The document discusses the main biological molecules that make up living organisms: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, water, and vitamins. These molecules are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and sometimes nitrogen. Carbohydrates include sugars, starches, and cellulose. Lipids include fats and oils, which store the most energy. Proteins are made of amino acids and have many functions. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA contain genetic information. Water and vitamins are also essential components of living things.
The document discusses the main biological molecules that make up living organisms: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, water, and vitamins. These molecules are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and sometimes nitrogen. Carbohydrates include sugars, starches, and cellulose. Lipids include fats and oils, which store the most energy. Proteins are made of amino acids and have many functions. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA contain genetic information. Water and vitamins are also essential components of living things.
The document discusses the main biological molecules that make up living organisms: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, water, and vitamins. These molecules are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and sometimes nitrogen. Carbohydrates include sugars, starches, and cellulose. Lipids include fats and oils, which store the most energy. Proteins are made of amino acids and have many functions. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA contain genetic information. Water and vitamins are also essential components of living things.
The document discusses the main biological molecules that make up living organisms: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, water, and vitamins. These molecules are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and sometimes nitrogen. Carbohydrates include sugars, starches, and cellulose. Lipids include fats and oils, which store the most energy. Proteins are made of amino acids and have many functions. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA contain genetic information. Water and vitamins are also essential components of living things.
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Biological Molecules
IGCSE Biology Biological Molecules organic compound normally present as an essential component of living organism.
the chemical elements that make up
carbohydrates, fats and proteins
Element composed biological molecules :
Carbon (C), Oxygen(O), Hydrogen(H), Nitrogen(N) Element composed biological molecule • Carbon is an element present in all biological molecules. • Carbon atoms can join together to form chains or ring structures, so biological molecules can be very large (macromolecules), often constructed of repeating sub-units (monomers). • Other elements always present are oxygen and hydrogen. • Nitrogen is sometimes present. Element composed biological molecule • When macromolecules are made of long chains of monomers held together by chemical bonds, they are known as polymers (poly means ‘many’). • Example : polysaccharides (chains of single sugar units such as glucose) proteins (chains of …………………..) nucleic acids (chains of ……………………………). Why Biological molecules are very essential ? • Cells need chemical substances to make its components, such as making new cytoplasm and produce energy.
• Therefore the organism must take in food to supply
the cells with these substances. CARBOHYDRATE • Simple sugar molecules to complex sugar molecules. • Formed from carbon ( C), Hydrogen (H), and Oxygen (O) • A commonly occurring simple sugar is glucose, which has the chemical formula C6H12O6 • The glucose molecule is often in the form of a ring, represented as • Types: A. monosaccharide B. disaccharide C. polysaccharide CARBOHYDRATE
• General term for compounds which are not soluble in
water. • Remember: “stores the most energy” • Examples: 1. Fats 2. Phospholipids 3. Oils 4. Waxes 5. Steroid hormones 6. Triglycerides FAT • Fats are a solid form of a group of molecules called lipids. When lipids are liquid they are known as oils. • Fats and oils are formed from carbon, hydrogen and oxygen only. • Lipids form part of the cell membrane and the internal membranes of the cell such as the nuclear membrane. • Droplets of fat or oil form a source of energy when stored in the cytoplasm FAT • A molecule of fat (or oil) is made up of three molecules of an organic acid, called a fatty acid, combined with one molecule of glycerol. PROTEIN • Some proteins contribute to the structures of the cell, e.g. to the cell membranes, the mitochondria, ribosomes and chromosomes. These proteins are called structural proteins. • All contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen, and many contain sulfur. • Their molecules are made up of long chains of simpler chemicals called amino acids PROTEIN Functional protein :
1. Storage : albumin (egg white)
2. Transport : hemoglobin 3. Regulatory : hormones 4. Movement : muscles 5. Structural : membranes, hair, nails 6. Cellular reactions : Enzymes NUCLEIC ACID Nucleic acids are macromolecules that store genetic information and enable protein production.
Nucleic Acids included DNA (Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid) and RNA
(Ribose Nucleic Acid)
Nucleic acid molecules are composed of long strands of nucleotides.
A nucleotides are composed of a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar, and a phosphate group NUCLEIC ACID NUCLEIC ACID WATER • Most of cells contain about 75% water and will die if their water content falls much below from normal. • Water composed of hydrogen and oxygen • Water is a good solvent Vitamins • Vitamins are critical organic molecules necessary for life. • This is a category of substances which only Plant can make their own vitamins. • Despite their vital importance, they cannot be synthesized by animals and they must be acquired through diet
