Veterinary Sciences

21 pages, 3127 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genomic Sequence of Streptococcus salivarius MDI13 and Latilactobacillus sakei MEI5: Two Promising Probiotic Strains Isolated from European Hakes (Merluccius merluccius, L.)

by Lara Díaz-Formoso, Diogo Contente, Javier Feito, Pablo E. Hernández, Juan Borrero, Estefanía Muñoz-Atienza and Luis M. Cintas

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(8), 365; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11080365 (registering DOI) - 10 Aug 2024

Abstract

Frequently, diseases in aquaculture have been fought indiscriminately with the use of antibiotics, which has led to the development and dissemination of (multiple) antibiotic resistances in bacteria. Consequently, it is necessary to look for alternative and complementary approaches to chemotheraphy that are safe [...] Read more.

Frequently, diseases in aquaculture have been fought indiscriminately with the use of antibiotics, which has led to the development and dissemination of (multiple) antibiotic resistances in bacteria. Consequently, it is necessary to look for alternative and complementary approaches to chemotheraphy that are safe for humans, animals, and the environment, such as the use of probiotics in fish farming. The objective of this work was the Whole-Genome Sequencing (WGS) and bioinformatic and functional analyses of S. salivarius MDI13 and L. sakei MEI5, two LAB strains isolated from the gut of commercial European hakes (M. merluccius, L.) caught in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean. The WGS and bioinformatic and functional analyses confirmed the lack of transferable antibiotic resistance genes, the lack of virulence and pathogenicity issues, and their potentially probiotic characteristics. Specifically, genes involved in adhesion and aggregation, vitamin biosynthesis, and amino acid metabolism were detected in both strains. In addition, genes related to lactic acid production, active metabolism, and/or adaptation to stress and adverse conditions in the host gastrointestinal tract were detected in L. sakei MEI5. Moreover, a gene cluster encoding three bacteriocins (SlvV, BlpK, and BlpE) was identified in the genome of S. salivarius MDI13. The in vitro-synthesized bacteriocin BlpK showed antimicrobial activity against the ichthyopathogens Lc. garvieae and S. parauberis. Altogether, our results suggest that S. salivarius MDI13 and L. sakei MEI5 have a strong potential as probiotics to prevent fish diseases in aquaculture as an appropriate alternative/complementary strategy to the use of antibiotics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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Genome mapping of S. salivarius MDI13 (A) and L. sakei MEI5 (B), generated using the Proksee webserver. ORFs (Open Reading Frames) and CG skew + and − are indicated in dark blue, green, and violet, respectively. CRISPR arrays and cas cluster systems are shown in orange and light pink, respectively. Full article ">Figure 2
Genome-based phylogenetic tree of S. salivarius MDI13 (A) and L. sakei MEI5 (B) created by the TYGS webserver. Blue crosses indicate the probiotic candidates evaluated in this study and red dots point out the species type strains. Full article ">Figure 3
Functional gene subsystems identified in the genome of S. salivarius MDI13 (A) and L. sakei MEI5 (B), obtained using the RAST program. Full article ">Figure 4
(A) Gene cluster encoding the bacteriocins SlvV, BlpK, and BlpE in the genome of S. salivarius MDI13 using BAGEL v.4.0. ORFs are indicated by arrows and their putative functions are indicated. (B) Sequence alignment of the amino acid sequence of bacteriocins (SlvV, BlpK, and BlpE) detected in the genome of S. salivarius MDI13, with the amino acid sequence of bacteriocins previously described in this species [<a href="#B59-vetsci-11-00365" class="html-bibr">59</a>]. The leader sequences with the double glycine are shown in bold. A single fully conserved residue is designated by an asterisk (*), conserved groups of residues with robustly similar properties are illustrated with a colon (:), and groups of residues that are feebly similar are shown by a period (.). Full article ">Figure 5
Antimicrobial activity of the in vitro-synthesized bacteriocins SlvV (1), BlpK (2), and BlpE (3) against the ictyophathogens Lc. garvieae CF00021 (A) and S. parauberis LMG22252 (B) by using a SOAT. Full article ">

16 pages, 1686 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Synbiotic Administration on Gut Microbiome and Fecal Bile Acids in Dogs with Chronic Hepatobiliary Disease: A Randomized Case–Control Study

by Verena Habermaass, Corrado Biolatti, Francesco Bartoli, Eleonora Gori, Natascia Bruni, Daniela Olivero and Veronica Marchetti

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(8), 364; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11080364 (registering DOI) - 10 Aug 2024

Abstract

Alteration in the gut microbiome in human patients with chronic liver disease is a well-known pathophysiological mechanism. Therefore, it represents both a diagnostic and therapeutical target. Intestinal dysbiosis has also been identified in dogs with chronic liver disease, but clinical trials evaluating the [...] Read more.

Alteration in the gut microbiome in human patients with chronic liver disease is a well-known pathophysiological mechanism. Therefore, it represents both a diagnostic and therapeutical target. Intestinal dysbiosis has also been identified in dogs with chronic liver disease, but clinical trials evaluating the effectiveness of synbiotic administration are lacking. Thirty-two dogs with chronic hepatobiliary disease were equally randomized into two groups: one treated with a synbiotic complex for 4–6 weeks (TG) and one untreated control group (CG). All dogs underwent clinical evaluation, complete anamnesis, bloodwork, abdominal ultrasound, fecal bile acids, and gut microbiome evaluation at T0–T1 (after 4–6 weeks). Treated dogs showed a significant reduction in ALT activity (p = 0.007) and clinical resolution of gastrointestinal signs (p = 0.026) compared to control dogs. The synbiotic treatment resulted in a lower increase in Enterobacteriaceae and Lachnospiraceae compared to the control group but did not affect the overall richness and number of bacterial species. No significant changes in fecal bile acids profile were detected with synbiotic administration. Further studies are needed to better evaluate the effectiveness of synbiotic administration in these patients and the metabolic pathways involved in determining the clinical and biochemical improvement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Small Animal Gastrointestinal Diseases: Challenges and Advances)

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17 pages, 1140 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tumor Grade and Mitotic Count Are Prognostic for Dogs with Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumors Treated with Surgery and Adjuvant or Neoadjuvant Vinblastine Chemotherapy

by Kristina Anderson, MacKenzie Pellin, Elizabeth Snyder and Dawn Clarke

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(8), 363; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11080363 (registering DOI) - 10 Aug 2024

Abstract

Objective: Canine cutaneous mast cell tumors (cMCTs) have variable rates of recurrence and metastasis. We evaluated how various prognostic factors affect survival, recurrence, and metastasis in dogs with cMCT who underwent surgery and vinblastine chemotherapy. Animals: 90 dogs with cMCT treated with surgery [...] Read more.

Objective: Canine cutaneous mast cell tumors (cMCTs) have variable rates of recurrence and metastasis. We evaluated how various prognostic factors affect survival, recurrence, and metastasis in dogs with cMCT who underwent surgery and vinblastine chemotherapy. Animals: 90 dogs with cMCT treated with surgery and vinblastine at a veterinary referral institution were included. Methods: Medical records were retrospectively reviewed. Prognostic factors were evaluated. Results: Most dogs (94%) had grade 2 or 3 cMCTs. Neoadjuvant vinblastine was used in 18 dogs, and none progressed locally before surgery. The use of neoadjuvant vinblastine was associated with a higher chance of local recurrence (p = 0.03) but not survival. Shorter survival times were found for tumors that were high-grade (p < 0.001), grade 3 (p < 0.001), or a MC of >5 (p < 0.001). Dogs with grade 2 tumors that were low-grade lived longer than those with high-grade tumors (p < 0.001). Histologic tumor-free margins and the ability to achieve local tumor control were not associated with outcome. Clinical Relevance: Both grading systems and MC were prognostic for survival in this population of dogs, supporting the need for the standard reporting of histopathologic findings. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy can be effective in downsizing cMCTs but does not influence survival. These findings are consistent with previous publications, showing the benefits of a more modern population of patients, surgical treatments, and histopathologic assessments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Round Cell Tumors of Animals)

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19 pages, 1292 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review on Canine and Human Soft Tissue Sarcomas: New Insights on Prognosis Factors and Treatment Measures

by Filippo Dell’Anno, Roberta Giugliano, Valeria Listorti and Elisabetta Razzuoli

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(8), 362; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11080362 (registering DOI) - 10 Aug 2024

Abstract

Soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) represent a diverse group of tumors arising from mesenchymal cells, affecting both humans and animals, including dogs. Although STSs represent a class of rare tumors, especially in humans, they pose significant clinical challenges due to their potential for local [...] Read more.

Soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) represent a diverse group of tumors arising from mesenchymal cells, affecting both humans and animals, including dogs. Although STSs represent a class of rare tumors, especially in humans, they pose significant clinical challenges due to their potential for local recurrence and distant metastasis. Dogs, as a model for human STSs, offer several advantages, including exposure to similar environmental risk factors, genetic diversity among breeds, and the spontaneous development of tumors. Furthermore, canine tumors closely mimic the heterogeneity and complexity of human tumors, making them valuable for research into disease progression and treatment effectiveness. Current treatment approaches for STSs in both dogs and humans primarily involve surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, with treatment decisions based on tumor characteristics and patient factors. However, the development of novel therapeutic strategies is essential, given the high failure rate of new drugs in clinical trials. To better design new tailored treatments, comprehension of the tumor microenvironment (TME) is fundamental, since it plays a crucial role in STS initiation and progression by modulating tumor behavior, promoting angiogenesis, and suppressing immune responses. Notably, TME features include cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), extracellular matrix (ECM) alterations, and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) that, depending on their polarization state, can affect immune responses and thus the patient’s prognosis. In this review, new therapeutical approaches based on immunotherapy will be deeply explored as potential treatment options for both dogs and humans with STSs. In conclusion, this review provides an overview of the current understanding of STSs in dogs and humans, emphasizing the importance of the TME and potential treatment strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Focus on Tumours in Pet Animals)

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13 pages, 1998 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hypoxia-Mediated Long Non-Coding RNA Fragment Identified in Canine Oral Melanoma through Transcriptome Analysis

by Yasunori Hino, Mohammad Arif, Md Mahfuzur Rahman, Al Asmaul Husna, MD Nazmul Hasan and Naoki Miura

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(8), 361; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11080361 - 9 Aug 2024

Abstract

Hypoxia contributes to tumor progression and metastasis, and hypoxically dysregulated RNA molecules may, thus, be implicated in poor outcomes. Canine oral melanoma (COM) has a particularly poor prognosis, and some hypoxia-mediated miRNAs are known to exist in this cancer; however, equivalent data on [...] Read more.

Hypoxia contributes to tumor progression and metastasis, and hypoxically dysregulated RNA molecules may, thus, be implicated in poor outcomes. Canine oral melanoma (COM) has a particularly poor prognosis, and some hypoxia-mediated miRNAs are known to exist in this cancer; however, equivalent data on other hypoxically dysregulated non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are lacking. Accordingly, we aimed to elucidate non-miRNA ncRNAs that may be mediated by hypoxia, targeting primary-site and metastatic COM cell lines and clinical COM tissue samples in next-generation sequencing (NGS), with subsequent qPCR validation and quantification in COM primary and metastatic cells and plasma and extracellular vesicles (EVs) for any identified ncRNA of interest. The findings suggest that a number of non-miRNA ncRNA species are hypoxically up- or downregulated in COM. We identified one ncRNA, the long ncRNA fragment ENSCAFT00000084705.1, as a molecule of interest due to its consistent downregulation in COM tissues, hypoxically and normoxically cultured primary and metastatic cell lines, when compared to the oral tissues from healthy dogs. However, this molecule was undetectable in plasma and plasma EVs, suggesting that its expression may be tumor tissue-specific, and it has little potential as a biomarker. Here, we provide evidence of hypoxic transcriptional dysregulation for ncRNAs other than miRNA in COM for the first time and suggest that ncRNA ENSCAFT00000084705.1 is a molecule of interest for future research on the role of the transcriptome in the hypoxia-mediated progression of this aggressive cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Approaches for Canine Melanoma)

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11 pages, 911 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Analgesic Efficacy of Lumbosacral Epidural Morphine in Cats Undergoing Ovariohysterectomy: A Comparative Study of Two Doses

by Ludimilla C. T. Martins, Jéssica B. Guimarães, Henrique T. Ferraz, Flávia Augusta de Oliveira, Leidiane de S. Gomes, Clóvis Júnior C. Chafes, Thalita de C. C. Santos, Kaline Ogliari, Reiner S. de Moraes, Diego Ribeiro, Dirceu Guilherme de Souza Ramos, Thiago André S. de S. Rocha and Doughlas Regalin

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(8), 360; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11080360 - 9 Aug 2024

Abstract

Opioids are administered epidurally (PV) to provide trans- and postoperative analgesia. Twenty healthy female cats aged between 6 and 24 months and weighing between 2 and 3.7 kg, undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy (OVH), were induced with propofol (8 mg/kg), followed by continuous infusion (0.1–0.4 [...] Read more.

Opioids are administered epidurally (PV) to provide trans- and postoperative analgesia. Twenty healthy female cats aged between 6 and 24 months and weighing between 2 and 3.7 kg, undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy (OVH), were induced with propofol (8 mg/kg), followed by continuous infusion (0.1–0.4 mg/kg/min). Three groups were defined: CG (0.1 mL/kg of iodinated contrast, n = 6), G0.1 (0.1 mg/kg of morphine, n = 7), and G0.2 (0.2 mg/kg of morphine, n = 7) per VP. All received 0.1 mL/kg of iodinated contrast per VP and injection water to obtain a total of 0.3 mL/kg. Heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), temperature, expired CO₂, oxygen saturation, and number of rescue analgesics were monitored. Postoperatively, a multidimensional scale was used to assess acute pain in cats for 12 h. The mean HR and SBP in the CG were higher at the time of maximum noxious stimulation and required fentanyl in all groups. Postoperatively, 83%, 28%, and 7% of the animals in CG, G0.1, and G0.2, respectively, received rescue analgesia. In cats undergoing OVH, epidural morphine at doses of 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg did not prevent the need for intraoperative rescue analgesia but reduced the postoperative analgesic needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Physiology, Pharmacology, and Toxicology)

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10 pages, 598 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sheep Displayed No Clinical and Parasitological Signs upon Experimental Infection with Babesia aktasi

by Mehmet Can Ulucesme, Sezayi Ozubek and Munir Aktas

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(8), 359; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11080359 - 8 Aug 2024

Abstract

Our survey in the Mediterranean region of Türkiye revealed high prevalence of Babesia aktasi in goats, while no molecular evidence of the parasite was found in sheep grazing in the same pasture. We hypothesized that the parasite may not be infectious to sheep. [...] Read more.

Our survey in the Mediterranean region of Türkiye revealed high prevalence of Babesia aktasi in goats, while no molecular evidence of the parasite was found in sheep grazing in the same pasture. We hypothesized that the parasite may not be infectious to sheep. To test this hypothesis, the present study was designed to evaluate the susceptibility of Akkaraman sheep breed to B. aktasi infection. Fifteen mL of fresh blood infected with B. aktasi was injected into immune-suppressed lambs (n = 5). The recipient lambs were monitored daily for clinical signs of babesiosis over 30 days, and blood was collected for microscopic and molecular diagnostic evaluation. The lambs did not display clinical and parasitological signs of babesiosis. Two out of five recipient lambs were nested PCR-negative for B. aktasi over 30 days post infection. Out of the remaining three lambs, two were PCR positive on the first day, and one recipient was positive until the fourth day post infection. DNA sequencing confirmed that the PCR positivity in the recipient lambs originated from the inoculum. These findings revealed that immune-suppressed sheep do not appear to be susceptible to infection with B. aktasi that is lethal to immune-suppressed indigenous goats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens)

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12 pages, 1586 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Zoonotic Enteric Nematodes and Dermatophytes in Cat Cafés: An Investigation in the Bangkok Metropolitan Area, Thailand

by Phakjira Sanguansook, Siwaporn Tuangpermsub, Boonyakorn Leelakarnsakul, Sutida Phaisansomsuk, Vachira Hunprasit, Laura Del Río, Waree Niyomtham, Nuvee Prapasarakul and Woraporn Sukhumavasi

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(8), 358; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11080358 - 7 Aug 2024

Abstract

Cat cafés have gained significant popularity worldwide, offering a unique interface between humans and cats. The present study aims to assess the prevalence of potentially zoonotic endoparasites and dermatophytes from cats living in cat cafés situated in the Bangkok metropolitan area in 2017–2018. [...] Read more.

Cat cafés have gained significant popularity worldwide, offering a unique interface between humans and cats. The present study aims to assess the prevalence of potentially zoonotic endoparasites and dermatophytes from cats living in cat cafés situated in the Bangkok metropolitan area in 2017–2018. Cat fecal samples were subjected to microscopic examination employing centrifugal flotation and centrifugal sedimentation techniques. The hair samples from every cat were cultured on a dermatophyte test medium and Sabouraud dextrose agar and subsequently confirmed by visualization of the typical colony and macroconidia morphology. Findings from 11 cat cafés indicated an 18.2% (2/11) prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites, including Toxocara spp., Ancylostoma spp., Physaloptera spp., and Eucoleus aerophilus. Dermatophytes were prevalent in 16.2% (32/198) of the total number of cats tested, with Microsporum canis being the sole species identified. Notably, the presence of dermatophyte was significantly correlated with the presence of skin lesions and the cats’ origin. In summary, the findings of this study have provided evidence of potentially zoonotic endoparasites and dermatophytes in cats residing in cat cafés. Therefore, it is imperative to heighten awareness and encourage preventive measures among cat café owners and customers to halt the dissemination of these pathogens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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15 pages, 1979 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pathogen Detection in Early Phases of Experimental Bovine Tuberculosis

by Mitchell V. Palmer, Carly Kanipe, Soyoun Hwang, Tyler C. Thacker, Kimberly A. Lehman, Nicholas A. Ledesma, Kristophor K. Gustafson and Paola M. Boggiatto

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(8), 357; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11080357 - 7 Aug 2024

Abstract

Bovine tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium bovis, a member of the M. tuberculosis complex of mycobacterial species that cause tuberculosis in humans and animals. Diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis has relied on examinations of cell-mediated immune responses to M. bovis proteins using tuberculin [...] Read more.

Bovine tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium bovis, a member of the M. tuberculosis complex of mycobacterial species that cause tuberculosis in humans and animals. Diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis has relied on examinations of cell-mediated immune responses to M. bovis proteins using tuberculin skin testing and/or interferon gamma release assays. Even when using these methods, disease detection during the earliest phases of infection has been difficult, allowing a window for cattle-to-cattle transmission to occur within a herd. Alternative means of diagnosis could include methods to detect M. bovis or M. bovis DNA in bodily fluids such as nasal secretions, saliva, or blood. During the first 8 weeks after experimental aerosol infection of 18 calves, M. bovis DNA was detected in nasal swabs from a small number of calves 5, 6, and 8 weeks after infection and in samples of saliva at 1, 7, and 8 weeks after infection. However, at no time could culturable M. bovis be recovered from nasal swabs or saliva. M. bovis DNA was not found in blood samples collected weekly and examined by real-time PCR. Interferon gamma release assays demonstrated successful infection of all calves, while examination of humoral responses using a commercial ELISA identified a low number of infected animals at weeks 4–8 after infection. Examination of disease severity through gross lesion scoring did not correlate with shedding in nasal secretions or saliva, and calves with positive antibody ELISA results did not have more severe disease than other calves. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spotlight on Tuberculosis and Mycoplasmosis in Cattle)

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Interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) results from 3 replicates (A–C) of 6 cattle each experimentally infected with aerosolized M. bovis and sampled prior to infection (week 0) and weekly thereafter for 8 weeks. Results are presented as mean (PPD-B−PPD-A; ΔOD) @ 450 nm ± SEM. The cut-off for positive results is ΔOD ≥ 0.1 (dotted line). * = p ≤ 0.05, ** = p ≤ 0.001, *** = p ≤ 0001, and **** = p ≤ 00001. Full article ">Figure 1 Cont.
Interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) results from 3 replicates (A–C) of 6 cattle each experimentally infected with aerosolized M. bovis and sampled prior to infection (week 0) and weekly thereafter for 8 weeks. Results are presented as mean (PPD-B−PPD-A; ΔOD) @ 450 nm ± SEM. The cut-off for positive results is ΔOD ≥ 0.1 (dotted line). * = p ≤ 0.05, ** = p ≤ 0.001, *** = p ≤ 0001, and **** = p ≤ 00001. Full article ">Figure 2
IDEXX ELISA results from 3 replicates (A–C) of 6 cattle each experimentally infected with aerosolized M. bovis and sampled prior to infection (week 0) and weekly thereafter for 8 weeks. The results are presented as an S/P ratio ± SEM. A sample was considered positive if the S/P ratio was ≥0.30 (dotted line). Full article ">Figure 2 Cont.
IDEXX ELISA results from 3 replicates (A–C) of 6 cattle each experimentally infected with aerosolized M. bovis and sampled prior to infection (week 0) and weekly thereafter for 8 weeks. The results are presented as an S/P ratio ± SEM. A sample was considered positive if the S/P ratio was ≥0.30 (dotted line). Full article ">Figure 3
Lung lesion severity scores from steers experimentally inoculated with virulent M. bovis via aerosol at dosages of 9.7 × 103 CFU (Replicate 1), 1.82 × 104 CFU (Replicate 2), and 8.5 × 103 CFU (Replicate 3). Details of scoring system are found in text. Full article ">Figure 4
Bacterial burden (CFU/gm) ± SD of M. bovis in caudal mediastinal lymph nodes of steers experimentally inoculated with virulent M. bovis via aerosol at dosages of 9.7 × 103 CFU (Replicate 1), 1.82 × 104 CFU (Replicate 2), and 8.5 × 103 CFU (Replicate 3). Replicate 1 was euthanized and examined 268 to 281 days after infection. Replicate 2 was euthanized and examined 329 to 336 days after infection, while Replicate 3 was euthanized and examined 250 to 252 days after infection. Full article ">

16 pages, 2462 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Licorice Extract Supplementation Benefits Growth Performance, Blood Biochemistry and Hormones, Immune Antioxidant Status, Hindgut Fecal Microbial Community, and Metabolism in Beef Cattle

by Sunzhen Liang, Jinzhu Meng, Zining Tang, Xinxin Xie, Miaomiao Tian, Xiaowan Ma, Xiao Yang, Dingfu Xiao and Shuilian Wang

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(8), 356; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11080356 - 6 Aug 2024

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of licorice extract (LE) on growth performance, nutrient apparent digestibility, serum index (biochemistry, hormones, humoral immunity, and antioxidant function), hindgut fecal microbiota, and metabolism in beef cattle. In total, 12 male yellow cattle aged 12 months [...] Read more.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of licorice extract (LE) on growth performance, nutrient apparent digestibility, serum index (biochemistry, hormones, humoral immunity, and antioxidant function), hindgut fecal microbiota, and metabolism in beef cattle. In total, 12 male yellow cattle aged 12 months were divided into two groups (6 cattle per group): the basal diet (CK group) and the basal diet supplemented with 2 g/kg LE (CHM group). The entire experimental phase lasted for 120 days, including a 30-day pre-feeding period. Compared to the CK group, the average daily gain, crude fiber, calcium, and crude protein nutrient digestibility were greater on d 30 than d 60 (p < 0.05) and the feed meat ratio was lower for LE addition (p < 0.01). In terms of serum indexes, the insulin and nitric oxide contents were enhanced on d 30, the alkaline phosphatase level was improved on d 60, and the levels of albumin, immunoglobulin A, and catalase were increased on d 90 (p < 0.05). In contrast, the cholesterol content was lower on d 60 for LE addition compared with the CK group (p < 0.05). The higher enrichment of [Eubacterium]-oxidoreducens-group, p-2534-18b5-gut-group, and Ileibacterium were observed in the CHM group (p < 0.05), while the relative abundances of Gallibacterium and Breznakia in the CHM group were lower compared with the CK group (p < 0.05). In addition, the differential metabolites related to healthy growth in the CHM group were increased compared with the CK group. And there was a close correlation between hindgut microbiota and metabolic differentials. In general, LE has a promoting effect on the growth performance and health status of beef cattle over a period (30 to 60 days). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Nutrition on Ruminants Production Performance and Health)

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OUT Venn diagram of fecal microbes in the hindgut. Each circle in the figure represents a group. The numbers without overlapping areas represent the unique OTUs of each group. The CK and the CHM, respectively, represent the control group and the experimental group. Full article ">Figure 2
Microbial sequences of beef cattle fecal samples were subjected to PCoA analysis for Beta diversity analysis. On the 2D coordinate, Axis 1 and Axis 2 accounted for 18.4% and 12.3% of the interpretation of the results, respectively. The CK and the CHM, respectively, represent the control group and the experimental group. Full article ">Figure 3
Differences in the fecal bacterial taxa in beef cattle between the CK and the CHM. (a) Phyla level taxa. (b) Genus level taxa. The CK and the CHM, respectively, represent the control group and the experimental group. Full article ">Figure 4
Least squares discriminant analysis (PLS−DA) score plot of fecal metabolic differences between the experimental group and the control group cattle. Hindgut fecal metabolites were separated and clustered in different regions. The CK and the CHM, respectively, represent the control group and the experimental group. Full article ">Figure 5
Importance map of PLS−DA metabolites in the fecal metabolome of beef cattle. The threshold was set to vip > 1 and p < 0.05, obtaining 39 different metabolites. VIP = variable importance in the projection. Full article ">Figure 6
Numerical heat map for the correlation analysis of differential metabolites and fecal genus−level differential flora. Red means positive correlation and blue means the opposite. The darker the color, the more relevant it is. * means significant correlation and ** means highly significant correlation. Full article ">

8 pages, 6052 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Total Laparoscopic Colopexy for the Treatment of Recurrent Rectal Prolapses in Three Cats

by Marta Guadalupi, Claudia Piemontese, Marzia Stabile, Rosanna Dizonno, Francesco Staffieri and Luca Lacitignola

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(8), 355; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11080355 - 6 Aug 2024

Abstract

The use of minimally invasive methods has grown in popularity due to decreased postoperative morbidity and a quicker recovery. Colopexy is a surgical method that includes the permanent adhesion of the colonic seromuscular layer to the abdominal wall to avoid rectal prolapses in [...] Read more.

The use of minimally invasive methods has grown in popularity due to decreased postoperative morbidity and a quicker recovery. Colopexy is a surgical method that includes the permanent adhesion of the colonic seromuscular layer to the abdominal wall to avoid rectal prolapses in cats and dogs with viable prolapsed tissues. In this case series, we describe the treatment of three cats with total laparoscopic colopexy (TLC) for recurrent rectal prolapses. A non-incisional colopexy was created by suturing the colon to the abdominal wall with a barbed suture. There were no intraoperative complications and a 6-month follow-up revealed no prolapse recurrence. Our study demonstrates that TLC approaches are feasible, safe, and free of problems when used to treat recurrent rectal prolapses in cats, although a larger caseload is required to validate the results obtained from our reported cases. Full article

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18 pages, 2048 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Flipping Veterinary Biochemistry, Anatomy, and Physiology: Students’ Engagement and Perception

by Christelle de Brito and José Terrado

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(8), 354; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11080354 - 5 Aug 2024

Abstract

Flipped classroom (FC) is a teaching method where traditional learning roles are inverted. Students are provided with material in advance and are expected to study the content prior to in-class sessions. These sessions are subsequently utilized to clarify doubts and examine in greater [...] Read more.

Flipped classroom (FC) is a teaching method where traditional learning roles are inverted. Students are provided with material in advance and are expected to study the content prior to in-class sessions. These sessions are subsequently utilized to clarify doubts and examine in greater depth the previously acquired knowledge. Despite the widespread nature of its approach in health education, its application in basic veterinary subjects remains poorly described. This study explores the implementation of the FC approach in veterinary physiology, biochemistry, anatomy, and embryology. Pre-class material was mainly provided in video format, and class sessions facilitated quizzes and interactive activities aimed to reinforce understanding. The findings indicate a high level of student involvement and effective class preparation, as evidenced by over 84% of students participating in FC in-class sessions and generally achieving satisfactory scores on quizzes. A survey conducted at the end of the first semester shows that a high proportion of students positively valued pre-class material (>90%), quizzes (82%), and the FC approach (66%). However, by the end of the second semester, traditional lectures were preferred by more students than FC (45% and 25%, respectively), while 30% of the students mentioned having no preference between the two methods. Analysis of open-ended responses underscored positive facets of the FC approach, including self-organization, enhanced understanding, and availability of pre-class material. However, it also emphasized challenges associated with FC, such as the significant time and effort required. In conclusion, this study suggests that the FC approach can be well received in integrated basic veterinary subjects if it does not imply an excessive student workload, underscoring the potential benefits of a blended teaching approach that combines elements of both traditional and FC methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Education, Veterinary Communication and Animal Behavior)

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Distribution of the scores assigned by the students to the first video (a) and the second video (b) provided in physiology. The results are expressed as percentages, which are calculated by dividing the number of students who were assigned a score lower than 8 or equal to 8, 9, and 10 by the total number of students who viewed the corresponding video (63 for the first video and 62 for the second video). Full article ">Figure 2
Percentage of students who completed the quiz on pre-material content for each SF1 in-class FC session. The results are shown in chronological order. A linear trend curve is shown in the dotted blue line. The calculation of its slope resulted in a value of −2. Full article ">Figure 3
Means and standard deviations for the scores of the six quizzes in SF1, with the highest possible score being 10. Full article ">Figure 4
Percentage of students who completed the quiz for each SF2 in-class FC session. The results are shown in chronological order. A linear tendance curve is shown in the dotted blue line. The calculation of its slope resulted in a value of −0.8. Full article ">Figure 5
Means and standard deviations for the scores of the eight quizzes in SF2, with the highest possible score being 10. Full article ">Figure 6
Results of the survey assessing student perception of FC. The survey was carried out at the end of the first semester, at the end of the SF1 subject. Results are shown as percentages. Full article ">Figure 7
Distribution of students’ preferences regarding the teaching method. TL: Traditional Lectures; FC: Flipped Classroom; NP: No Preference. Full article ">

25 pages, 1213 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Advances in Oral Vaccines for Animals

by Kaining Zhong, Xinting Chen, Junhao Zhang, Xiaoyu Jiang, Junhui Zhang, Minyi Huang, Shuilian Bi, Chunmei Ju and Yongwen Luo

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(8), 353; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11080353 - 5 Aug 2024

Abstract

Compared to traditional injected vaccines, oral vaccines offer significant advantages for the immunization of livestock and wildlife due to their ease of use, high compliance, improved safety, and potential to stimulate mucosal immune responses and induce systemic immunity against pathogens. This review provides [...] Read more.

Compared to traditional injected vaccines, oral vaccines offer significant advantages for the immunization of livestock and wildlife due to their ease of use, high compliance, improved safety, and potential to stimulate mucosal immune responses and induce systemic immunity against pathogens. This review provides an overview of the delivery methods for oral vaccines, and the factors that influence their immunogenicity. We also highlight the global progress and achievements in the development and use of oral vaccines for animals, shedding light on potential future applications in this field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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18 pages, 6218 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Post-Chemotherapy Canine Lymphomatous Lymph Node Observations on B-Mode and Strain Elastographic Ultrasound

by Somchin Sutthigran, Phasamon Saisawart, Suphat Soeratanapant, Patharakrit Teewasutrakul, Sirintra Sirivisoot, Chutimon Thanaboonnipat, Anudep Rungsipipat and Nan Choisunirachon

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(8), 352; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11080352 - 4 Aug 2024

Abstract

Canine multicentric lymphoma (CML) is a prevalent hematopoietic neoplasm that initially responds well to treatment but often relapses due to chemotherapy resistance. Evaluation of treatment response is essential for effective management. Ultrasound (US) can differentiate between benign and lymphomatous lymph nodes (LLNs). However, [...] Read more.

Canine multicentric lymphoma (CML) is a prevalent hematopoietic neoplasm that initially responds well to treatment but often relapses due to chemotherapy resistance. Evaluation of treatment response is essential for effective management. Ultrasound (US) can differentiate between benign and lymphomatous lymph nodes (LLNs). However, its utility in monitoring LLNs post chemotherapy is limited. This study aimed to compare US parameters of LLNs during the first 3 weeks post treatment and evaluate their diagnostic performance compared with the conventional method for assessing treatment response. This study included 95 LLNs from 15 dogs with CML and 60 normal lymph nodes (NLNs) from 15 healthy dogs. US, including B-mode and elastography, was performed pre-treatment and weekly for 3 weeks post treatment, and compared with the results of NLNs. LLNs were categorized into partial response and stable disease groups using the conventional method. US scores were established by combining B-mode and elastography parameters. The results showed significantly higher values of LLNs in the short-to-long axis ratio, elastographic scales, and blue-to-green color histogram compared with NLNs. Additionally, LLNs at pre-treatment had significantly higher values than LLNs post treatment. US scores significantly differed among the healthy, partial response, and stable disease groups. In conclusion, B-mode US, elastography, and US scores demonstrated changes during chemotherapy consistent with the conventional method and can be used in conjunction with the conventional method to evaluate the treatment response of CML. Full article

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17 pages, 2125 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Dietary Composite Probiotic Supplementation on the Microbiota of Different Oral Sites in Cats

by Mingrui Zhang, Yingyue Cui, Xiaoying Mei, Longxian Li, Haotian Wang, Yingying Li and Yi Wu

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(8), 351; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11080351 - 4 Aug 2024

Abstract

Probiotics demonstrated effectiveness in modulating oral microbiota and improving oral health in humans and rodents. However, its effects and applications on the oral microbiota of cats remain underexplored. Twelve healthy cats were randomly assigned to a control group (CON) and a composite probiotic [...] Read more.

Probiotics demonstrated effectiveness in modulating oral microbiota and improving oral health in humans and rodents. However, its effects and applications on the oral microbiota of cats remain underexplored. Twelve healthy cats were randomly assigned to a control group (CON) and a composite probiotic group (CPG) for a 42-day trial. The CPG diet included additional supplementation of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN019, Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM, and Lactobacillus casei LC-11, each at approximately 1 × 10¹⁰ CFU/kg. On days 0 and 42, microbial samples were collected from the gingiva, tooth surfaces, and tongue of all cats for 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria were the dominant phyla across all oral sites. The CPG treatment enriched seven genera, such as Moraxella, Actinomyces, and Frederiksenia in the gingiva. Meanwhile, Bergeyella and Streptococcus were enriched on the tooth surfaces, while Bergeyella, Flavobacterium, and Luteimonas were enriched on the tongue. Furthermore, the composite probiotic effectively suppressed eight genera, such as Bacteroides, Desulfovibrio, and Filifactor in the gingiva of CPG cats, as well as Helcococcus, Lentimicrobium, and Campylobacter on tooth surfaces, and Porphyromonas, Treponema, and Fusibacter on the tongue. These findings suggest that the composite probiotic used in this study modulates the feline oral microbiota by supporting beneficial or commensal bacteria and inhibiting oral pathogens, demonstrating potential to improve oral health in cats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Research on Companion Animal Nutrition)

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Differences in α- and β-diversity of oral microbiota in cats at baseline. (A–F) Ace index, Chao index, Faith’s phylogenetic diversity, Simpson index, Shannon index, and Sobs index at the OTU level. (G–I) Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) based on weighted UniFrac distance at the OTU level of cat gum, tooth surface, and tongue microbiota. CON, cats fed with a basal diet; and CPG, cats received the basal diet with a post-sprayed composite probiotic formulation. Values are mean ± SEM (n = 6). Full article ">Figure 2
Differences in α- and β-diversity of oral microbiota in different parts of cats on day 42. (A–F) Ace index, Chao index, Faith’s phylogenetic diversity, Simpson index, Shannon index, and Sobs index at the OTU level. (G–I) Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) based on weighted UniFrac distance at the OTU level of cat gum, tooth surface, and tongue microbiota. CON, cats fed with a basal diet; and CPG, cats received the basal diet with a post-sprayed composite probiotic formulation. Values are mean ± SEM (n = 6). Full article ">Figure 3
Effects of different treatments on the composition of gingival microbiota in cats on day 42. (A,B) Community barplot analysis on the phylum and family levels. (C) Community heatmap analysis on the genus level. (D,E) Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) analysis on the family and genus levels. CON, cats fed with a basal diet; and CPG, cats received the basal diet with a post-sprayed composite probiotic formulation. Full article ">Figure 4
Effects of different treatments on the composition of tooth surface microbiota in cats on day 42. (A,B) Community barplot analysis on the phylum and family levels. (C) Community heatmap analysis on the genus level. (D,E) Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) analysis on the family and genus levels. CON, cats fed with a basal diet; and CPG, cats received the basal diet with a post-sprayed composite probiotic formulation. Full article ">Figure 5
Effects of different treatments on the composition of tongue microbiota in cats on day 42. (A,B) Community barplot analysis on the phylum and family levels. (C) Community heatmap analysis on the genus level. (D,E) Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) analysis on the family and genus levels. CON, cats fed with a basal diet; and CPG, cats received the basal diet with a post-sprayed composite probiotic formulation. Full article ">

8 pages, 839 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Variation in Interleukin-4, -6, and -10 in Mastitis Milk: Associations with Infections, Pathogens, Somatic Cell Counts, and Oxidative Stress

by Wasana Chaisri, Montira Intanon, Duanghathai Saipinta, Anyaphat Srithanasuwan, Noppason Pangprasit, Weerin Jaraja, Areerat Chuasakhonwilai and Witaya Suriyasathaporn

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(8), 350; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11080350 - 2 Aug 2024

Abstract

Poor mastitis control favors intramammary infection (IMI), which always involves CNS. This study aimed to determine the relationships of IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10 in mastitis milk with concurrent infection, bacterial pathogens, SCC, and MDA, an oxidative stress marker. All mastitis quarters from five [...] Read more.

Poor mastitis control favors intramammary infection (IMI), which always involves CNS. This study aimed to determine the relationships of IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10 in mastitis milk with concurrent infection, bacterial pathogens, SCC, and MDA, an oxidative stress marker. All mastitis quarters from five smallholder dairy farms were sampled aseptically before morning milking and again before afternoon milking for bacteriological identification using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The samples with the concomitant infection between streptococci and CNS and their pairs of another sample from the quarters were selected. In addition, samples were randomly chosen to have a controlled single infection. IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10 were measured with ELISA kits. MDA was measured using HPLC, while SCC was measured using Fossomatic™ FC. The results from a repeated measure analysis showed that IL-4 positively correlated with SCC, while IL-6 showed a negative trend. IL-4 levels were highest in CNS infections and significantly higher than in non-infected or mixed infections (p < 0.05). The IL-6 level of the mixed bacteria was highest and showed a different trend from non-infection, and the quarter was infected with streptococcal bacteria. In conclusion, from a single infection, the streptococci and CNS quarter showed varied immune responses, including trendily higher IL-6 and IL-4. Full article

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18 pages, 2191 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microbiota in Mild Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) Can Be Modulated by Beta-Glucans and Mannanoligosaccharides: A Randomized, Double-Blinded Study in Dogs

by Andressa Rodrigues Amaral, Mariana Fragoso Rentas, Thais Caroline Taveira Rosa, Thais Araújo Esteves Pereira, Pedro Henrique Marchi, Fabio Alves Teixeira, Fernando de Oliveira Roberti Filho, Thaila Cristina Putarov, Bruno Cogliati, Thiago Henrique Annibale Vendramini, Júlio Cesar de Carvalho Balieiro and Marcio Antonio Brunetto

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(8), 349; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11080349 - 1 Aug 2024

Abstract

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in dogs is the most common chronic gastrointestinal disease in dogs. Its etiology evolves an aberrant immunological response towards food antigens and indigenous bacteria in the gut bacteria and, consequently, dysbiosis. Prebiotics provide substrates for the growth of beneficial [...] Read more.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in dogs is the most common chronic gastrointestinal disease in dogs. Its etiology evolves an aberrant immunological response towards food antigens and indigenous bacteria in the gut bacteria and, consequently, dysbiosis. Prebiotics provide substrates for the growth of beneficial bacteria and promote the production of beneficial fermentation products. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of oral supplementations of beta-glucans and mannanoligosaccharides (MOSs) over 60 days in fecal microbiota and fecal concentrations of fermentation products in dogs with mild IBD. Eighteen dogs with mild IBD were divided into three experimental groups in a blinded and randomized manner: A—dogs received 0.1% of a beta-glucan-based prebiotic, B—dogs received 0.1% of a MOS + beta-glucan-based prebiotic, and C—dogs received 0.1% of a placebo. Fecal microbiota was analyzed using the latest generation 16S rRNA sequencing (Illumina^®). Relative abundances of each taxon were analyzed using a generalized linear model, and fermentation products using a mixed model. A significance level of p was used. The prebiotics positively modulated the bacterial population of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. Treatment A improved alpha diversity and populations of beneficial bacteria. Beta-glucan supplementation for 60 days had beneficial effects on modulating intestinal microbiota in dogs with mild IBD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract, Liver and Pancreas in Dogs and Cats)

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14 pages, 4086 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Isolation of the Initial Bovine Alphaherpesvirus 1 Isolate from Yanbian, China

by Jingrui Hao, Jingfeng Fu, Kai Yu, Xu Gao, Keyan Zang, Haoyuan Ma, Haowen Xue, Yanhao Song, Kunru Zhu, Meng Yang and Yaning Zhang

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(8), 348; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11080348 - 1 Aug 2024

Abstract

Bovine infectious rhinotracheitis (IBR), caused by bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoAHV1), poses significant challenges to the global cattle industry due to its high contagiousness and economic impact. In our study, we successfully isolated a BoAHV1 strain from suspected infected bovine nasal mucus samples in [...] Read more.

Bovine infectious rhinotracheitis (IBR), caused by bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoAHV1), poses significant challenges to the global cattle industry due to its high contagiousness and economic impact. In our study, we successfully isolated a BoAHV1 strain from suspected infected bovine nasal mucus samples in Yanji city, revealing genetic similarities with strains from Sichuan, Egypt, and the USA, while strains from Xinjiang, Beijing, Hebei, and Inner Mongolia showed more distant associations, indicating potential cross-border transmission. Additionally, our investigation of BoAHV1 infection dynamics within host cells revealed early upregulation of gB, which is critical for sustained infection, while the expression of gC and gD showed variations compared to previous studies. These findings enhance our understanding of BoAHV1 diversity and infection kinetics, underscoring the importance of international collaboration for effective surveillance and control strategies. Furthermore, they lay the groundwork for the development of targeted therapeutics and vaccines to mitigate the impact of IBR on the cattle industry. Full article

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PCR detection results for pending samples. Lane M, DL 2000 Marker; lane 1, negative control; lane 2, positive sample. Full article ">Figure 2
BoAHV1-YBYJ isolation from Yanbian yellow cattle. MDBK cells were infected by the 5th passage of the virus samples. CPE could be visualized 40 h post-infection (100× magnification). (a) Cells infected with the 5th passage of the virus sample. (b) Mock infection control. (c) BoAHV1-YBYJ virus growth curve. Full article ">Figure 2 Cont.
BoAHV1-YBYJ isolation from Yanbian yellow cattle. MDBK cells were infected by the 5th passage of the virus samples. CPE could be visualized 40 h post-infection (100× magnification). (a) Cells infected with the 5th passage of the virus sample. (b) Mock infection control. (c) BoAHV1-YBYJ virus growth curve. Full article ">Figure 3
TEM was used to observe the viral morphology of BoAHV1 (30,000× magnification). Viral particles are highlighted with red arrows. Full article ">Figure 4
MDBK cells infected with the BoAHV1-YBYJ strain were detected using IFA. Inoculation group: distinct green fluorescence (100× magnification). (a) Cells infected with the BoAHV1-YBYJ strain; (b) mock infection control. Full article ">Figure 5
A phylogenetic tree based on the partial gB sequences of BoAHV1 was constructed via the neighbor-joining method. Amino acid sequences were analyzed using MegAlign software 7.1.0 (44) with a bootstrap test of 1000 replicates. The red font represents the currently isolated BoAHV1 strain (YBYJ). Full article ">Figure 6
The expression patterns of BoAHV1-associated glycoprotein genes in MDBK cells over time compared with those in the mock group. (a) Relative gB mRNA expression; (b) relative gC mRNA expression; (c) relative gD mRNA expression; (d) relative gE mRNA expression; (e) relative gH mRNA expression; (f) relative gK mRNA expression; (g) relative gL mRNA expression. **** p < 0.0001, *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05. Full article ">Figure 6 Cont.
The expression patterns of BoAHV1-associated glycoprotein genes in MDBK cells over time compared with those in the mock group. (a) Relative gB mRNA expression; (b) relative gC mRNA expression; (c) relative gD mRNA expression; (d) relative gE mRNA expression; (e) relative gH mRNA expression; (f) relative gK mRNA expression; (g) relative gL mRNA expression. **** p < 0.0001, *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05. Full article ">

14 pages, 1924 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptomic Signatures of the Foetal Liver and Late Prenatal Development in Vitrified Rabbit Embryos

by José Salvador Vicente, Jesús Valdés-Hernández and Francisco Marco-Jiménez

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(8), 347; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11080347 - 1 Aug 2024

Abstract

Assisted reproduction technologies (ARTs) are generally considered safe; however, emerging evidence highlights the need to evaluate potential risks in adulthood to improve safety further. ART procedures like rederivation of embryos by vitrification differ from natural conditions, causing significant disparities between in vitro and [...] Read more.

Assisted reproduction technologies (ARTs) are generally considered safe; however, emerging evidence highlights the need to evaluate potential risks in adulthood to improve safety further. ART procedures like rederivation of embryos by vitrification differ from natural conditions, causing significant disparities between in vitro and in vivo embryos, affecting foetal physiology and postnatal life. This study aims to investigate whether hepatic transcriptome and metabolome changes observed postnatally are already present in foetal livers at the end of gestation. This study compared fresh and vitrified rabbit embryos, finding differences between foetuses obtained by the transfer of fresh and vitrified embryos at 24 days of gestation. Rederived embryos had reduced foetal and liver weights and crown-rump length. However, the offspring of vitrified embryos tended to be born with higher weight, showing compensatory growth in the final week of gestation (59.2 vs. 49.8 g). RNA-Seq analysis revealed 43 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the foetal liver of vitrified embryos compared to the fresh group. Notably, downregulated genes included BRAT1, CYP4A7, CYP2B4, RPL23, RPL22L1, PPILAL1, A1BG, IFGGC1, LRRC57, DIPP2, UGT2B14, IRGM1, NUTF2, MPST, and PPP1R1B, while upregulated genes included ACOT8, ERICH3, UBXN2A, METTL9, ALDH3A2, DERPC-like, NR5A2-like, AP-1, COG8, INHBE, and PLA2G4C. Overall, a functional annotation of these DEGs indicated an involvement in lipid metabolism and the stress and inflammatory process or immune response. Thus, our results suggest that vitrification and embryo transfer manipulation induce an adaptive response that can be observed in the liver during the last week of gestation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Improvement and Reproductive Biotechnologies)

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