Power System Dynamics and Stability

Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Electricity electricity	-	4.8	2020	27.2 Days	CHF 1000
Electronics electronics	2.6	5.3	2012	16.8 Days	CHF 2400
Energies energies	3.0	6.2	2008	17.5 Days	CHF 2600
Processes processes	2.8	5.1	2013	14.4 Days	CHF 2400

18 pages, 4469 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identifying Weak Transmission Lines in Power Systems with Intermittent Energy Resources and DC Integration

by Anqi He, Jijing Cao, Shangwen Li, Lianlian Gong, Mingming Yang and Jiawei Hu

Energies 2024, 17(16), 3918; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17163918 - 8 Aug 2024

Viewed by 525

Nowadays, intermittent energy resources, such as wind turbines, and direct current (DC) transmission have been extensively integrated into power systems. This paper proposes an identifying method for weak lines of novel power systems with intermittent energy resources and DC lines integration, which aims [...] Read more.

Nowadays, intermittent energy resources, such as wind turbines, and direct current (DC) transmission have been extensively integrated into power systems. This paper proposes an identifying method for weak lines of novel power systems with intermittent energy resources and DC lines integration, which aims to provide decision making for control strategies of novel power systems and prevent system blackouts. First, from the perspective of power system safety and stability, a series of risk indicators for the risk assessment of vulnerable lines is proposed. Then, lines in the system are tripped one by one. The calculation method for the proposed risk indicators is introduced. The impact of each line outage on system safety and stability can be fairly evaluated by these proposed risk indicators. On this basis, each risk assessment indicator is weighted to obtain a comprehensive risk assessment indicator, and then the risk caused by each line outage on the system can be quantified efficiently. Finally, the test system of a modified IEEE-39 bus system with wind farms and DC lines integration is used to verify the applicability of the proposed method, and the effectiveness of the proposed method is also demonstrated by comparing with existing methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Power System Dynamics and Stability)

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17 pages, 2912 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Contoured Controller Bode-Based Iterative Tuning Method for Multi-Band Power System Stabilizers

by Hao Xu, Chongxi Jiang and Deqiang Gan

Energies 2024, 17(13), 3243; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17133243 - 1 Jul 2024

Viewed by 858

Abstract

An iterative tuning method for multi-band power system stabilizers is proposed, which utilizes the contoured controller Bode (CCBode) plot. The typical multi-band power system stabilizer, PSS4B, is conceptualized as a series connection of two filters: a band-pass filter and a phase compensator. The [...] Read more.

An iterative tuning method for multi-band power system stabilizers is proposed, which utilizes the contoured controller Bode (CCBode) plot. The typical multi-band power system stabilizer, PSS4B, is conceptualized as a series connection of two filters: a band-pass filter and a phase compensator. The tuning process involves a space searching approach for the phase compensator to ensure its phase–frequency response remains within acceptable bounds. Subsequently, the CCBode plot is employed to adjust the magnitude–frequency response of the band-pass filter, thereby enhancing stability performance across a broad frequency range. The method proposed can be applied to the parameter design of the multi-band power system stabilizer PSS4B in the power system to suppress the low-frequency oscillations of the local mode and inter-regional mode in the system. The effectiveness of this proposed method is demonstrated through case studies of the four -machine/two-area system and the North China Power Grid. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Power System Dynamics and Stability)

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30 pages, 16470 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Torque Characteristics of Vehicle Motor under Multisource Excitation

by Mingliang Yang, Yangyang Bao, Haibo Huang, Yalei Liu, Honglin Zhu and Weiping Ding

Electronics 2024, 13(11), 2019; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13112019 - 22 May 2024

Viewed by 653

Abstract

A hub motor is integrated into an electric wheel. The external excitation is complex and the heat dissipation conditions are poor. The working temperature of the hub motor easily becomes too high, resulting in large fluctuations in the output torque, which affect its [...] Read more.

A hub motor is integrated into an electric wheel. The external excitation is complex and the heat dissipation conditions are poor. The working temperature of the hub motor easily becomes too high, resulting in large fluctuations in the output torque, which affect its service life. Taking a four-wheel hub-driven electric vehicle as the research object and aiming to resolve the issue of inaccurate prediction of the output torque of the hub motor in the real operating environment of the vehicle, a method for analyzing the temperature rise and torque characteristics of the hub motor considering multisource excitation and magnetic–thermal bidirectional coupling is proposed. First, the multisource excitation transmission path of the hub motor and the coupling principle of the road-electric wheel-vehicle body suspension system are analyzed from three aspects: the electromagnetic effect of the hub motor itself, the tire-ground effect, and the interaction between suspension (body) and electric wheel. We concluded that the load torque and air gap change in the motor are the key factors of its torque characteristics. On this basis, a dynamic model of the road-electric wheel-suspension-vehicle body system, an electromagnetic field model of the hub motor, and a temperature field model are established, and the influence of load torque and air gap change on the loss of in-wheel motor under multisource excitation is analyzed. Furthermore, based on the magnetic–thermal bidirectional coupling method, the motor loss under the combined action of load torque and air gap change is introduced into the temperature field model, and combined with the electromagnetic field model of the hub motor, the temperature distribution law and torque characteristics of the hub motor are accurately predicted. Finally, the accuracy and effectiveness of the calculation results of the temperature and torque characteristics of the hub motor are verified via an electric wheel bench test. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Power System Dynamics and Stability)

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16 pages, 6036 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Phase-Locked Loop Filter Delay on Transient Stability of Grid-Following Converters

by Chenglin Zhang, Junru Chen and Wenjia Si

Electronics 2024, 13(5), 986; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13050986 - 5 Mar 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1120

Abstract

To ensure precise phase estimation within the q-axis of the phase-locked loop (PLL), integrating a filter into the q-axis loop is essential to mitigate grid-voltage harmonics. Nevertheless, the intrinsic delay characteristics of this filter impede PLL synchronization during significant grid disturbances. This study [...] Read more.

To ensure precise phase estimation within the q-axis of the phase-locked loop (PLL), integrating a filter into the q-axis loop is essential to mitigate grid-voltage harmonics. Nevertheless, the intrinsic delay characteristics of this filter impede PLL synchronization during significant grid disturbances. This study begins by developing mathematical models for three types of filters—moving-average filter (MAF) for eliminating odd harmonic components, dq-frame cascaded delayed signal cancellation (dqCDSC) filter, and notch filter (NF). Following the reduction in filter orders, a third-order nonlinear large-signal model of the PLL, incorporating an additional q-axis internal filter, is formulated. Using phase plane analysis, this study investigates the transient synchronism of the grid-following converter (GFL) and explores the influence of delay time constants from the three PLL filters on its behavior while delineating the boundaries of their basins of attraction. Theoretical findings indicate that, relative to the traditional SRF-PLL, incorporating an internal filter into the PLL compromises the transient synchronous stability of GFL. Specifically, greater filter delay time constants exacerbate the GFL’s vulnerability to transient instability amid substantial grid disturbances. Hence, careful consideration is essential when using MAF-PLL and NF-PLL in situations demanding high synchronization stability. The theoretical analyses are validated using Matlab/Simulink to verify their accuracy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Power System Dynamics and Stability)

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29 pages, 1596 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of a Large Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolyser on Power System Small-Signal Angular Stability

by Guy Wanlongo Ndiwulu, Eduardo Vasquez Mayen and Emmanuel De Jaeger

Electricity 2023, 4(4), 381-409; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity4040021 - 1 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1162

Abstract

The dynamics of electrical systems have changed significantly with the increasing penetration of non-conventional loads such as hydrogen electrolysers. As a result, detailed investigations are required to quantify and characterize these loads’ effects on the dynamic response of interconnected synchronous machines after being [...] Read more.

The dynamics of electrical systems have changed significantly with the increasing penetration of non-conventional loads such as hydrogen electrolysers. As a result, detailed investigations are required to quantify and characterize these loads’ effects on the dynamic response of interconnected synchronous machines after being subjected to a disturbance. Many studies have focused on the effects of conventional static and dynamic loads. However, the impact of hydrogen electrolysers on the stability of power systems’ rotor angles is rarely studied. This paper assesses the effect of proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysers on small-disturbance rotor-angle stability. Dynamic modelling and the control of a PEM electrolyser as a load are first studied to achieve this. Then, the proposed electrolyser model is tested in the Amercoeur plant, which is part of the Belgian power system, to study its effect on the small-signal rotor-angle stability. Two approaches are considered to examine this impact: an analytical approach and time-domain simulations. The analytical approach consists of establishing a state-space model of the Belgian test system through linearisation around an operating point of the non-linear differential and the algebraic equations of the synchronous generators, the PEM electrolyser, the loads, and the network. The obtained state-space model allows for the determination of the eigenvalues, which are useful to evaluate the effect of the PEM electrolyser on the small-signal rotor-angle stability. This impact is investigated by examining the movement of the eigenvalues in the left complex half-plane. The obtained results show that the PEM electrolyser affects the electromechanical modes of synchronous machines by increasing their oscillation frequencies. The results also show that the effect of the electrolyser on these modes can be improved by adjusting the inertial constant and the damping coefficient of the synchronous machines. These results are consolidated through time-domain simulations using the software Matlab/Simscape from the version MatlabR2022a-academic use from Mathworks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Power System Dynamics and Stability)

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15 pages, 2485 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Supplementary Control of Conventional Coordinated Control for 1000 MW Ultra-Supercritical Thermal Power Plant Using One-Step Ahead Control

by Hyuk Choi, Yeongseok Choi, Un-Chul Moon and Kwang Y. Lee

Energies 2023, 16(17), 6197; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16176197 - 25 Aug 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1183

Abstract

The intermittence of renewable energy sources increases the importance of the effective load-tracking ability of power plants. Coordinated control between boiler and turbine systems is the uppermost layer of a thermal power plant control to follow the load demand. In this paper, a [...] Read more.

The intermittence of renewable energy sources increases the importance of the effective load-tracking ability of power plants. Coordinated control between boiler and turbine systems is the uppermost layer of a thermal power plant control to follow the load demand. In this paper, a supplementary controller is proposed based on the One-Step Ahead strategy for coordinated control of thermal power plants. After a plant model is developed offline from a step response test, the optimized control of the One-Step Ahead strategy is applied to the boiler feed-forward (BFF) signal to control the electric power output and the main steam pressure simultaneously. Simulation with a 1000 MW ultra-supercritical (USC) once-through type power plant is performed. The results show that the error of Mega-Watt Output (MWO) was reduced to 78~95%, and settling time was reduced to 64~79% from conventional coordinated control by adding the proposed supplementary controller. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Power System Dynamics and Stability)

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30 pages, 10154 KiB

Open AccessArticle

New Technology and Method for Monitoring the Status of Power Systems to Improve Power Quality—A Case Study

by Rahim Ildarabadi and Mahmoud Zadehbagheri

Processes 2023, 11(8), 2468; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11082468 - 16 Aug 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1194

Abstract

The identification and analysis of harmonics, frequency, and transient events are essential today. It is necessary to have available data relating to harmonics, frequency, and transient events to understand power systems and their proper control and analysis. Power quality monitoring is the first [...] Read more.

The identification and analysis of harmonics, frequency, and transient events are essential today. It is necessary to have available data relating to harmonics, frequency, and transient events to understand power systems and their proper control and analysis. Power quality monitoring is the first step in identifying power quality disturbances and reducing them and, as a result, improving the performance of the power system. In this paper, while presenting different methods for measuring these quantities, we have made some corrections to them. These reforms have been obtained through the analysis of power network signals. Finally, we introduce a new monitoring system capable of measuring harmonics, frequency, and transient events in the network. In addition, these values are provided for online and offline calculations of harmonics, frequency, and transient events. In this paper, two new and practical methods of the “algebraic method” are used to calculate network harmonics and wavelet transform to calculate transient modes in the network. Furthermore, the proposed monitoring system is able to reduce the amount of data-storage memory. The results of the simulations performed in this article show the superiority of using the new method presented for online and offline monitoring of power quality in electric power systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Power System Dynamics and Stability)

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17 pages, 4540 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact Mechanisms of Commutation Failure Caused by a Sending-End AC Fault and Its Recovery Speed on Transient Stability

by Yifeng Lin, Jiawei Hu, Tong Wang and Zengping Wang

Electronics 2023, 12(16), 3439; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12163439 - 14 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 773

Abstract

A sending-end AC fault may lead to commutation failure (CF) in a line-commutated converter high-voltage direct current (LCC-HVDC) system. In this paper, a theoretical analysis of the impact mechanisms of a CF and its recovery speed on the transient stability of a sending-end [...] Read more.

A sending-end AC fault may lead to commutation failure (CF) in a line-commutated converter high-voltage direct current (LCC-HVDC) system. In this paper, a theoretical analysis of the impact mechanisms of a CF and its recovery speed on the transient stability of a sending-end power system (TSSPS) is performed. Firstly, the models of the sending-end power system and DC power of CF are established; the ramp function is utilized to characterize the DC power recovery process. Secondly, the swing direction of the relative rotor angle caused by a sending-end AC fault is discussed, and the DC power flow method is employed to theoretically analyze the impacts of CF and its recovery speed on TSSPS. Next, the mathematic relations between parameters of the voltage-dependent current order limiter (VDCOL) and DC power recovery speed are further derived. It is concluded that the impacts of CF and its recovery speed on transient stability are related to the swing direction caused by a sending-end AC fault, the inertia of generators, and the location of the rectifier station. Finally, the theoretical analysis is validated by Kundur’s two-area system and IEEE 68-bus-based AC/DC asynchronous interconnection test power systems, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Power System Dynamics and Stability)

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16 pages, 1089 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Novel Heuristic Optimization Technique to Solve Economic Load Dispatch and Economic Emission Load Dispatch Problems

by Nagendra Singh, Tulika Chakrabarti, Prasun Chakrabarti, Martin Margala, Amit Gupta, S. Phani Praveen, Sivaneasan Bala Krishnan and Bhuvan Unhelkar

Electronics 2023, 12(13), 2921; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12132921 - 3 Jul 2023

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 1994

Abstract

The fundamental objective of economic load dispatch is to operate the available generating units such that the needed load demand satisfies the lowest generation cost and also complies with the various constraints. With proper power system operation planning using optimized generation limits, it [...] Read more.

The fundamental objective of economic load dispatch is to operate the available generating units such that the needed load demand satisfies the lowest generation cost and also complies with the various constraints. With proper power system operation planning using optimized generation limits, it is possible to reduce the cost of power generation. To fulfill the needs of such objectives, proper planning and economic load dispatch can help to plan the operation of the electrical power system. To optimize the economic load dispatch problems, various classical and new evolutionary optimization approaches have been used in research articles. Classical optimization techniques are outdated due to many limitations and are also unable to provide a global solution to the ELD problem. This work uses a new variant of particle swarm optimization techniques called modified particle swarm optimization, which is effective and efficient at finding optimum solutions for single as well as multi-objective economic load dispatch problems. The proposed MPSO is used to solve single and multi-objective problems. This work considers constraints like power balance and power generation limits. The proposed techniques are tested for three different case studies of ELD and EELD problems. (1) The first case is tested using the data of 13 generating unit systems along with the valve point loading effect; (2) the second case is tested using 15 generating unit systems along with the ramp rate limits; and (3) the third case is tested using the economic emission dispatch (EELD) as a multi-objective problem for 6 generating unit systems. The outcomes of the suggested procedures are contrasted with those of alternative optimization methods. The results show that the suggested strategy is efficient and produces superior optimization outcomes than existing optimization techniques. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Power System Dynamics and Stability)

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20 pages, 9687 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Access Planning of SOP and ESS in Distribution Network Based on SOCP-SSGA

by Yuxin Jia, Qiong Li, Xu Liao, Linjun Liu and Jian Wu

Processes 2023, 11(6), 1844; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11061844 - 19 Jun 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1385

Abstract

This paper proposes a two-stage planning model for soft open point (SOP) and energy storage system (ESS) that considers the cost of faults in response to the current issue of SOP and ESS systems not considering the impact of SOP access on load [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a two-stage planning model for soft open point (SOP) and energy storage system (ESS) that considers the cost of faults in response to the current issue of SOP and ESS systems not considering the impact of SOP access on load transfer in the event of a fault in the distribution network. Firstly, considering the uncertainty of “PV-load”, typical scenarios of PV and load are constructed based on the clustering algorithm. Secondly, aiming at the economic performance of the distribution network and the capacity of PV access, a two-stage optimization model is established for the joint integration of SOP and ESS into the distribution network (normal and fault operation) under typical scenarios. The model is solved by using the second-order cone programming algorithm and steady-state genetic algorithm (SOCP-SSGA). Stage one involves planning for the integration capacity and location of SOP and ESS into the distribution network under each scenario within a period based on SOCP with the goal of minimizing economic costs. In stage two, the PV access capacity of the distribution network is optimized using SSGA with the goal of enhancing the PV accommodation capability. Finally, verification and analysis are conducted on an improved IEEE33 node system. The results show that when the system optimizes access to a group of SOP and ESS, the total economic cost is reduced by RMB 61,729 compared to random access, and the accessible PV capacity is increased by 0.5278 MW. Moreover, optimizing access to two sets of SOP and ESS can further reduce the total economic cost by RMB 107,048 compared to the optimized access group and increase accessible PV capacity by 1.5751 MW. Therefore, the proposed plan for SOP and ESS planning in this paper can significantly reduce the economic cost of distribution networks, enhance the absorption capacity of distributed photovoltaics, improve the voltage level of power grid operation, and, thereby, improve the economic and reliability of distribution network operation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Power System Dynamics and Stability)

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15 pages, 1179 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Gray-Box Stability Analysis Method of Grid-Connected Inverter Considering Synchronization Dynamics

by Tianzhi Zheng, Fannie Kong, Guojin Li, Zhenmin Wang and Yanming Chen

Electronics 2023, 12(11), 2509; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12112509 - 2 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1010

Abstract

The Grid-Connected Inverter (GCI) can be considered a gray box when circuit and controller parameters are missing due to intellectual property rights or parameter variations caused by aging, which poses an impediment to assessing the stability of the system. This paper presents a [...] Read more.

The Grid-Connected Inverter (GCI) can be considered a gray box when circuit and controller parameters are missing due to intellectual property rights or parameter variations caused by aging, which poses an impediment to assessing the stability of the system. This paper presents a gray-box stability analysis method based on impedance identification of GCI considering the synchronization dynamics. The impedance frequency responses of GCI are measured by the frequency scanning method on the dq-frame. Meanwhile, the influence of synchronization dynamics and background harmonics is theoretically investigated. A vector fitting (VF) algorithm, co-designed with impedance identification, is then applied to generate polynomial transfer functions. Based on the obtained transfer functions, the stability of the GCI can be judged by the distance relationship between the prohibited area boundary and the center of the gershgorin-circle through the distance formula. Finally, the experiments of both RT-LAB and experimental prototypes are conducted to verify the feasibility of the proposed method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Power System Dynamics and Stability)

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19 pages, 1981 KiB

Open AccessReview

Review of RoCoF Estimation Techniques for Low-Inertia Power Systems

by Xiaoyu Deng, Ruo Mo, Pengliang Wang, Junru Chen, Dongliang Nan and Muyang Liu

Energies 2023, 16(9), 3708; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16093708 - 26 Apr 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3744

Abstract

As the traditional generation is gradually replaced by inverter-based resources, a lack of rotational inertia is now a common issue of modern power systems, which leads to an increasingly larger rate of change of frequency (RoCoF) following contingencies and may result in frequency [...] Read more.

As the traditional generation is gradually replaced by inverter-based resources, a lack of rotational inertia is now a common issue of modern power systems, which leads to an increasingly larger rate of change of frequency (RoCoF) following contingencies and may result in frequency collapse. As a crucial index of the frequency security and stability of power systems, the accurate estimation of the RoCoF can be a foundation for the development of advanced operations and control techniques of the future power system. This paper firstly analyzes the role of the RoCoF in typical blackouts occurring in recent years and discusses the physical and numerical nature of the RoCoF; then, by introducing the frequency spatial distribution of the power system, the paper discusses the concept of the “center” RoCoF that can present the frequency security and stability of the entire system. The estimation and prediction techniques of the maximal power system RoCoF following a contingency and the existing real-time tracking techniques of the power system RoCoF are comprehensively reviewed. Finally, the open questions and related research topics of the RoCoF estimation are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Power System Dynamics and Stability)

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18 pages, 3935 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Circuit Breaker Fault Diagnosis Method Based on Coil Current Time Sequence Phase Trajectory Characteristics

by Yaqi Chen, Qiong Li, Yang Zou, Guohua Long, Nianping Yan and Ruixiang Fan

Processes 2023, 11(4), 1241; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11041241 - 17 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1276

Abstract

The traditional circuit breaker fault diagnosis method suffers from insufficient feature information extraction and is easily affected by abnormal signal acquisition. To address this, this paper introduces the phase space reconstruction algorithm to reconstruct the current signal for fault diagnosis based on phase [...] Read more.

The traditional circuit breaker fault diagnosis method suffers from insufficient feature information extraction and is easily affected by abnormal signal acquisition. To address this, this paper introduces the phase space reconstruction algorithm to reconstruct the current signal for fault diagnosis based on phase trajectory features. The proposed method uses a first-order forward differencing method and mutual information method to process abnormal data and select the parameters of the reconstruction, then extract overall and local inflection point features to construct a fault feature set. The support vector machine algorithm-based model is trained and tested using actual samples, and the results show that the proposed method can adaptively sample anomalous signals, exhibit strong robustness, and significantly improve the accuracy of fault classification. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Power System Dynamics and Stability)

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17 pages, 2052 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improved Repetitive Control for an LCL-Type Grid-Tied Inverter with Frequency Adaptive Capability in Microgrids

by Hongwei Zhang, Qiangsong Zhao, Shuanghong Wang and Xuebin Yue

Electronics 2023, 12(7), 1736; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12071736 - 5 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1669

Abstract

Repetitive control (RC), which can track any periodic signal with a known integer period with zero steady-state error, is widely used for current control of grid-tied inverters in microgrids. However, the inherent one fundamental period time delay, leads to poor dynamic performance. Furthermore, [...] Read more.

Repetitive control (RC), which can track any periodic signal with a known integer period with zero steady-state error, is widely used for current control of grid-tied inverters in microgrids. However, the inherent one fundamental period time delay, leads to poor dynamic performance. Furthermore, the performance of conventional RC (CRC) will degrade when operating at a high variation grid frequency. Therefore, this paper proposes a frequency adaptive improved RC (FA-IRC) for grid-tied inverters. The improved RC (IRC) consists of a repetitive controller with a modified internal model filter, plus a proportional controller. In comparison to the CRC, the IRC has a good dynamic response, because it provides a higher gain and a wider bandwidth at the resonant frequency. Moreover, to achieve the frequency adaptability of the IRC, a fractional delay, based on a finite impulse response (FIR) filter, is built into the IRC system, to ensure that the resonant frequency of the IRC is approximately equal to the actual grid frequency and harmonic frequency. Stability analysis and characteristic analysis of the FA-IRC system are reported in this paper. Simulations are conducted, to demonstrate the validity of the proposed method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Power System Dynamics and Stability)

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