<p>The growth of <span class="html-italic">S. mutans</span> inhibitory effect of AREO. The degree of inhibitory activity was observed in the presence of AREO at concentrations of 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, and 0.04 mg/mL. In addition, 0.1% NaF was used as a positive control. Significance was determined at * <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05 compared to the control group.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Effect of AREO on the levels of <span class="html-italic">S. mutans</span> (CFU). <span class="html-italic">S. mutans</span> was inoculated into BHI broth with various concentrations of AREO and incubated for 24 h. The amounts of <span class="html-italic">S. mutans</span> that adhered to S-HA beads that were treated with various concentrations of AREO are shown. When treated with 0.01–0.04 mg/mL of AREO, adherence was significantly repressed. Each value is expressed as the mean ± SD. Significance was determined at * <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05 compared to the control group.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Real-time PCR analysis of multiple genes encoding biofilm formation-associated virulence factors. After culturing <span class="html-italic">S. mutans</span> with various concentrations of the AREO component, real-time PCR analysis was performed. Each value is expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Significance was determined at * <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05 compared to the control group.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Inhibitory effect of AREO on biofilm formation in <span class="html-italic">S. mutans</span>. Safranin staining of <span class="html-italic">S. mutans</span> biofilms after treatment with AREO. (<b>A</b>) Control, (<b>B</b>) 0.01 mg/mL, (<b>C</b>) 0.02 mg/mL, (<b>D</b>) 0.03 mg/mL, (<b>E</b>) 0.04 mg/mL, and (<b>F</b>) positive control (0.1% NaF). Significance was determined at * <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05 compared to the control group.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Inhibitory effect of AREO on <span class="html-italic">S. mutans</span> biofilm formation on the surface of a resin-based tooth. (<b>A</b>) Control, (<b>B</b>) 0.01 mg/mL, (<b>C</b>) 0.02 mg/mL, (<b>D</b>) 0.03 mg/mL, (<b>E</b>) 0.04 mg/mL, and (<b>F</b>) positive control (0.1% NaF). Bar = 3.5 mm.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>SEM of <span class="html-italic">S. mutans</span> biofilms grown in AREO. Biofilm formation was decreased in the presence of AREO at concentrations greater than 0.04 mg/mL. (<b>A</b>) Control, (<b>B</b>) 0.01 mg/mL, (<b>C</b>) 0.02 mg/mL, (<b>D</b>) 0.03 mg/mL, (<b>E</b>) 0.04 mg/mL, and (<b>F</b>) positive control (0.1% NaF). Bar = 50 μm.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Real-time PCR analysis of multiple genes encoding biofilm formation-associated virulence factors. Relative quantity of <span class="html-italic">gtfB</span> (<b>A</b>), <span class="html-italic">gtfC</span> (<b>B</b>), <span class="html-italic">gtfD</span> (<b>C</b>) and <span class="html-italic">VicR</span> (<b>D</b>). After culturing <span class="html-italic">S. mutans</span> with various concentrations of AREO, real-time PCR analysis was performed. Each value is expressed as the mean ± SD. Significance was determined at * <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05 compared to the control group.</p> Full article ">Figure 7 Cont.
<p>Real-time PCR analysis of multiple genes encoding biofilm formation-associated virulence factors. Relative quantity of <span class="html-italic">gtfB</span> (<b>A</b>), <span class="html-italic">gtfC</span> (<b>B</b>), <span class="html-italic">gtfD</span> (<b>C</b>) and <span class="html-italic">VicR</span> (<b>D</b>). After culturing <span class="html-italic">S. mutans</span> with various concentrations of AREO, real-time PCR analysis was performed. Each value is expressed as the mean ± SD. Significance was determined at * <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05 compared to the control group.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Real-time PCR analysis of multiple genes encoding acid tolerance-related virulence factors. Relative quantity of <span class="html-italic">brpA</span> (<b>A</b>) and <span class="html-italic">relA</span> (<b>B</b>). After culturing <span class="html-italic">S. mutans</span> with various concentrations of AREO, real-time PCR analysis was performed. Each value is expressed as the mean ± SD. Significance was determined at * <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05 compared to the control group.</p> Full article ">