Substance composed of only one kind of atom which cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical reactions.
Substance which consists of two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio.
Examples
Contain carbon and hydrogen Do not contain carbon and hydrogen
Function of Elements in animal cells and plant cells
Elements
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
Animal cells
Synthesis of _____________________ compounds. For example ________________________________________. Component of some _________________________. Formation of bones and teeth. / _________________ of muscles / synthesis _____________________
Plant cells
Synthesis of organic compounds. For example proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Component of some proteins. Induces the formation of flowers and _______________. / Promotes cell division. / Synthesis of ATP and nucleic acids. Not Required. Required for the synthesis of _________________________. / Activates enzymes in the cells. Synthesis of cell walls (________________________). / Maintain the semi-permeability of plasma membrane. Synthesis of _______________________. / Act as an electron carrier during photosynthesis and respiration. Synthesis of carbohydrates. / Activates certain enzymes. _______________________ of water during light reaction in photosynthesis.
Sulphur (S)
Phosphorus (P)
Sodium (Na)
Magnesium (Mg)
Regulates _______________ pressure in the cells. / Helps in the transmission of ___________________________.
Involved in protein synthesis. / Act as a _________________ for some enzyme. Required for the formation of strong bones and teeth. / Contraction of muscles cells / Promote blood clotting.
Iron (Fe)
Synthesis of _________________ blood cells / Respiratory enzymes. Required in muscle contractions and transmission of nerve impulses.
Chlorine (Cl)
Synthesis HCl by gastric glands in the stomach which destroys pathogens and maintains ______________ of the stomach.
________ % of our body
Water
Structure
A polar molecules consists of two _____________ atom dan one _____________ atom.
Medium of __________________ reactions -digestive reactions such as breaking down of protein, lipids and sugars.
High surface tension and ___________ (tent to stick each other) -Water can move in long unbroken columns through the vascular tissue in plants. ____________ and _______________ -Provides moisture to respiratory surfaces (alveoli) -Mucus assist the movement of food substances in the intestinal tract.
___________________ -can dissolve many ionic compounds such as salt and polar molecules (sugar)
The importance of water in the cell
__________________ Medium -in the blood, lymphatic, excretory & digestive system (transport sugar O2, CO2) Maintain ___________________
Maintain __________________ balance and ______________ -maintain the stable internal environment within a living organism.
____________________ -support the structure of a cell (90% of the protoplasm is made up of water)
are
functions
Nucleic Acids
Complex macromolecules which store _______ _________________ in the form of code.
2 types
structure
structure
____________ - stranded nucleic acid. Found in the cytoplasm, ribosomes and nucleus.
Draw the structure
A __________-stranded nucleic acid, with the two strands of polynucleotides twisted around each other to form a _________________________ Found in nucleus of a cell.
function
Genetic material that organisms ____________ from their parents. Store information regarding its own replication and the order in which amino acids are linked to make a protein.
function
_________________________ carries DNAs genetic code into the cytoplasm and directs the synthesis of proteins.
Elements
Protein
2 types
Main function
monomer
2X
Linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
Equation
Amino acids that cannot be synthesised by the body. Can only be obtained from a healthy diet. Amino acids that can be synthesised by the body.
Polypeptide chain that is coiled to form alpha-helix or folded into beta-pleated.
Animal protein
Long chain
(contain all the essential amino acids)
Plant protein
The helix chains or beta-pleated sheets are folded into a 3D shape of polypeptide chain.
Hormones, enzymes, plasma protein, antibodies
(do not contain all the essential amino acids)
2 classes
Two or more tertiary structure polypeptide chains are arranged to form a large and complex protein molecule.
Elements
Carbohydrates
3 types
Main function
characteristics Simple sugar C6H12O6 combine with proteins and lipids to form ________ & ______ respectively 3 types
characteristics _______________ sugar / complex sugars. Consists of 2 _____________ joined together through condensation
Equation
Sucrose
characteristics
Hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides linked through _________________ to form a long chain of molecules. ___________________ in water Do not taste sweet. Do not crystallise.
3 types
3 types
Genaral Equation
Elements
Lipids
5 main types
Main function
Fats
_________ at room temperature
Oils
structure ___________ at room temperature Long chain molecules / water proof.
Main component of plasma membrane
plant
Equation Found on the ____________ of the epidermis of leaves, fruits and seeds of some plants.
Major component in plasma membrane.
animal
Fatty acids
____________ that is excreted from oil glands in the skin contains wax that soften the skin.
Male sex hormone.
Female sex hormones.
The Differences between saturated fats and unsaturated fats
Saturated Fats Differences Unsaturated Fats
The presence of double bonds between carbon atoms in fatty acids
Ability to react with an additional hydrogen atom Condition at room temperature Cholesterol level Examples
Answers
Element
Substance composed of only one kind of atom which cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical reactions.
Substance which consists of two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio.
Examples
Compound
Organic compounds Inorganic compounds
Contain carbon Not contain carbon
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
Water
Function of Elements in animal cells and plant cells
Elements
C, H, O, N S P
Animal cells
Synthesis of organic compounds. For example proteins, lipids and nucleic acids Component of some proteins Formation of bones and teeth. / Contraction of muscles / synthesis ATP Regulates osmotic pressure in the cells. / Helps in the transmission of nerve impulses. Involved in protein synthesis. / Act as a cofactor for some enzyme. Required for the formation of strong bones and teeth. / Contraction of muscles cells / Promote blood clotting. Synthesis of red blood cells / Respiratory enzymes. Required in muscle contractions and transmission of nerve impulses. Synthesis HCl by gastric glands in the stomach which destroys pathogens and maintains pH of the stomach.
Plant cells
Induces the formation of flowers and seeds. / Promotes cell division. / Synthesis of ATP and nucleic acids.
Na
Mg Ca Fe K Cl
Not Required
Required for the synthesis of chlorophyll. / Activates enzymes in the cells. Synthesis of cell walls (Cellulose). / Maintain the semipermeability of plasma membrane. Synthesis of chlorophyll. / Act as an electron carrier during photosynthesis and respiration. Synthesis of carbohydrates. / Activates certain enzymes. Photolysis of water during light reaction in photosynthesis.
70-90% of our body
Cell, lymph, blood plasma and interstitial fluid.
Water
Structure
A polar molecules consists of 2 hidrogen atom & 1 oxygen atom
Medium of biochemical reactions -digestive reactions such as breaking down of protein, lipids and sugars.
High surface tension and cohesion (tent to stick each other) -Water can move in long unbroken columns through the vascular tissue in plants. Moisture and lubrication -Provides moisture to respiratory surfaces (alveoli) -Mucus assist the movement of food substances in the intestinal tract.
Solvent -can dissolve many ionic compounds such as salt and polar molecules (sugar)
The importance of water in the cell
Transport Medium -in the blood, lymphatic, excretory & digestive system (transport sugar O2, CO2) Maintain body temperature
Maintain osmotic balance and turgidity -maintain the stable internal environment within a living organism.
Support -support the structure of a cell (90% of the protoplasm is made up of water)
are
Nucleic Acids
functions
Transmission of genetic information. Store genetic information
Complex macromolecules which store genetic information in the form of code.
2 types
DNA
RNA
structure
Single-stranded nucleic acid. Found in the cytoplasm, ribosomes and its nucleus.
nucleotides
structure
structure
A double-stranded nucleic acid, with the two strands of polynucleotides twisted around each other to form a double helix. Found in nucleus of a cell.
function
Genetic material that organisms inherit from their parents. Store information regarding its own replication and the order in which amino acids are linked to make a protein.
function
Messenger RNA carries DNAs genetic code into the cytoplasm and directs the synthesis of proteins.
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen. Most proteins also contain sulphur and phosphorus.
Elements
Protein
Main function
Build new cells for growth and renew damaged tissues and store energy.
Amino acids
2 types 2X
dipeptide
equation
Essential amino acids (20)
Non-essential amino acids (11)
Linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
Amino acids that cannot be synthesised by the body. Can only be obtained from a healthy diet.
Amino acids that can be synthesised by the body.
Polypeptide chain that is coiled to form alpha-helix or folded into beta-pleated.
Animal protein
Plant protein
The helix chains or beta-pleated sheets are folded into a 3D shape of polypeptide chain.
Hormones, enzymes, plasma protein, antibodies
Long chain
First class protein (contain all the essential amino acids)
Second class protein (do not contain all the essential amino acids)
polypeptide
2 classes
Two or more tertiary structure polypeptide chains are arranged to form a large and complex protein molecule.
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
Elements
Carbohydrates
Main function
Ratio of H and O is
2:1
3 types
characteristics Simple sugar C6H12O6 combine with proteins and lipids to form ________ & ______ respectively 3 types
Glucose (grape sugar) Fructose (in fruits / honey) Galactose (in milk)
characteristics Double sugar / complex sugars. Consists of 2 monosaccharides joined together through condensation
Equation
Sucrose
characteristics
Hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides linked through condensation to form a long chain of molecules. Insoluble in water Do not taste sweet. Do not crystallise.
3 types
3 types
formula
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
Elements
Lipids
5 main types
Main function
Source of energy and energy storage.
Fats
Solid at room temperature
Oils
liquid at room temperature
Waxes
structure Long chain molecules / water proof.
Steroids
Main component of plasma membrane
plant
Equation Found on the cuticles of the epidermis of leaves, fruits and seeds of some plants.
Cholesterol
Major component in plasma membrane.
animal
Testosterone
Male sex hormone.
Fatty acids
Sebum that is excreted from oil glands in the skin contains wax that soften the skin.
Oestrogen, progesteron
Female sex hormones.
The Differences between saturated fats and unsaturated fats
Saturated Fats
Do not have any double bonds. The presence of double bonds between carbon atoms in fatty acids
Differences
Unsaturated Fats
Have at least one double bond between the carbon atoms.
Cannot form any chemical bonds with other atoms or react with additional hydrogen atoms. Solid Contain more cholesterol.
Ability to react with an additional hydrogen atom Condition at room temperature Cholesterol level Examples
Able to react with additional hydrogen atoms. (with one double bond are called monounsaturated fats) Liquid Contain less cholesterol
Animal fats like butter
Vegetable oils like corn oil and palm oil.
