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Author: Pat Richards Microchip Technology Inc.

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The Physical Medium Attachment (PMA) and Medium Dependent Interface (MDI) are the two parts of the physical layer which are not defined by CAN. The Physical Signaling (PS) portion of the physical layer is defined by the CAN specification. The system designer can choose any driver/receiver and transport medium as long as the PS requirements are met. The International Standards Organization (ISO) has defined a standard which incorporates the CAN specification as well as the physical layer. The standard, ISO-11898, was originally created for high-speed invehicle communications using CAN. ISO-11898 specifies the physical layer to ensure compatibility between CAN transceivers. A CAN controller typically implements the entire CAN specification in hardware, as shown in Figure 1. The PMA is not defined by CAN, however, it is defined by ISO-11898. This document discusses the MCP2551 CAN transceiver and how it fits in with the ISO-11898 specification.

A CAN Physical Layer Discussion

INTRODUCTION
Many network protocols are described using the seven layer Open System Interconnection (OSI) model, as shown in Figure 1. The Controller Area Network (CAN) protocol defines the Data Link Layer and part of the Physical Layer in the OSI model. The remaining physical layer (and all of the higher layers) are not defined by the CAN specification. These other layers can either be defined by the system designer, or they can be implemented using existing non-proprietary Higher Layer Protocols (HLPs) and physical layers. The Data Link Layer is defined by the CAN specification. The Logical Link Control (LLC) manages the overload control and notification, message filtering and recovery management functions. The Medium Access Control (MAC) performs the data encapsulation/decapsulation, error detection and control, bit stuffing/destuffing and the serialization and deserialization functions.

FIGURE 1:
7- Layer OSI Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

CAN AND THE OSI MODEL

Logical Link Control (LLC) - Acceptance filtering - Overload notification - Recovery management Medium Access Control (MAC) - Data encapsulation/decapsulation - Frame coding (stuffing/de-stuffing) - Error detection/signaling - Serialization/deserialization Physical Signaling - Bit encoding/decoding - Bit timing/synchronization Physical Medium Attachment - Driver/receiver characteristics Medium Dependent Interface - Connectors/wires Defined by CAN Controller

ISO11898 Transceiver MCP2551

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ISO11898-2 OVERVIEW
ISO11898 is the international standard for high-speed CAN communications in road vehicles. ISO-11898-2 specifies the PMA and MDA sublayers of the Physical Layer. See Figure 3 for a representation of a common CAN node/bus as described by ISO-11898.

FIGURE 2:

DIFFERENTIAL BUS
Dominant

CANH Voltage Level (V) Recessive

Bus Levels
CAN specifies two logical states: recessive and dominant. ISO-11898 defines a differential voltage to represent recessive and dominant states (or bits), as shown in Figure 2. In the recessive state (i.e., logic 1 on the MCP2551 TXD input), the differential voltage on CANH and CANL is less than the minimum threshold (<0.5V receiver input or <1.5V transmitter output)(See Figure 4). In the dominant state (i.e., logic 0 on the MCP2551 TXD input), the differential voltage on CANH and CANL is greater than the minimum threshold. A dominant bit overdrives a recessive bit on the bus to achieve nondestructive bitwise arbitration.

VDIFF

Recessive

CANL

Time (t)

Connectors and Wires

ISO-11898-2 does not specify the mechanical wires and connectors. However, the specification does require that the wires and connectors meet the electrical specification. The specification also requires 120 (nominal) terminating resistors at each end of the bus. Figure 3 shows an example of a CAN bus based on ISO-11898.

FIGURE 3:

CAN BUS

MCU

CAN Controller

Transceiver Node Node

120

120

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FIGURE 4:
V

ISO11898 NOMINAL BUS LEVELS

3.5 2.5 1.5

CANH

CANL

V 5.0

Dominant Differential Output Range

3.0

1.5 0.9 0.5

Dominant Differential Input Range

Recessive 0.05 Differential Output -0.5 Range

-1.0

Recessive Differential Input Range

Robustness
The ISO11898-2 specification requires that a compliant or compatible transceiver must meet a number of electrical specifications. Some of these specifications are intended to ensure the transceiver can survive harsh electrical conditions, thereby protecting the

communications of the CAN node. The transceiver must survive short circuits on the CAN bus inputs from -3V to +32V and transient voltages from -150V to +100V. Table 1 shows the major ISO11898-2 electrical requirements, as well as MCP2551 specifications.

TABLE 1:

COMPARING THE MCP2551 TO ISO11898-2

Parameter ISO-11898-4 min -3 -150 -2.0 +2.0 -500 10 5.0 +1.5 +2.75 +0.50 max +32 +100 +7.0 +3.0 +50 100 50 +3.0 +4.50 +2.25 MCP2551 min -40 -250 -12 +2.0 -500 20 5.0 +1.5 +2.75 +0.50 1.25 Yes max +40 +250 +12 +3.0 +50 100 50 +3.0 +4.50 +2.25 Unit V V V V mV k k V V V ms -Comments Exceeds ISO-11898 Exceeds ISO-11898 Exceeds ISO-11898 Meets ISO-11898 Meets ISO-11898 Meets ISO-11898 Meets ISO-11898 Meets ISO-11898 Meets ISO-11898 Meets ISO-11898

DC Voltage on CANH and CANL Transient voltage on CANH and CANL Common Mode Bus Voltage Recessive Output Bus Voltage Recessive Differential Output Voltage Differential Internal Resistance Common Mode Input Resistance Differential Dominant Output Voltage Dominant Output Voltage (CANH) Dominant Output Voltage (CANL) Permanent Dominant Detection (Driver) Power-On Reset and Brown-Out Detection

Not Required Not Required

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Bus Lengths
ISO11898 specifies that a transceiver must be able to drive a 40m bus at 1 Mb/s. A longer bus length can be achieved by slowing the data rate. The biggest limitation to bus length is the transceivers propagation delay. the same bit time. Figure 5 shows a one-way propagation delay between two nodes. Extreme propagation delays (beyond the sample point) will result in invalid arbitration. This implies that bus lengths are limited at given CAN data rates. A CAN systems propagation delay is calculated as being a signals round-trip time on the physical bus (tbus), the output driver delay (tdrv) and the input comparator delay (tcmp). Assuming all nodes in the system have similar component delays, the propagation delay is explained mathematically:

PROPAGATION DELAY
The CAN protocol has defined a recessive (logic 1) and dominant (logic 0) state to implement a nondestructive bit-wise arbitration scheme. It is this arbitration methodology that is affected most by propagation delays. Each node involved with arbitration must be able to sample each bit level within the same bit time. For example, if two nodes at opposite ends of the bus start to transmit their messages at the same time, they must arbitrate for control of the bus. This arbitration is only effective if both nodes are able to sample during

EQUATION 1:
tprop = 2 ( tbus + tcmp + tdrv )

FIGURE 5:

ONE-WAY PROPAGATION DELAY

Transmitted Bit from Node A SyncSeg PropSeg PhaseSeg1 (PS1) Sample Point Node A bit received by Node B SyncSeg Time (t) PropSeg PhaseSeg1 (PS1) PhaseSeg2 (PS2) PhaseSeg2 (PS2)

Propagation Delay

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MCP2551 CAN TRANSCEIVER
The MCP2551 is a CAN Transceiver that implements the ISO-11898-2 physical layer specification. It supports a 1 Mb/s data rate and is suitable for 12 V and 24 V systems. The MCP2551 provides short-circuit protection up to 40V and transient protection up to 250V. In addition to being ISO-11898-2-compatible, the MCP2551 provides power-on reset and brown-out protection, as well as permanent dominant detection to ensure an unpowered or faulty node will not disturb the bus. The device implements configurable slope control on the bus pins to help reduce RFI emissions. Figure 6 shows the block diagram of the MCP2551.

General MCP2551 Operation

TRANSMIT
The CAN protocol controller outputs a serial data stream to the logic TXD input of the MCP2551. The corresponding recessive or dominant state is output on the CANH and CANL pins.

RECEIVE
The MCP2551 receives dominant or recessive states on the same CANH and CANL pins as the transmit occurs. These states are output as logic levels on the RXD pin for the CAN protocol controller to receive CAN frames.

RECESSIVE STATE
A logic 1 on the TXD input turns off the drivers to the CANH and CANL pins and the pins float to a nominal 2.5V via biasing resistors.

DOMINANT STATE
A logic 0 on the TXD input turns on the CANH and CANL pin drivers. CANH drives ~1V higher than the nominal 2.5V recessive state to ~3.5V. CANL drives ~1V less than the nominal 2.5V recessive state to ~1.5V.

FIGURE 6:

MCP2551 BLOCK DIAGRAM

VDD TXD Dominant Detect Thermal Shutdown

VDD TXD Slope Control

Driver Control Power-On Reset CANH 0.5 VDD GND Reference Voltage Receiver CANL

RS RXD VREF

VSS

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Modes of Operation
There are three modes of operation that are externally controlled via the RS pin: 1. 2. 3. High-Speed Slope Control Standby

STANDBY
Standby (or sleep) mode is entered by connecting the R S pin to VDD. In sleep mode, the transmitter is switched off and the receiver operates in a reduced power mode. While the receive pin (RXD) is still functional, it will operate at a slower rate. Standby mode can be used to place the device in low power mode and to turn off the transmitter in case the CAN controller malfunctions and sends unexpected data to the bus.

HIGH-SPEED
The high-speed mode is selected by connecting the R S pin to V SS. In this mode, the output drivers have fast rise and fall times that support the higher bus rates up to 1 Mb/s and/or maximum bus lengths by providing the minimum transceiver loop delays.

Permanent Dominant Detection on Transmitter

The MCP2551 will turn off the transmitter to CANH and CANL if an extended dominant state is detected on the transmitter. This ability prevents a faulty node (CAN controller or MCP2551) from permanently corrupting the CAN bus. The drivers are disabled if TXD is low for more than ~1.25 ms (minimum) (See Figure 7). The drivers will remain disabled as long as TXD remains low. A rising edge on TXD will reset the timer logic and enable the drivers.

SLOPE CONTROL
If reduced EMI is required, the MCP2551 can be placed in slope control mode by connecting a resistor (REXT) from the RS pin to ground. In slope control mode, the single-ended slew rate (CANH or CANL) is basically proportional to the current out of the RS pin. The current must be in the range of 10 A < -IRS < 200 A, which corresponds to a voltage on the pin of 0.4 VDD < VRS < 0.6 VDD respectively (or 0.5 VDD typical). The decreased slew rate implies a slower CAN data rate at a given bus length, or a reduced bus length at a given CAN data rate.

FIGURE 7:

TXD PERMANENT DOMINANT DETECTION

Transmitter Enabled

tDOM TXD

Transmitter Disabled

CANH Recessive Dominant Recessive Dominant

CANL

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Power-On Reset and Brown-Out
The MCP2551 incorporates both Power-On Reset (POR) and Brown-Out Detection (BOD) (see Figure 8). CANH and CANL pins will remain in high impedance until TXD goes high. After which, the drivers will function normally.

POWER-ON RESET (POR)

When the MCP2551 is powered on, the CANH and CANL pins remain in the high impedance state until VDD reaches the POR high voltage (VPORH). Additionally, if the TXD pin is low at power-up, the

BROWN-OUT DETECTION (BOD)

BOD occurs when VDD goes below the power-on reset low voltage (VPORL). At this point, the CANH and CANL pins enter a high impedance state and will remain there until VPORH is reached.

FIGURE 8:
V 4.0 VPORH

POWER-ON RESET AND BROWN-OUT DETECTION

POR
D

3.5 VPORL BOD

3.0

VD

TXD

CANH CANL

High Impedance

High Impedance

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Ground Offsets
Since it is not required to provide a common ground between nodes, it is possible to have ground offsets between nodes. That is, each node may observe different single-ended bus voltages (common mode bus voltages) while maintaining the same differential voltage. While the MCP2551 is specified to handle ground offsets from -12V to +12V, the ISO-11898 specification only requires -2V to +7V. Figure 9 and Figure 10 demonstrate how ground offsets appear between nodes. Figure 9 shows the transmitting node with a positive ground offset with respect to the receiving node. The MCP2551 receiver can operate with CANH = +12V. The maximum CAN dominant output voltage (VO(CANH)) from the transmitting node is 4.5V. Subtracting this maximum yields an actual ground offset (with respect to the receiving node) of 7.5V for the transmitting node. In the recessive state, each node attempts to pull the CANH and CANL pins to their biasing levels (2.5V typical). However, the resulting common mode voltage in the recessive state becomes 6.25V for the receiving node and -1.25V for the transmitting node. Figure 10 shows the transmitting node with a negative ground offset with respect to the receiving node. The MCP2551 receiver can operate with CANL = -12V. The minimum CAN dominant output voltage (VO(CANL)) from the transmitting node is 0.5V. Subtracting this minimum yields an actual ground offset, with respect to the receiving node, of -12.5V. The common mode voltage for the recessive state is -6.25V for the receiving node and 6.25V for the transmitting node. Since all nodes act as a transmitter for a portion of each message (i.e., each receiver must acknowledge (ACK) valid messages during the ACK slot), the largest ground offset allowed between nodes is 7.5V, as shown in Figure 9. Operating a CAN system with large ground offsets can lead to increased electromagnetic emissions. Steps must be taken to eliminate ground offsets if the system is sensitive to emissions.

FIGURE 9:
Common Mode Bus Voltage (Single Ended)

RECEIVING (NODE GROUND) BELOW TRANSMITTING (NODE GROUND)

12

VO(CANH)(max) VDIFF(max) 4.5V 3V

Transmitting Node Ground CANH 6 CANL -1.25V 12V

7.5V 6.25V

Receiving Node Ground

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FIGURE 10:
Common Mode Bus Voltage (Single-Ended) Receiving Node Ground 0

RECEIVING (NODE GROUND) ABOVE TRANSMITTING (NODE GROUND)

-6.25V 12.5V -12V

-6

CANH CANL

6.25V VDIFF(max) VO(CANL)(max) 3V 0.5V

-13

Transmitting Node Ground

BUS TERMINATION
Bus termination is used to minimize signal reflection on the bus. ISO-11898 requires that the CAN bus have a nominal characteristic line impedance of 120. Therefore, the typical terminating resistor value for each end of the bus is 120. There are a few different termination methods used to help increase EMC performance (see Figure 11). 1. 2. 3. Standard Termination Split Termination Biased Split Termination Note: EMC performance is not determined solely by the transceiver and termination method, but rather by careful consideration of all components and topology of the system.

Standard Termination
As the name implies, this termination uses a single 120 resistor at each end of the bus. This method is acceptable in many CAN systems.

Split Termination
Split termination is a concept that is growing in popularity because emission reduction can be achieved very easily. Split termination is a modified standard termination in which the single 120 resistor on each end of the bus is split into two 60 resistors, with a bypass capacitor tied between the resistors and to ground. The two resistors should match as close as possible.

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Biased Split Termination
This termination method is used to maintain the common mode recessive voltage at a constant value, thereby increasing EMC performance. This circuit is the same as the split termination with the addition of a voltage divider circuit to achieve a voltage of VDD/2 between the two 60 resistors (see Figure 11). Note: The biasing resistors in Figure 11, as well as the split termination resistors, should match as close as possible.

REFERENCES
MCP2551 Data Sheet, High Speed CAN Transceiver, DS21667, Microchip Technology, Inc. AN754, Understanding Microchips CAN Module Bit Timing, DS00754, Microchip Technology, Inc. ISO-11898-2, Road Vehicles - Interchange of Digital Information - Part 2: High Speed Medium Access Unit and Medium Dependant Interface, International Organization for Standardization. CAN System Engineering, From Theory to Practical Applications, Wolfhard Lawrenz, Springer.

FIGURE 11:

TERMINATION CONCEPTS

120

Standard Termination

60 Split Termination C 60

R1

60 Biased Split Termination

R2

60

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Note the following details of the code protection feature on Microchip devices: Microchip products meet the specification contained in their particular Microchip Data Sheet. Microchip believes that its family of products is one of the most secure families of its kind on the market today, when used in the intended manner and under normal conditions. There are dishonest and possibly illegal methods used to breach the code protection feature. All of these methods, to our knowledge, require using the Microchip products in a manner outside the operating specifications contained in Microchip's Data Sheets. Most likely, the person doing so is engaged in theft of intellectual property. Microchip is willing to work with the customer who is concerned about the integrity of their code. Neither Microchip nor any other semiconductor manufacturer can guarantee the security of their code. Code protection does not mean that we are guaranteeing the product as unbreakable.

Code protection is constantly evolving. We at Microchip are committed to continuously improving the code protection features of our products.

Information contained in this publication regarding device applications and the like is intended through suggestion only and may be superseded by updates. It is your responsibility to ensure that your application meets with your specifications. No representation or warranty is given and no liability is assumed by Microchip Technology Incorporated with respect to the accuracy or use of such information, or infringement of patents or other intellectual property rights arising from such use or otherwise. Use of Microchips products as critical components in life support systems is not authorized except with express written approval by Microchip. No licenses are conveyed, implicitly or otherwise, under any intellectual property rights.

Trademarks The Microchip name and logo, the Microchip logo, K EELOQ, MPLAB, PIC, PICmicro, PICSTART and PRO MATE are registered trademarks of Microchip Technology Incorporated in the U.S.A. and other countries. FilterLab, microID, MXDEV, MXLAB, PICMASTER, SEEVAL and The Embedded Control Solutions Company are registered trademarks of Microchip Technology Incorporated in the U.S.A. dsPIC, dsPICDEM.net, ECONOMONITOR, FanSense, FlexROM, fuzzyLAB, In-Circuit Serial Programming, ICSP, ICEPIC, microPort, Migratable Memory, MPASM, MPLIB, MPLINK, MPSIM, PICC, PICDEM, PICDEM.net, rfPIC, Select Mode and Total Endurance are trademarks of Microchip Technology Incorporated in the U.S.A. and other countries. Serialized Quick Turn Programming (SQTP) is a service mark of Microchip Technology Incorporated in the U.S.A. All other trademarks mentioned herein are property of their respective companies. 2002, Microchip Technology Incorporated, Printed in the U.S.A., All Rights Reserved.
Printed on recycled paper.

Microchip received QS-9000 quality system certification for its worldwide headquarters, design and wafer fabrication facilities in Chandler and Tempe, Arizona in July 1999 and Mountain View, California in March 2002. The Companys quality system processes and procedures are QS-9000 compliant for its PICmicro 8-bit MCUs, KEELOQ code hopping devices, Serial EEPROMs, microperipherals, non-volatile memory and analog products. In addition, Microchips quality system for the design and manufacture of development systems is ISO 9001 certified.

2002 Microchip Technology Inc.

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