {^Z: H$:& Ordd$n VwpV-

44

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AmmZXgwW H$Uod {d{MV`oV&


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47

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54

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56

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58

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60

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62

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64

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