Research on composite electrolyte membranes composed of polymer nanofibers and a polymer matrix has attracted significant interest because of their improved ion conductivity, excellent membrane durability, and ability to fabricate thinner membranes. Polymeric nanofiber-containing polymer electrolyte membranes are expected to be applied not only to electrolyte membranes for fuel cells and water electrolysis but also to all-solid-state Li-ion batteries. This focus review presents the latest information on these topics.