Journal Description
Youth
Youth
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on education, sociology, economics, cultural studies and other social perspectives of youth and young adulthood published quarterly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 32.8 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 5.7 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2024).
- Recognition of Reviewers: APC discount vouchers, optional signed peer review, and reviewer names published annually in the journal.
Latest Articles
Systematic Assessment of Family Service Barriers to Support Youth Engagement with Health and Social Care
Youth 2024, 4(3), 1364-1373; https://doi.org/10.3390/youth4030086 - 9 Sep 2024
Abstract
Family characteristics and service barriers influence children’s access to health and social care. Systematic assessment of family service barriers may help practitioners in their efforts to support family engagement with needed services. To address this need, this study utilized data from a 12-week
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Family characteristics and service barriers influence children’s access to health and social care. Systematic assessment of family service barriers may help practitioners in their efforts to support family engagement with needed services. To address this need, this study utilized data from a 12-week service navigation intervention to examine associations between family characteristics, service barriers, service need, and service access. Twenty-nine caregivers of youth under age 18 participated. Pre-test measures included a family demographic questionnaire, service barriers checklist, and family service plan. Post-test outcome measures were the type and number of services accessed in the family service plan. At baseline, participants reported an average of 10 barriers to care. The family characteristics, caregiver age, child age, and community group involvement, were associated with a greater number of service barriers. Over the course of the intervention, the service barrier “provider waitlists” was associated with an increased service access, while having a male child was associated with a decrease in service access. Results indicate families experience multiple service barriers and specific family characteristics influence service access. Systematic assessment of service barriers and consideration of family characteristics can assist practitioner efforts to support youth and family engagement with health and social care.
Full article
Open AccessArticle
Why Not All Three? Combining the Keller, Rhodes, and Spencer Models Two Decades Later to Equitably Support the Health and Well-Being of Minoritized Youth in Mentoring Programs
by
Kristian V. Jones, Grace Gowdy and Aisha N. Griffith
Youth 2024, 4(3), 1348-1363; https://doi.org/10.3390/youth4030085 - 5 Sep 2024
Abstract
Building on previous work examining the three central theoretical models driving the youth mentoring literature, the present paper presents an updated conceptual framework on how youth mentoring can equitably support health outcomes for young people, particularly minoritized or otherwise marginalized youth. Youth mentoring
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Building on previous work examining the three central theoretical models driving the youth mentoring literature, the present paper presents an updated conceptual framework on how youth mentoring can equitably support health outcomes for young people, particularly minoritized or otherwise marginalized youth. Youth mentoring has been demonstrated to support positive health outcomes (e.g., mental health, well-being) for all young people, and has a growing literature base to match the enthusiasm in findings. The core conceptual models, however, had not been updated for nearly 20 years. This paper starts with the guiding values behind the updated model, including centering the pursuit of social justice, a recognition of structural oppression, and utilizing key modern theoretical bases (healing-centered engagement, a strengths-based approach, and community cultural wealth). Ultimately, this paper presents an updated conceptual model, outlining key aspects needed to support mental health for minoritized young people through youth mentoring, including building a foundational relationship, key mechanisms of mentoring, reciprocal benefits, and context-specific support.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Promoting Health Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion for Minoritized Youth)
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Open AccessStudy Protocol
Prioritizing Prevention: Examining Shelter Diversion as an Early Intervention Approach to Respond to Youth Homelessness
by
Katrina Milaney, Amanda Noble, Alyjah Ermine Neil, Caitlin Stokvis, Robyn Feraday, Claire Feasby, Nadine Vertes, Meagan Mah, Nicole Jackson, Kat Main, Fadzai Blessing Punungwe and Kristen Brick
Youth 2024, 4(3), 1337-1347; https://doi.org/10.3390/youth4030084 - 3 Sep 2024
Abstract
There is a growing movement in Canada towards youth homelessness prevention. One such response, called shelter diversion aims to move young people into safe and supportive housing as quickly as possible. The objective of this project is to assess how, and in what
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There is a growing movement in Canada towards youth homelessness prevention. One such response, called shelter diversion aims to move young people into safe and supportive housing as quickly as possible. The objective of this project is to assess how, and in what ways, shelter diversion operates and whether this intervention permanently or temporarily diverts youth from homelessness. Our project is grounded in principles of community-based participatory research including community/university partnerships and an advisory committee of lived-experience experts. Our team is utilizing mixed methods to capture the outcomes of diversion programs. Data collection began in September 2022 and ended in May 2024. Quantitative and qualitative data analysis is underway. Preliminary results show differences in how diversion is defined and implemented across organizations. There are also differences in staffing models and program budgets. The findings from this study will contribute to a recommendation for a national definition and adaptable program model for shelter diversion, easily accessible to support the expansion of diversion programs into youth-serving organizations across Canada. This study is the first in Canada to examine the effectiveness of shelter diversion as an early intervention strategy to prevent youth homelessness on a national scale.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Youth Homelessness Prevention)
Open AccessArticle
Youth, Transferability, and Sport-Based Interventions: Reopening and Rethinking the Debate on the “What” and the “How”
by
Haydn Morgan
Youth 2024, 4(3), 1322-1336; https://doi.org/10.3390/youth4030083 - 2 Sep 2024
Abstract
Sport and physical activity is often utilized as a tool for engagement within interventions designed to support wider social and personal change for marginalized young people. The implicit discourse that underpins such interventions is the assumed transference of skills, qualities, and attributes acquired
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Sport and physical activity is often utilized as a tool for engagement within interventions designed to support wider social and personal change for marginalized young people. The implicit discourse that underpins such interventions is the assumed transference of skills, qualities, and attributes acquired and developed through sport to broader societal contexts. However, there is a scarcity of studies that have critically examined this relationship. By way of correction, the purpose of this article is to examine the concept of transferability and explore how sport-based interventions might enable marginalized young people to thrive in other life domains. More precisely, the article calls for a rethink on what skills, attributes, and qualities might need to be transferred from sport-based interventions, while also outlining suggestions for how transfer might be facilitated. As a context for this discussion, the article draws upon empirical insights derived from a study of a youth-focused, golf-based intervention delivered in the south–west of England. Specifically, the article examines how providing opportunities for its youth participants to accumulate various forms of capital (rather than specific skills or qualifications) supported transfer, in combination with a pedagogical approach that resonated with notions of critical pedagogy.
Full article
Open AccessArticle
The ‘Community of Schools and Services’ (COSS) Model of Early Intervention: A System-Changing Innovation for the Prevention of Youth Homelessness
by
David MacKenzie, Tammy Hand and Peter Gill
Youth 2024, 4(3), 1305-1321; https://doi.org/10.3390/youth4030082 - 29 Aug 2024
Abstract
Prevention and early intervention have become part of the Australian policy discourse; however, the prevention and early intervention of youth homelessness remain significantly underdeveloped and underfunded in practice. Consequently, too many young people experience homelessness. This article presents the ‘Community of Schools and
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Prevention and early intervention have become part of the Australian policy discourse; however, the prevention and early intervention of youth homelessness remain significantly underdeveloped and underfunded in practice. Consequently, too many young people experience homelessness. This article presents the ‘Community of Schools and Services’ (COSS) Model as an innovative approach to the prevention of youth homelessness. The COSS Model is an Australian place-based collective impact approach that uses data gathered via population screening in secondary schools to identify and then support adolescents at risk of homelessness and also reorganizes the local support system available to vulnerable young people and their families. This paper is not the result of a research project. Rather, this paper presents the findings of the Embedded Development and Outcomes Measurement (EDOM) report, which is a feature of the COSS Model. This paper is limited to findings from the COSS Model implementation in Albury, NSW, known as the Albury Project, from 2019 to 2023. The Albury Project has demonstrated significant reductions in the risk of homelessness and entry into the local homelessness service system. Findings reveal that: (1) when COSS Model support is delivered to identified at-risk students, 40–50% of individuals are no longer at such high risk of homelessness 12-months later; (2) only 3–5% of students identified as at risk of homelessness and supported through the COSS Model sought assistance from local homelessness services in the following two years; and (3) the flow of adolescents (12–18 years) into the local homelessness services was reduced by 40% from 2019 to 2023. As an evidence-based, complex innovation, there are major policy, funding, and implementation challenges in scaling the model to multiple community sites.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Youth Homelessness Prevention)
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Open AccessArticle
Unlocking Male Youth Soccer Players’ Peak Performance Potential: Exploring the Impact of Maturation, Age, and Physical Demands on Neuromuscular Injury Risk and Recovery Following Competitive Matchplay
by
Imanol Martin-Garetxana, Francisco Ayala, Mark De Ste Croix, Jon Larruskain, Josean Lekue and Jonathan Hughes
Youth 2024, 4(3), 1287-1304; https://doi.org/10.3390/youth4030081 - 27 Aug 2024
Abstract
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This study investigated the 7-day recovery period post-soccer matches in elite male academy players. We analyzed changes in physical performance, stretch-shortening cycle capability, landing mechanics, muscle damage, and perceived well-being while also considering the influence of players’ maturity status, chronological age, and physical
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This study investigated the 7-day recovery period post-soccer matches in elite male academy players. We analyzed changes in physical performance, stretch-shortening cycle capability, landing mechanics, muscle damage, and perceived well-being while also considering the influence of players’ maturity status, chronological age, and physical demands on post-match responses. In a prospective, observational, mixed longitudinal study design, twenty-six players (U14 = 14 [age = 13.9 ± 0.2 y, and U16 = 12 [age = 15.1 ± 0.2 y]) undertook testing at baseline (1 h pre-match), immediately post-match (0 h), and 48-, 72-, 96-, and 120 h post-match for measures in creatine kinase (CK), urea (UR), CMJ height, 20 m sprint time, reactive strength index (RSI), leg stiffness (LS), landing mechanics, and perceived well-being. Players were also tested pre [168-h] and post the subsequent match. Results showed significant alterations 0 h post-match in CK (+71.3%), UR (+12.8%), CMJ height (−5.3%), 20 m sprint time (+3.8%), RSI (−9.6%), LS (−11.5%), and perceived well-being (−7.7%), with landing mechanics being unaffected. All parameters returned to baseline at 48 h, except for CK and UR, which remained elevated until 168 h. The players’ initial scores influenced how they responded after the match during the week. In conclusion, coaches should focus on post-match strategies to enhance muscle recovery, especially for youth players with a lower training status, given the extended recovery period observed for muscle damage markers.
Full article
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<p>Schematic representation of the study design.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>(<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) Time course of performances in sprint and jump parameters. Data are mean ± SD, with * denoting significantly different. Dotted lines delimit an area where post-soccer match changes at each time point relative to baseline are considered trivial or not clinically relevant, as they do not exceed 1.5 times the magnitude of the standard error of measurement reported in previously published reliability studies (see <a href="#sec2-youth-04-00081" class="html-sec">Section 2</a>). The effect size for each statistically significant paired comparison was also provided, including its qualitative interpretation.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>(<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) Time course of neuromuscular responses. Data are mean ± SD, with * denoting significantly different. Dotted lines delimit an area where post-soccer match changes at each time point relative to baseline are considered trivial or not clinically relevant, as they do not exceed 1.5 times the magnitude of the standard error of measurement reported in previously published reliability studies (see <a href="#sec2-youth-04-00081" class="html-sec">Section 2</a>). The effect size for each statistically significant paired comparison was also provided, including its qualitative interpretation.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>(<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) Time course of Frontal Knee Projection Angle. Data are mean ± SD. Dotted lines delimit an area where post-soccer match changes at each time point relative to baseline are considered trivial or not clinically relevant, as they do not exceed 1.5 times the magnitude of the standard error of measurement reported in previously published reliability studies (see <a href="#sec2-youth-04-00081" class="html-sec">Section 2</a>). The effect size for each statistically significant paired comparison was also provided, including its qualitative interpretation.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>(<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) Biochemical alterations following match play and training. Data are mean ± SD, with * denoting significantly different. Dotted lines delimit an area where post-soccer match changes at each time point relative to baseline are considered trivial or not clinically relevant, as they do not exceed 1.5 times the magnitude of the standard error of measurement reported in previously published reliability studies (see <a href="#sec2-youth-04-00081" class="html-sec">Section 2</a>). The effect size for each statistically significant paired comparison was also provided, including its qualitative interpretation.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Perceptions of well-being across the study period. Data are mean ± SD, with * denoting significantly different. Dotted lines delimit an area where post-soccer match changes at each time point relative to baseline are considered trivial or not clinically relevant, as they do not exceed 1.5 times the magnitude of the standard error of measurement reported in previously published reliability studies (see <a href="#sec2-youth-04-00081" class="html-sec">Section 2</a>). The effect size for each statistically significant paired comparison was also provided, including its qualitative interpretation.</p> Full article ">
<p>Schematic representation of the study design.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>(<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) Time course of performances in sprint and jump parameters. Data are mean ± SD, with * denoting significantly different. Dotted lines delimit an area where post-soccer match changes at each time point relative to baseline are considered trivial or not clinically relevant, as they do not exceed 1.5 times the magnitude of the standard error of measurement reported in previously published reliability studies (see <a href="#sec2-youth-04-00081" class="html-sec">Section 2</a>). The effect size for each statistically significant paired comparison was also provided, including its qualitative interpretation.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>(<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) Time course of neuromuscular responses. Data are mean ± SD, with * denoting significantly different. Dotted lines delimit an area where post-soccer match changes at each time point relative to baseline are considered trivial or not clinically relevant, as they do not exceed 1.5 times the magnitude of the standard error of measurement reported in previously published reliability studies (see <a href="#sec2-youth-04-00081" class="html-sec">Section 2</a>). The effect size for each statistically significant paired comparison was also provided, including its qualitative interpretation.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>(<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) Time course of Frontal Knee Projection Angle. Data are mean ± SD. Dotted lines delimit an area where post-soccer match changes at each time point relative to baseline are considered trivial or not clinically relevant, as they do not exceed 1.5 times the magnitude of the standard error of measurement reported in previously published reliability studies (see <a href="#sec2-youth-04-00081" class="html-sec">Section 2</a>). The effect size for each statistically significant paired comparison was also provided, including its qualitative interpretation.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>(<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) Biochemical alterations following match play and training. Data are mean ± SD, with * denoting significantly different. Dotted lines delimit an area where post-soccer match changes at each time point relative to baseline are considered trivial or not clinically relevant, as they do not exceed 1.5 times the magnitude of the standard error of measurement reported in previously published reliability studies (see <a href="#sec2-youth-04-00081" class="html-sec">Section 2</a>). The effect size for each statistically significant paired comparison was also provided, including its qualitative interpretation.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Perceptions of well-being across the study period. Data are mean ± SD, with * denoting significantly different. Dotted lines delimit an area where post-soccer match changes at each time point relative to baseline are considered trivial or not clinically relevant, as they do not exceed 1.5 times the magnitude of the standard error of measurement reported in previously published reliability studies (see <a href="#sec2-youth-04-00081" class="html-sec">Section 2</a>). The effect size for each statistically significant paired comparison was also provided, including its qualitative interpretation.</p> Full article ">
Open AccessArticle
Diverse Profiles of Homeless Young Adults: Implications for Tailored Prevention Strategies—Insights from Belgian Homelessness Counts
by
Evelien Demaerschalk, Laure-lise Robben, Nana Mertens and Koen Hermans
Youth 2024, 4(3), 1271-1286; https://doi.org/10.3390/youth4030080 - 26 Aug 2024
Abstract
Young adults experiencing homelessness face multiple challenges and are often confronted with additional barriers stemming from adverse past experiences. Whereas youth homelessness rates appear to increase across Europe, our knowledge on its nature in Belgium remains limited. Based on recent local point-in-time counts
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Young adults experiencing homelessness face multiple challenges and are often confronted with additional barriers stemming from adverse past experiences. Whereas youth homelessness rates appear to increase across Europe, our knowledge on its nature in Belgium remains limited. Based on recent local point-in-time counts on homelessness in Belgium (2020–2022) and a focus group (2022) to interpret these results, we examine the profiles of more than 2000 homeless young adults and distinguish between three distinct groups (youth care leavers, Belgians with no care history, and newcomers). Alongside the need for universal prevention, tailored interventions are crucial for each subgroup to address their unique needs.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Youth Homelessness Prevention)
Open AccessArticle
Academic Achievement among NCAA Division 2 Student-Athletes and Non-Athletes
by
Holden Thomas Daum, Luke Thomas Daum and Shane D. Scholten
Youth 2024, 4(3), 1260-1270; https://doi.org/10.3390/youth4030079 - 20 Aug 2024
Abstract
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There is a lack of published research on the evaluation of academic success among student-athletes in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division 2 (D2) institutions. Our study focused on comparing academic performance and career prospects between student-athletes and non-athletes (traditional students) at a
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There is a lack of published research on the evaluation of academic success among student-athletes in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division 2 (D2) institutions. Our study focused on comparing academic performance and career prospects between student-athletes and non-athletes (traditional students) at a D2 university. A survey measuring academic and career-related variables was administered to 170 participants, with 92 (54%) being student-athletes and 78 (46%) being non-athlete students. Our findings revealed no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of study hours, grade point average, and academic motivation. Moreover, there were no disparities in declared majors, expected graduation timelines, and career aspirations. The academic performance of student-athletes was found to be similar to that of their non-athlete counterparts. Most D2 student-athletes did not foresee pursuing professional sports careers, highlighting the importance of academic achievement in their overall career objectives.
Full article
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<p>Student-athlete sports (<b>top</b>) and traditional student (<b>bottom</b>) extracurricular activities at Augustana University, 2022. * An organization/club is one of Augustana University’s 96 recognized (non-sport) groups. Examples include subject-matter, departmental, career, academic, faith-based, and diversity and inclusion groups.</p> Full article ">Figure 1 Cont.
<p>Student-athlete sports (<b>top</b>) and traditional student (<b>bottom</b>) extracurricular activities at Augustana University, 2022. * An organization/club is one of Augustana University’s 96 recognized (non-sport) groups. Examples include subject-matter, departmental, career, academic, faith-based, and diversity and inclusion groups.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Study hours per week for traditional students and student-athletes. There was no statistical significance at any interval (<span class="html-italic">p</span> > 0.05).</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Mean grade point average (GPA) among student-athletes and traditional students. Results were self-reported and represent overall GPA on a 4.0 scale. No statistical difference was observed. (<span class="html-italic">p</span> > 0.05).</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Comparison of academic drive. Respondents were asked to indicate on a scale of 1–10 (10 = highest) how driven they are to succeed academically. Responses were self-reported and are shown as average. No statistical difference was observed (<span class="html-italic">p</span> > 0.05).</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Anticipated years to graduate for student-athletes and traditional students. * A statistical difference was noted (<span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.01) for <4 years. No statistical difference was observed ‘for more than 4 years’ or ‘4 years’ (<span class="html-italic">p</span> > 0.05).</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Proportion of responses when asked “Certainty of obtaining a job in your field within 60 days of graduation”. No statistical significance (<span class="html-italic">p</span> > 0.05) was noted for any comparison.</p> Full article ">
<p>Student-athlete sports (<b>top</b>) and traditional student (<b>bottom</b>) extracurricular activities at Augustana University, 2022. * An organization/club is one of Augustana University’s 96 recognized (non-sport) groups. Examples include subject-matter, departmental, career, academic, faith-based, and diversity and inclusion groups.</p> Full article ">Figure 1 Cont.
<p>Student-athlete sports (<b>top</b>) and traditional student (<b>bottom</b>) extracurricular activities at Augustana University, 2022. * An organization/club is one of Augustana University’s 96 recognized (non-sport) groups. Examples include subject-matter, departmental, career, academic, faith-based, and diversity and inclusion groups.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Study hours per week for traditional students and student-athletes. There was no statistical significance at any interval (<span class="html-italic">p</span> > 0.05).</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Mean grade point average (GPA) among student-athletes and traditional students. Results were self-reported and represent overall GPA on a 4.0 scale. No statistical difference was observed. (<span class="html-italic">p</span> > 0.05).</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Comparison of academic drive. Respondents were asked to indicate on a scale of 1–10 (10 = highest) how driven they are to succeed academically. Responses were self-reported and are shown as average. No statistical difference was observed (<span class="html-italic">p</span> > 0.05).</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Anticipated years to graduate for student-athletes and traditional students. * A statistical difference was noted (<span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.01) for <4 years. No statistical difference was observed ‘for more than 4 years’ or ‘4 years’ (<span class="html-italic">p</span> > 0.05).</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Proportion of responses when asked “Certainty of obtaining a job in your field within 60 days of graduation”. No statistical significance (<span class="html-italic">p</span> > 0.05) was noted for any comparison.</p> Full article ">
Open AccessArticle
“I Will Still Fight for It till the End”: Factors That Sustain and Detract from Indian Youths’ Climate Activism
by
Sara Wilf, Aditi Rudra and Laura Wray-Lake
Youth 2024, 4(3), 1238-1259; https://doi.org/10.3390/youth4030078 - 19 Aug 2024
Abstract
This qualitative study utilized semi-structured interviews with 22 Indian youth climate activists (mean age = 19) from 13 cities across India to explore factors that sustain or detract from climate activism. Data were analyzed using reflexive Thematic Analysis. In addition to two gatekeeping
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This qualitative study utilized semi-structured interviews with 22 Indian youth climate activists (mean age = 19) from 13 cities across India to explore factors that sustain or detract from climate activism. Data were analyzed using reflexive Thematic Analysis. In addition to two gatekeeping factors (lack of family support and financial and job pressures) that may prevent youth from joining or cause youth to quit their climate activism entirely, this study identified factors that affected youth’s sustained climate activism: two detracting factors (negative interactions with government, and online and in-person bullying and harassment); four supporting factors (sense of community, internal motivations, seeing tangible achievements, and personal growth); and one factor (climate anxiety) with mixed effects on sustaining youth activism. Further, we describe ways in which youth holding minoritized identities, including lower-income, Muslim, and rural youth, had distinct experiences.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Youth Sociopolitical Action: Costs, Benefits, and Supporting Sustainable Sociopolitical Practices)
Open AccessArticle
Unveiling the Pathways: Mapping and Understanding Hidden Homelessness Among 2SLGBTQ+ Youth in Ontario
by
Katie MacEntee, Nicole Elkington, John Segui and Alex Abramovich
Youth 2024, 4(3), 1224-1237; https://doi.org/10.3390/youth4030077 - 17 Aug 2024
Abstract
Transphobic and homophobic violence and discrimination within homes and housing programs lead many 2-Spirit, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (2SLGBTQ+) youth to find alternative, temporary, and insecure housing. These types of living situations are considered “hidden homelessness”. This study interviewed 2SLGBTQ+ youth
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Transphobic and homophobic violence and discrimination within homes and housing programs lead many 2-Spirit, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (2SLGBTQ+) youth to find alternative, temporary, and insecure housing. These types of living situations are considered “hidden homelessness”. This study interviewed 2SLGBTQ+ youth (n = 6) and key informants (n = 12) who have experienced and/or who support hidden homelessness across three sites in Ontario (Toronto, York Region, and London). The results suggest experiences of hidden homelessness for 2SLGBTQ+ youth are nonlinear, with pathways driven by family conflict combined with the high cost of living and lack of employment, making independent living unaffordable. Additionally, youth avoid services where they experience discrimination and often experience social isolation. In rural and suburban areas, youth have fewer options for safe and inclusive services. When services are accessible, wrap-around supports that address the complexity of their situations help youth exit hidden homelessness. Prevention strategies should focus on addressing family conflict and supporting reunification when it is safe to do so. For those who are unable to return home, there is a need for increased financial support and more affordable housing. Building comprehensive population-based support services is recommended to address the overrepresentation of 2SLGBTQ+ youth experiencing homelessness.
Full article
Open AccessArticle
Youth Mentoring as a Means of Supporting Mental Health for Minoritized Youth: A Reflection on Three Theoretical Frameworks 20 Years Later
by
Grace Gowdy, Kristian Jones and Aisha N. Griffith
Youth 2024, 4(3), 1211-1223; https://doi.org/10.3390/youth4030076 - 17 Aug 2024
Abstract
Youth mentoring as a field of study has grown immensely in recent years, with hundreds of peer-reviewed research articles on the subject. A key driver of this interest is the demonstrated ability of youth mentoring to support positive mental health for minoritized youth.
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Youth mentoring as a field of study has grown immensely in recent years, with hundreds of peer-reviewed research articles on the subject. A key driver of this interest is the demonstrated ability of youth mentoring to support positive mental health for minoritized youth. Three central theoretical models, published nearly twenty years ago, drive the majority of this body of research: the systemic model, the relational model, and the mechanisms of mentoring model. The present paper examines these theoretical models through conversation with their authors and presents their reflections and insights, the contexts in which these models were originally written, and the similarities and differences among them. By understanding the origins of these three influential theoretical models, what they center, and what they do not center, we can begin to consider the ways in which the body of work on youth mentoring is framed. Ultimately, these analyses and reflections outline future directions for the field and a forthcoming updated conceptual model of youth mentoring that centers issues of equity and social justice.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Promoting Resilience, Wellbeing, and Mental Health of Young People)
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<p>Systemic model of youth mentoring [<a href="#B6-youth-04-00076" class="html-bibr">6</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Relational model of youth mentoring [<a href="#B7-youth-04-00076" class="html-bibr">7</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Mechanisms of youth mentoring model [<a href="#B8-youth-04-00076" class="html-bibr">8</a>].</p> Full article ">
<p>Systemic model of youth mentoring [<a href="#B6-youth-04-00076" class="html-bibr">6</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Relational model of youth mentoring [<a href="#B7-youth-04-00076" class="html-bibr">7</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Mechanisms of youth mentoring model [<a href="#B8-youth-04-00076" class="html-bibr">8</a>].</p> Full article ">
Open AccessArticle
European Youth Work Developments and Challenges—A Meta-Synthesis
by
Frederike Hofmann-van de Poll
Youth 2024, 4(3), 1194-1210; https://doi.org/10.3390/youth4030075 - 9 Aug 2024
Abstract
Youth work has become a well-developed European field of activity in terms of structure and content, not at least since the adoption of the European Youth Work Agenda (2020). Through a meta-synthesis of three structural studies on youth work in Europe, this article
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Youth work has become a well-developed European field of activity in terms of structure and content, not at least since the adoption of the European Youth Work Agenda (2020). Through a meta-synthesis of three structural studies on youth work in Europe, this article provides three main considerations. Firstly, the article makes an analytical distinction between European youth work and youth work in Europe, thus clarifying the general concept of “youth work”. Secondly, this analytical distinction helps to systematise and classify the topics being dealt with by actors in the field of youth work: youth work as a European framework (role of European documents; transfer between levels; youth work in times of crises), youth work development at the national, regional and local level (youth work legal framework; funding; recognition, quality and professionalisation; innovations), and the multi-dimensional challenges of shrinking spaces for both young people and youth work (youth work as an independent field of action; shortage of skilled labour; austerity measures; young people moving away; rise of extremism). Thirdly, the discursive openings the different concepts and narratives of youth work can offer are outlined. In this way, the article hopes to contribute to the (further) development of youth work theory in Europe.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Beyond Youth Development: Generating Alternative Narratives of Change in Youth Work)
Open AccessEditorial
Beyond Body Image: Youth, Embodiment, and Inequalities
by
Julia Coffey
Youth 2024, 4(3), 1187-1193; https://doi.org/10.3390/youth4030074 - 6 Aug 2024
Abstract
Young people must navigate intense socio-cultural pressures related to their self-presentation and appearance [...]
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Body Image: Youth, Gender and Health)
Open AccessArticle
Community-Based Alternatives to Secure Care for Seriously At-Risk Children and Young People: Learning from Scotland, The Netherlands, Canada and Hawaii
by
Kate Crowe
Youth 2024, 4(3), 1168-1186; https://doi.org/10.3390/youth4030073 - 1 Aug 2024
Abstract
This article identifies community-based alternatives to secure care being utilised in The Netherlands, Canada, Hawaii and Scotland. These countries offer ways to not only reduce or eliminate the need to deprive children and young people of their liberty in secure care but also
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This article identifies community-based alternatives to secure care being utilised in The Netherlands, Canada, Hawaii and Scotland. These countries offer ways to not only reduce or eliminate the need to deprive children and young people of their liberty in secure care but also reduce rates of child removal and alternative care placements. Secure care is the containment of children and young people, often subject to child protection interventions and residing in residential care, in a locked facility when they pose a significant risk of harm to the community and themselves. An admission to secure care exposes children to restrictive practices, such as seclusion, use of force and restraint. Jurisdictions have an ethical imperative, and often legislative obligation, to ensure there are less intrusive community-based supports available, which could be utilised instead of a secure care admission where possible. However, there is little research on what alternatives effectively divert secure care admissions. Hawaii, Canada, The Netherlands and Scotland demonstrate how countries can reduce the number of vulnerable children deprived of their liberty and exposed to restrictive practices by enhancing research linkages, responding to the voice of lived experience, and positioning secure care and alternatives within system-wide reform.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Residential Care of Children and Young People)
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Open AccessArticle
Differences in Sitting Time by Club Sports Participation among Austrian Youth
by
Klaus Greier, Clemens Drenowatz, Gerhard Ruedl, Elisabeth Ostermann, Elisabeth Haas and Carla Greier
Youth 2024, 4(3), 1158-1167; https://doi.org/10.3390/youth4030072 - 1 Aug 2024
Abstract
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Despite the well-documented detrimental health effects of prolonged engagement in sedentary behaviors, children and adolescents spent a large amount of time with seated activities. The present study examined the association between participation in club sports and various sedentary behaviors during weekdays and the
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Despite the well-documented detrimental health effects of prolonged engagement in sedentary behaviors, children and adolescents spent a large amount of time with seated activities. The present study examined the association between participation in club sports and various sedentary behaviors during weekdays and the weekend in youth between 11 and 17 years of age. A total of 1225 (50.1% male) adolescents completed a validated questionnaire that examined sitting time in activities related to work as well as during leisure time such as screen use, reading, and listening to music in addition to sleep time. Participants spent an average of 12.7 ± 1.7 and 9.9 ± 2.0 h/day during weekdays and the weekend, respectively, in seated behaviors while they were awake. Club sports participants reported less time spent sitting (p < 0.01), which was mainly attributed to recreational activities (e.g., screen use, reading, listening to music). Sleep time during weekdays, on the other hand, was higher in club sports participants. Sex-specific results further showed that differences by club sports participation were more pronounced in girls compared to boys. Despite the potential beneficial effects of club sports participation, additional efforts are needed to reduce sitting time in adolescents as either group spent the majority of their time awake with sedentary behaviors.
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<p>Differences in sitting time by sports participation among boys and girls during weekdays (□) and weekend days (<span class="html-fig-inline" id="youth-04-00072-i001"><img alt="Youth 04 00072 i001" src="/youth/youth-04-00072/article_deploy/html/images/youth-04-00072-i001.png"/></span>). Values are mean differences (positive values indicate higher sitting time in non-club sports participants) adjusted for age with 95% CI.</p> Full article ">
<p>Differences in sitting time by sports participation among boys and girls during weekdays (□) and weekend days (<span class="html-fig-inline" id="youth-04-00072-i001"><img alt="Youth 04 00072 i001" src="/youth/youth-04-00072/article_deploy/html/images/youth-04-00072-i001.png"/></span>). Values are mean differences (positive values indicate higher sitting time in non-club sports participants) adjusted for age with 95% CI.</p> Full article ">
Open AccessArticle
Comparison of External Load across Multi-Day Tournaments in Female Youth Volleyball Athletes
by
Emani Foster and Jennifer A. Bunn
Youth 2024, 4(3), 1152-1157; https://doi.org/10.3390/youth4030071 - 26 Jul 2024
Abstract
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Several youth volleyball tournaments are played across multiple consecutive days with athletes averaging 3–4 matches/day. This study evaluated the differences in workload of female youth volleyball athletes across days and by position during multi-day tournaments. Athletes (n = 22, 16.4 ± 0.4
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Several youth volleyball tournaments are played across multiple consecutive days with athletes averaging 3–4 matches/day. This study evaluated the differences in workload of female youth volleyball athletes across days and by position during multi-day tournaments. Athletes (n = 22, 16.4 ± 0.4 years) wore an accelerometer during 12 two- and three-day tournaments. Workload was measured via kinetic energy (KE, J/lb), total jumps (TJ), high jumps (HJ, >51 cm), average jump height (cm), and percentage of high stress movements (%) via VERT accelerometers. Data were analyzed across days and by position as an average per day and analyzed via repeated measures analyses of variance. Across days, workload averages ranged 484.8–558.0 J/lb for KE, 27.3–31.2 TJ/match, 37.5–37.9 cm/jump, 5.2–6.5 HJ/match, and 20.1–20.7% high stress movements/match, with no difference (p = 0.300). Setters (49.2 ± 24.3 jumps) jumped more than liberos (13.0 ± 6.8 TJ, p = 0.005), and middles (45.8 ± 4.1 cm) jumped higher than all other positions (setters: 28.8 ± 3.6 cm, outside hitters: 41.3 ± 4.2 cm, and liberos: 27.0 ± 4.1 cm, p = 0.000–0.044). Athletes appeared to perform and recover sufficiently between days of play such that their external load was not affected. The level of competition tends to become more evenly matched as the tournament progresses, thus there may have been less physical demand early in the tournaments due to unequal competition levels compared to the final day of the tournament.
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<p>Means and standard deviations for (<b>A</b>) total jumps, (<b>B</b>) average jump height, (<b>C</b>) kinetic energy, (<b>D</b>) stress percent (%), and (<b>E</b>) high jumps. * indicates a difference between SET and DS/L, † indicates a difference from MB and all other positions, ‡ indicates a difference between OH and SET and DS/L, and ‣ indicates that MB and OH were different from SET; all <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05. Note: SET = setters, OH = outside hitters, MB = middle blockers, and DS/L = defensive specialists/liberos.</p> Full article ">
<p>Means and standard deviations for (<b>A</b>) total jumps, (<b>B</b>) average jump height, (<b>C</b>) kinetic energy, (<b>D</b>) stress percent (%), and (<b>E</b>) high jumps. * indicates a difference between SET and DS/L, † indicates a difference from MB and all other positions, ‡ indicates a difference between OH and SET and DS/L, and ‣ indicates that MB and OH were different from SET; all <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05. Note: SET = setters, OH = outside hitters, MB = middle blockers, and DS/L = defensive specialists/liberos.</p> Full article ">
Open AccessArticle
Characteristics of Youth and Young Adults at Risk of Homelessness in the U.S.
by
Melissa A. Kull, Susan Frankel and Samantha Gills
Youth 2024, 4(3), 1134-1151; https://doi.org/10.3390/youth4030070 - 26 Jul 2024
Abstract
In this study, we identified differences in characteristics and circumstances, main presenting problems, and types of referrals received among young people who were in crisis, at imminent risk of homelessness, or currently homeless. This study draws on data from 11,566 young people who
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In this study, we identified differences in characteristics and circumstances, main presenting problems, and types of referrals received among young people who were in crisis, at imminent risk of homelessness, or currently homeless. This study draws on data from 11,566 young people who contacted the National Runaway Safeline (NRS) through the National Communication System (NCS), a federal program for young people at risk or experiencing homelessness in the U.S. and those who care for them. Frontline staff collect information directly from young people during crisis intervention engagement through the NRS. We used multinomial logistic regression analyses to predict membership in each of the homelessness risk categories and logistic regression analyses to predict the type of service referrals young people received. Results revealed that young people’s circumstances and presenting problems were associated with homelessness risk category membership, which in turn was linked with the types of service referrals young people received. This study illuminates valuable opportunities for targeting prevention opportunities to the specific needs of young people with varying levels of homelessness risk.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Youth Homelessness Prevention)
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A Rapid Evidence Assessment of European Identity among Children, Adolescents and Young Adults
by
Isabelle Nic Craith and Laura K. Taylor
Youth 2024, 4(3), 1112-1133; https://doi.org/10.3390/youth4030069 - 25 Jul 2024
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European identity among youth remains under-studied despite having the potential to promote inclusive benefits. Through a rapid evidence assessment (REA), this paper addresses two aims. First, it synthesises definitions of European identity among children, adolescents and young adults through thematic analysis, and summarises
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European identity among youth remains under-studied despite having the potential to promote inclusive benefits. Through a rapid evidence assessment (REA), this paper addresses two aims. First, it synthesises definitions of European identity among children, adolescents and young adults through thematic analysis, and summarises measurements. Second, it summarises the constructs associated with European identity among youth, providing a broad overview of existing research. Based on thematic analysis, European identity is operationally defined as a complex identity with which youth may choose to identify, uniting people based on a diverse range of factors but acknowledging the diversity of national roots and, in turn, affording benefits due to the sense of belonging it provides. School-based interventions and curricula, knowledge about Europe and the EU, political trust, benefits of the EU, and cross-border experiences, along with enhanced intergroup attitudes and civic engagement, are associated with stronger European identification. Avenues for future research are identified, including the need for a developmentally appropriate measure of European identity, the investigation of its relationship with other constructs, and exploring the potential of curricular interventions to promote the inclusive aspects of European identity on a national scale, particularly among younger pupils.
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Open AccessArticle
Using an Intersectional Lens to Explore Civic Behavior, Discrimination, and Well-Being among Emerging Adult Black Women
by
Jasmine B. Johnson, H. Shellae Versey, Natasha L. Burke and Lindsay Till Hoyt
Youth 2024, 4(3), 1095-1111; https://doi.org/10.3390/youth4030068 - 24 Jul 2024
Abstract
Throughout history, Black women have taken their unique lived experiences to make changes through civic behaviors. At the same time, they hold a complex position in society, located at the intersection of multiple marginalizing identities that put them at risk of experiencing distinct
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Throughout history, Black women have taken their unique lived experiences to make changes through civic behaviors. At the same time, they hold a complex position in society, located at the intersection of multiple marginalizing identities that put them at risk of experiencing distinct forms of discrimination. To date, little research has examined the patterns of Black women’s civic behaviors and associations with discrimination experiences and well-being. This may be particularly salient during emerging adulthood, a key period of sociopolitical development and increasing mental health problems. The current study seeks to address this gap, drawing from theories of intersectionality and sociopolitical development. Participants included 103 emerging adult Black women (Mage = 24.27, SD = 2.76) with a range of civic experiences. Overall, anti-racist action was the most prevalent domain of civic behavior. Participants were about twice as likely to engage in traditional political behaviors (e.g., signing petitions, giving money) than political protest. Latent class analysis was used to identify three unique subgroups of civic behaviors: Stably Committed, Traditionally Engaged, or Low Engagement. Findings also showed that emerging adult Black women classified as Stably Committed experienced more discrimination and higher depressive symptoms. The current findings inform the creation of safe spaces for emerging adult Black women to be civically engaged as they navigate racism and sexism and take action to seek racial justice.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Youth Sociopolitical Action: Costs, Benefits, and Supporting Sustainable Sociopolitical Practices)
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Open AccessArticle
The Care Trajectories and Nature of Care Received by Children Aged 5–11 Who Are in Need of Therapeutic Residential Care
by
Catherine Nixon
Youth 2024, 4(3), 1076-1094; https://doi.org/10.3390/youth4030067 - 24 Jul 2024
Abstract
A total of 10% of children looked after in residential care in Scotland are aged 5–11. Although there has been a significant amount of information published about the care trajectories of adolescents in residential care, there is limited information about the experiences of
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A total of 10% of children looked after in residential care in Scotland are aged 5–11. Although there has been a significant amount of information published about the care trajectories of adolescents in residential care, there is limited information about the experiences of younger children. In this paper, we explore the care trajectories and nature of care received by 5–11-year-olds identified as being in need of residential care. Our results show that younger children who enter residential care have significant trauma histories and experience significant levels of emotional and behavioural dysregulation that foster carers find challenging to manage, resulting in recurrent placement breakdowns. Residential care, particularly small-group-sized care that adopts social pedagogical and psychotherapeutic approaches, was considered beneficial for addressing the psychosocial and emotional needs of younger children. Despite these findings, there were concerns about the long-term use of residential care for younger children. Our results highlight that there is a need to improve access to paediatric mental health services for children in family-based placements. There is also a need to invest in better training and support for foster carers looking after children in severe distress. Community-based outreach services and in-home respite services provided by residential care teams are one way this could be achieved. Finally, in order to promote earlier and more timeous use of residential care, there is a need to shift societal views around residential care being a placement of last resort to rather being a place of recovery and healing that should sometimes be used as a placement of first resort.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Residential Care of Children and Young People)
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