Search Results (1,027)

Background/Objectives: Over time, the scientific community has developed a growing interest in the effects of mixtures of different compounds, for which there is currently no established evidence or knowledge, in relation to certain categories of xenobiotics. It is well known that exposure to pollutants causes oxidative stress, resulting in the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can affect signaling pathways that regulate the cell cycle, apoptosis, energy balance, and cellular metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sub-lethal concentrations of mixtures of emerging pollutants and pharmaceuticals on the modulation of biomarkers related to toxicity, oxidative stress, and cancer. Methods: In this study, the hepatoma cell line HepG2 was exposed to increasing concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ether 47 (BDE-47), cadmium chloride (CdCl₂), and carbamazepine (CBZ), both individually and in mixtures, for 72 h to assess cytotoxicity using the MTT assay. The subsequent step, following the identification of the sub-lethal concentration, was to investigate the effects of exposure at the gene expression level, through the evaluation of molecular markers related to cell cycle and apoptosis (p53), oxidative stress (NRF2), conjugation and detoxification of xenobiotics (CYP2C9 and GST), DNA damage (RAD51 and γH2AFX), and SUMOylation processes (SUMO1 and UBC9) in order to identify any potential alterations in pathways that are normally activated at the cellular level. Results: The results showed that contaminants tend to affect the enzymatic detoxification and antioxidant system, influencing DNA repair defense mechanisms involved in resistance to oxidative stress. The combined effect of the compounds at sub-lethal doses results in a greater activation of these pathways compared to exposure to each compound alone, thereby exacerbating their cytotoxicity. Conclusions: The biomarkers analyzed could contribute to the definition of early warning markers useful for environmental monitoring, while simultaneously providing insight into the toxicity and hazard levels of these substances in the environment and associated health risks. Full article

Plants are able to produce various types of crystals through metabolic processes, serving functions ranging from herbivore deterrence to photosynthetic efficiency. However, the structural analysis of these crystals has remained challenging due to their small and often imperfect nature, which renders traditional X-ray diffraction techniques unsuitable. This study explores the use of Microcrystal Electron Diffraction (microED) as a novel method for the structural analysis of plant-derived microcrystals, focusing on Armeria maritima (Milld.), a halophytic plant known for its biomineralisation capabilities. In this study, A. maritima plants were cultivated under controlled laboratory conditions with exposure to cadmium and thallium to induce the formation of crystalline deposits on their leaf surfaces. These deposits were analysed using microED, revealing the presence of sodium chloride (halite), sodium sulphate (thénardite), and calcium sulphate dihydrate (gypsum). Our findings highlight the potential of microED as a versatile tool in plant science, capable of providing detailed structural insights into biomineralisation processes, even from minimal and imperfect crystalline samples. The application of microED in this context not only advances the present understanding of A. maritima’s adaptation to saline environments but also opens new avenues for exploring the structural chemistry of biomineralisation in other plant species. Our study advocates for the broader adoption of microED in botanical research, especially when dealing with challenging crystallographic problems. Full article

The rise of “fast fashion” has driven up the production of low-cost, short-lived clothing, significantly increasing global textile fiber production and, consequently, exacerbating environmental pollution. This study investigated the ecotoxicological effects of different types of anthropogenic microfibers—cotton, polyester, and mixed fibers (50% cotton: 50% polyester)—on marine organisms, specifically sea urchin embryos. All tested fibers exhibited toxicity, with cotton fibers causing notable effects on embryonic development even at environmentally relevant concentrations. The research also simulated a scenario where microfibers were immersed in seawater for 30 days to assess changes in toxicity over time. The results showed that the toxicity of microfibers increased with both concentration and exposure duration, with polyester being the most toxic among the fibers tested. Although synthetic fibers have been the primary focus of previous research, this study highlights that natural fibers like cotton, which are often overlooked, can also be toxic due to the presence of harmful additives. These natural fibers, despite decomposing faster than synthetic ones, can persist in aquatic environments for extended periods. The findings underline the critical need for further research on both natural and synthetic microfibers to understand their environmental impact and potential threats to marine ecosystems and sea urchin populations. Full article

Emerging pollutants, like phytoestrogens, are gaining attention in the scientific community for their impact on aquatic organisms. Nevertheless, there is a paucity of studies examining their effects on tropical aquatic species. In this context, the objective of this study was to (i) conduct chronic ecotoxicological assays with the sea urchin Echinometra lucunter with two phytoestrogens, namely genistein and daidzein (both derived from soy plant), and compare the results to the synthetic estrogen ‘estradiol valerate’; (ii) predict the potential risks of these phytoestrogens through an ecological risk assessment; and (iii) create a prioritization list of the most hazardous phytoestrogens using environmental persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity (PBT criteria). The results of chronic exposure demonstrated the following order of toxicity: daidzein (IC₅₀ = 2.60 mg/L); genistein (IC₅₀ = 3.37 mg/L); and estradiol valerate (IC₅₀ = 28.40 mg/L). The results classify genistein and daidzein as “toxic” and estradiol valerate as “harmful” to the sea urchin. The final ranking of the PBT approach in coastal waters was as follows: biochanin A (the highest priority), followed by formononetin, genistein, enterolactone, daidzein, estradiol valerate, coumestrol, and 8-prenylnaringenin. The dataset highlights the importance of environmental monitoring to track phytoestrogens in Latin American coastal areas, particularly in developing countries. Full article

Medicines are pharmaceutical substances used to treat, prevent, or relieve symptoms of different diseases in animals and humans. However, their large-scale production and use worldwide cause their release to the environment. Pharmaceutical molecules are currently considered emerging pollutants that enter water bodies due to inadequate management, affecting water quality and generating adverse effects on aquatic organisms. Hence, different alternatives for pharmaceuticals removal from water have been sought; among them, the use of agro-industrial wastes has been proposed, mainly because of its high availability and low cost. This review highlights the adverse ecotoxicological effects related to the presence of different pharmaceuticals on aquatic environments and analyzes 94 investigations, from 2012 to 2024, on the removal of 17 antibiotics, highlighting sulfamethoxazole as the most reported, as well as 6 non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as diclofenac and ibuprofen, and 27 pharmaceutical drugs with different pharmacological activities. The removal of these drugs was evaluated using agro-industrial wastes such as wheat straw, mung bean husk, bagasse, bamboo, olive stones, rice straw, pinewood, rice husk, among others. On average, 60% of the agro-industrial wastes were transformed into biochar to be used as a biosorbents for pharmaceuticals removal. The diversity in experimental conditions among the removal studies makes it difficult to stablish which agro-industrial waste has the greatest removal capacity; therefore, in this review, the drug mass removal rate (DMRR) was calculated, a parameter used with comparative purposes. Almond shell-activated biochar showed the highest removal rate for antibiotics (1940 mg/g·h), while cork powder (CP) (10,420 mg/g·h) showed the highest for NSAIDs. Therefore, scientific evidence demonstrates that agro-industrial waste is a promising alternative for the removal of emerging pollutants such as pharmaceuticals substances. Full article

Human activities directly impact estuaries, where the biota is exposed to sediment contamination. A contamination assessment was carried out in several estuaries in the Southern Iberian Peninsula. Sediment samples were analyzed for the presence of metals/metalloids, and bioaccumulation tests were conducted with clams (Ruditapes philippinarum). Huelva Estuary had the highest contamination levels, while the inner bay of Cádiz and the outer stations of the estuaries from Guadiana, Guadalquivir, Palmones, and Guadarranque were the lesser contaminated. All sampling points (except Huelva) had low contamination levels of As and Cd, but they had high concentrations of Cu. The elements Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, As, and Hg displayed correlations between the concentrations in sediments and the biota. High bioaccumulation of Zn, Cu, and As was observed in Huelva and Barbate. Important insights into the sediment contamination in Southern Iberian Peninsula estuaries suggest greater management and conservation efforts in these critical ecosystems. Full article

Integrated pest management based on the use of biopesticides is largely applied. Experimental bioassays are critical to assess biopesticide biosafety at the ecotoxicological level. In this study, we investigated the effects of the new Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (Btk)-formulated-based biopesticides BLB1 and Lip, efficiently tested in field assays (IPM-4-CITRUS EC project no. 734921) on two aquatic non-target organisms, precisely the water flea Daphnia magna and the bioluminescent bacteria Aliivibrio fischeri. Acute toxicity studies, carried out in a comparative manner with Delfin^® as the reference bioproduct and the lactose-based Blank formulation, show that no significant toxicity was observed up to 1 g/L. Our results indicated that BLB1- and Lip-formulated new bioproducts are far less toxic than the Delfin^® reference bioproduct. Full article

Exogenous DNA damage represents one of the most harmful outcomes produced by environmental, physical, or chemical agents. Here, a comparative analysis of DNA fragmentation was carried out on Paracentrotus lividus sea urchin embryos exposed to four common pollutants of the marine environment: vanadium, cadmium, gadolinium and selenium. Using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, fragmented DNA was quantified and localized in apoptotic cells mapping whole-mount embryos. This is the first study reporting how different chemicals are able to activate distinctive apoptotic features in sea urchin embryos, categorized as follows: (i) cell-selective apoptosis, showing DNA fragmentation restricted to a subset of extremely damaged cells, acting as an embryo survival mechanism; or (ii) total apoptosis, with fragmented DNA widespread throughout the cells of the entire embryo, leading to its death. Also, this is the first report of the effects of Se exposure on P. lividus sea urchin embryos. These data confirm the TUNEL assay as the most suitable test to study DNA fragmentation in the sea urchin embryo model system. Taken together, this research highlights embryos’ ability to find alternative pathways and set physiological limits for development under stress conditions. Full article

Water pollution is a pressing global issue significantly affecting ecosystem health, biodiversity, and human well-being. While numerous studies have concentrated on toxic metals like cadmium, lead, and mercury, essential metals such as copper and zinc often receive less attention. This review focuses on the distribution and occurrence of copper and zinc in surface water, their accumulation in freshwater organisms, and potential strategies for mitigating the environmental pressure caused by these metals. Zinc concentrations in uncontaminated freshwater usually range from 3 to 12 μg∙L⁻¹ and form low-bioavailable hydroxo-complexes that are especially stable in weak alkaline water. The zinc concentration trend globally is Europe > Africa > Asia > South America > North America. Conversely, copper concentrations vary from 0.2 to 5.5 µg∙L⁻¹, with the order being Asia > Africa > South America > North America > Europe. Humic substances are the likely predominant ligands for copper in these environments. The accumulation of copper and especially zinc in freshwater animals may not be a reliable indicator of metal pollution due to potential metabolic regulation. Bioremediation approaches, including phytoremediation and biosorption using plants and microorganisms, show promise in addressing water contamination. Future research should emphasize advanced bioremediation methods, emission reduction strategies, and refined modeling techniques to predict pollution trends and evaluate remediation effectiveness. Full article

The increasing focus on sustainability and the circular economy has brought waste-to-energy technologies to the forefront of renewable energy research. However, the environmental impacts and management of contaminants associated with these technologies remain critical issues. This article comprehensively reviews the environmental impacts of converting sewage sludge into energy and fertilizers, focusing on managing potential contaminants and assessing the implications and ecological risks. It also highlights the latest trends in waste-to-energy technologies, waste-to-soil amendment, and their integration into circular economy frameworks. The discussion encompasses challenges and opportunities in optimizing these processes in wastewater treatment plants to minimize pollutants and enhance sustainability. Addressing these challenges is essential for ensuring the long-term viability and acceptance of waste-to-energy solutions, making this topic highly relevant and timely. Full article

In light of the growing plastic waste problem worldwide, including in agriculture, this study focuses on the usefulness of both conventional, non-degradable plastics and environmentally friendly bioplastics in the agricultural sector. Although conventional plastic products are still essential in modern, even ecological agriculture, the increasing contamination by these materials, especially in a fragmented form, highlights the urgent need to search for alternative, easily biodegradable materials that could replace the non-degradable ones. According to the literature, polymers are widely used in agriculture for the preparation of agrochemicals (mostly fertilizers) with prolonged release. They also play a role as functional polymers against pests, serve as very useful super absorbents of water to improve crop health under drought conditions, and are commonly used as mulching films, membranes, mats, non-woven fabrics, protective nets, seed coatings, agrochemical packaging, or greenhouse coverings. This widespread application leads to the uncontrolled contamination of soil with disintegrated polymeric materials. Therefore, this study highlights the possible applications of bio-based materials as alternatives to conventional polyolefins or other environmentally persistent polymers. Bio-based polymers align with the strategy of innovative agricultural advancements, leading to more productive farming by reducing plastic contamination and adverse ecotoxicological impacts on aquatic and terrestrial organisms. On the other hand, advanced polymer membranes act as catching agents for agrochemicals, protecting against environmental intoxication. The global versatility of polymer applications in agriculture will not permit the elimination of already existing technologies involving polymers in the near future. However, in line with ecological trends in modern agriculture, more “green” polymers should be employed in this sector. Moreover, we highlight that more comprehensive legislative work on these aspects should be undertaken at the European Union level to guarantee environmental and climate protection. From the EU legislation point of view, the implementation of a unified, legally binding system on applications of bio-based, biodegradable, and compostable plastics should be a priority to be addressed. In this respect, the EU already demonstrates an initial action plan. Unfortunately, these are still projected directions for future EU policy, which require in-depth analysis. Full article

The present study used the adult earthworm Aporrectodea trapezoides as a bioindicator species to look into the possible dangers of ammonium sulfate (AS) fertilizer. Two complementary toxicity tests were conducted to determine the LC50values, growth rate inhibition, morphological alterations, and histopathological texture of worms. The lethality test included four increasing concentrations of AS fertilizer (ranging from 2500 to 7500 mg/kg of dry soil weight (d.w.)), while sub-lethal concentrations were based on 10%, 30%, 40%, and 50% of the 14-day median lethal concentration (LC50), with a control group included for both tests. The LC₍₅₀₎ values for AS fertilizer were significantly higher at 7 days (4831.13 mg/kg d.w.) than at 14 days (2698.67 mg/kg d.w.) of exposure. Notably, earthworms exhibited significant growth rate inhibition under exposure to various concentrations and time durations (14/28 exposure days). Morphological alterations such as clitellar swelling, bloody lesions, whole body coiling and constriction, body strangulation, and fragmentation were accentuated steadily, with higher concentrations. Histopathological manifestations included severe injuries to the circular and longitudinal muscular layers, vacuolation, muscle layer atrophy, degradation of the chloragogenous tissue in the intestine, collapsed digestive epithelium of the pharynx with weak reserve inclusion, and fibrosis of blood vessels. These effects were primarily influenced by increasing concentrations of fertilizer and time exposure. The study highlights the strong relationship between concentration and exposure time responses and underscores the potential of A. trapezoides earthworms as valuable biological control agents against acidic ammonium sulfate fertilizer. Importantly, this research contributes to the use of such biomarkers in evaluating soil toxicity and the biological control of environmental risk assessment associated with chemical fertilizers. Full article

The blue crab (Callinectes sapidus), originally from the western Atlantic Ocean, has recently spread to the Mediterranean and is now considered one of the one hundred most invasive species in that region. This opportunistic species, known for its adaptability to different temperatures and salinities, negatively impacts biodiversity and human activities such as fishing and tourism in the Mediterranean. However, the blue crab is gaining interest as a potential food resource due to its high nutritional value and delicate, sweet flavor. Its meat is rich in protein (14% to 30%), omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) and other essential nutrients beneficial for human health such as vitamins, and minerals. Utilizing this species in the production of new foods could help mitigate the negative impact of its invasiveness and offer economic opportunities. One challenge with this potential resource is the generation of waste. Approximately 6–8 million tonnes of crab shells are produced worldwide each year, leading to disposal problems and concerns regarding environmental sustainability. To improve economic and environmental sustainability, there is a need to valorize these residues, which are an important source of proteins, lipids, chitin, minerals, and pigments that can be processed into high-value-added products. However, especially in areas with industrial pollution, attention should be paid to the heavy metal (Cd and As) contents of blue crab shells. Studies suggest that blue crab by-products can be used in various sectors, reducing environmental impacts, promoting a circular economy, and creating new industrial opportunities. Full article

The rising volume of sewage sludge from urbanization poses substantial environmental and public health concerns, underscoring the urgency for the implementation of effective waste management strategies. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of pyrolysis temperature on the chemical composition and agronomic potential of biochar derived from sewage sludge. The pyrolysis process was conducted at temperatures ranging from 400 °C to 800 °C, and the resulting biochar was analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity, metal content, and carbon fractions. Additionally, phytotoxicity tests were conducted to assess the impact of the biochar on plant germination. The findings indicated that elevated pyrolysis temperatures resulted in an elevated alkalinity, electrical conductivity, and concentration of alkali metals in the biochar. Conversely, these processes resulted in a reduction in total organic carbon content and an increase in heavy metal content, which may limit the potential for biochar to be used in agricultural applications. The phytotoxicity tests indicated that the biochar produced at lower temperatures (400 °C) exhibited positive effects on plant growth when administered at doses of 5 and 10 t·ha⁻¹. Conversely, the biochar produced at higher temperatures (800 °C) demonstrated significant toxicity. The findings indicate that the pyrolysis temperature is a critical factor in determining the suitability of biochar for agricultural applications. The production of biochar at lower temperatures may offer agronomic benefits, whereas the use of higher temperatures increases stability but is associated with the risk of higher heavy metal concentrations. Full article