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Minerals
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Genesis and Evolution of Pb-Zn-Ag Polymetallic Deposits: 2nd Edition
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Genesis and Evolution of Pb-Zn-Ag Polymetallic Deposits: 2nd Edition

A special issue of Minerals (ISSN 2075-163X). This special issue belongs to the section "Mineral Deposits".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 17 January 2025 | Viewed by 1998

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Yitian Wang

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Guest Editor
MNR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
Interests: hydrothermal ore deposits; structural control of mineralization; deposit appraisal; regional metallogeny
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Changqing Zhang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
MNR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
Interests: Pb–Zn mineralization; metallogenesis; precipitation mechanism; enrichment of scattered elements
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The genetic types of Pb–Zn–Ag polymetallic deposits are diverse and complex, such as Sedex, VMS, MVT, skarn, hydrothermal veins, nonsulfide, polygenetic, etc., and usually associated with many valuable elements, such as Cu, Mo, Sb, Cd, Ga, Ge, In, Se, and Tl, etc. This Special Issue focuses on the in-depth study and new cognition of Pb–Zn–Ag polymetallic mineralization from different perspectives, including but not limited to source and evolution of ore-forming fluids, source and precipitation mechanism of metals, element occurrence in sulfide, remobilization of ore-forming elements, superimposed mineralization, metallogenic age, structural control of mineralization, tectonic setting, etc. Further, in the last twelve years or so, the extensive applications of high-precision in situ analytical techniques have helped to obtain more precise and accurate data, aiding us in developing a more in-depth understanding of the process and mechanism of metal mineralization. this Special Issue thus welcomes research on the application of novel technology to Pb–Zn–Ag polymetallic deposits. In addition, comprehensive reviews or summaries on Pb–Zn–Ag polymetallic deposits are also welcome.

Prof. Dr. Yitian Wang
Prof. Dr. Changqing Zhang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Minerals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • ore mineralogy
  • mineral geochemistry
  • geochronology
  • S–Pb–Zn–Cu isotopes
  • fluid evolution
  • element occurrence in sulfide
  • metal precipitation mechanism
  • element remobilization
  • ore-controlling structure
  • tectonic setting

Related Special Issue

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 84655 KiB  
Article
Petrogenesis and Tectonic Implications of the Granite Porphyry in the Sinongduo Ag-Pb-Zn Deposit, Central Tibet: Constraints from Geochronology, Geochemistry, and Sr-Nd Isotopes
by Peng Zhang, Zhuang Li, Feng Zhao and Xinkai Liu
Minerals 2024, 14(7), 710; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14070710 - 12 Jul 2024
Viewed by 461
Abstract
The Paleocene ore deposits related to the India–Asia continental collision are widely distributed in the Gangdese metallogenic belt. Among these, Sinongduo is the first discovered epithermal Ag-Pb-Zn deposit in the Lhasa terrane. However, there is still controversy over the ore-forming magma in this [...] Read more.
The Paleocene ore deposits related to the India–Asia continental collision are widely distributed in the Gangdese metallogenic belt. Among these, Sinongduo is the first discovered epithermal Ag-Pb-Zn deposit in the Lhasa terrane. However, there is still controversy over the ore-forming magma in this deposit. This study mainly reports new zircon U-Pb isotopic ages, whole-rock geochemistry, and Sr-Nd isotopic data for the granite porphyry from the Sinongduo deposit, aiming to discuss the petrogenesis and tectonic setting of the granite porphyry and its genetic link between the Ag-Pb-Zn mineralization. The results show that zircon U-Pb analyses yield ages of 62.9 ± 0.5 Ma and 59.0 ± 0.7 Ma for the granite porphyry, indicating that it formed during the Paleocene period. The timing of the granite porphyry intrusion is contemporaneous with the mineralization, suggesting that it is most likely the ore-forming magma in the Sinongduo deposit. The granite porphyry has high SiO2 and K2O, moderate Al2O3, and low Na2O, CaO, and FeOT contents, and it displays significant enrichments in LREEs and LILEs and depletions in HREEs and HFSEs, with negative Eu anomaly. The granite porphyry is a peraluminous series and can be classified as S-type granite. Moreover, the granite porphyry shows relatively high ratios of (87Sr/86Sr)i and low values of εNd(t). The geochemical and isotopic compositions of the granite porphyry from the Sinongduo area are similar to those of the upper continental crust, which suggests that the granite porphyry was most likely derived from the melting of the upper continental crust in the Lhasa terrane during the India–Asia collisional tectonic setting. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genesis and Evolution of Pb-Zn-Ag Polymetallic Deposits: 2nd Edition)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>(<b>a</b>) Simplified map showing the location of the Himalayan–Tibetan orogeny; (<b>b</b>) tectonic framework of the Lhasa terrane (modified after [<a href="#B7-minerals-14-00710" class="html-bibr">7</a>]); (<b>c</b>) diagram showing the distribution of the magmatic rocks and the associated deposits in the Lhasa terrane (modified after [<a href="#B52-minerals-14-00710" class="html-bibr">52</a>]).</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>The simplified geological map (<b>a</b>) and lithostratigraphy of borehole BZK1502 (<b>b</b>) of the Sinongduo deposit (modified after [<a href="#B20-minerals-14-00710" class="html-bibr">20</a>]).</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>The hand specimen photographs and photomicrographs showing the main ore structure and textures in the mineral assemblages from the Sinongduo deposit. (<b>a</b>) The rhyolite porphyry and crystal tuff with sphalerite, galena, and pyrite sulfide minerals; (<b>b</b>) the rhyolite porphyry cut by the sphalerite–galena vein; (<b>c</b>) the chalcopyrite in the sphalerite; (<b>d</b>) the euhedral pyrite in the quartz; (<b>e</b>) the galena and sphalerite; (<b>f</b>) the pearceite and argentite; (<b>g</b>) the hematite and pearceite developed in the pyrite; (<b>h</b>) the acanthite in the jasper; (<b>i</b>) the pyrargyrite developed in pyrite fractures. Abbreviations: Sp, sphalerite; Gn, galena; Py, pyrite; Ccp, chalcopyrite; Arn, argentite; Pea, pearceite; Hem, hematite; Aca, acanthite; Pyr, pyrargyrite; III, illite; Jas, jasper; Ser, sericite; Chl, chlorite; Q, quartz.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>(<b>a</b>) The field relationship of rocks, (<b>b</b>) hand specimen photograph, and (<b>c</b>–<b>e</b>) cross-polarized photomicrographs of the granite porphyry in the Sinongduo deposit. Abbreviations: Kfs—potassium feldspar; Q—quartz; Ser—sericite; Bt—biotite.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Representative cathodoluminescence images of zircon grains for the (<b>a</b>) SND-G1 and (<b>b</b>) 1502-98 granite porphyry samples from the Sinongduo deposit. The yellow circles are 32 μm in diameter and show the location of the U-Pb analytical sites.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb concordia and weighted mean age diagrams of samples (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) SND-G1 and (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) 1502-98 for the Sinongduo granite porphyry.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Geochemical diagrams for the granite porphyry from the Sinongduo deposit. (<b>a</b>) SiO<sub>2</sub> versus Na<sub>2</sub>O + K<sub>2</sub>O diagram after [<a href="#B69-minerals-14-00710" class="html-bibr">69</a>]; (<b>b</b>) A/NK versus A/CNK diagram after [<a href="#B70-minerals-14-00710" class="html-bibr">70</a>]. Data for the Sinongduo volcanic rocks are from [<a href="#B71-minerals-14-00710" class="html-bibr">71</a>]; data for the Paleocene granites are from [<a href="#B72-minerals-14-00710" class="html-bibr">72</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>(<b>a</b>) The chondrite-normalized REE patterns and (<b>b</b>) primitive mantle normalized trace element patterns for the Sinongduo granite porphyry. Data for the chondrite and primitive mantle normalization are from [<a href="#B73-minerals-14-00710" class="html-bibr">73</a>], data for the Indian Ocean sediments, UCC, and LCC are from [<a href="#B74-minerals-14-00710" class="html-bibr">74</a>], Sinongduo volcanic rock data are from [<a href="#B71-minerals-14-00710" class="html-bibr">71</a>], and Paleocene granite data are from [<a href="#B72-minerals-14-00710" class="html-bibr">72</a>]. Abbreviations: UCC, upper continental crust; LCC, lower continental crust.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>The Sr-Nd isotopic compositions for the granite porphyry from the Sinongduo deposit. Data for the Indian Ocean MORB, UCC, and LCC are from [<a href="#B75-minerals-14-00710" class="html-bibr">75</a>,<a href="#B76-minerals-14-00710" class="html-bibr">76</a>,<a href="#B77-minerals-14-00710" class="html-bibr">77</a>]. Data for global subducting sediment (GLOSS) are from [<a href="#B78-minerals-14-00710" class="html-bibr">78</a>]. Data for the Sinongduo volcanic rocks are from [<a href="#B71-minerals-14-00710" class="html-bibr">71</a>]; data for the Paleocene granites are from [<a href="#B72-minerals-14-00710" class="html-bibr">72</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-(Na<sub>2</sub>O + K<sub>2</sub>O) versus CaO versus FeO<sup>T</sup> + MgO diagram (after [<a href="#B81-minerals-14-00710" class="html-bibr">81</a>]). Data for the Paleocene I-type volcanic rocks are from [<a href="#B32-minerals-14-00710" class="html-bibr">32</a>,<a href="#B33-minerals-14-00710" class="html-bibr">33</a>]; other data from the literature are from [<a href="#B10-minerals-14-00710" class="html-bibr">10</a>,<a href="#B71-minerals-14-00710" class="html-bibr">71</a>,<a href="#B72-minerals-14-00710" class="html-bibr">72</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 11
<p>(<b>a</b>) SiO<sub>2</sub> versus ε<sub>Nd</sub>(<span class="html-italic">t</span>), (<b>b</b>) SiO<sub>2</sub> versus (<sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr)<sub>i</sub>, (<b>c</b>) Nb/Ta versus Zr, and (<b>d</b>) Nb/Ta versus Nb diagrams (after [<a href="#B88-minerals-14-00710" class="html-bibr">88</a>]. Data for the BCC are from [<a href="#B74-minerals-14-00710" class="html-bibr">74</a>]; other data sources are the same as that in the <a href="#minerals-14-00710-f009" class="html-fig">Figure 9</a>. Abbreviations: UCC, upper continental crust; LCC, lower continental crust; BCC, basin continental crust.</p> Full article ">
22 pages, 19658 KiB  
Article
Geological and Geochemical Characteristics and Genesis of the Laoyingqing Zinc Deposit in Northeastern Yunnan
by Jinhang Lu, Hongsheng Gong, Peng Wu and Changqing Zhang
Minerals 2024, 14(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14010006 - 19 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1188
Abstract
The Laoyingqing zinc deposit is located in the Pb-Zn deposit concentration district in northeastern Yunnan, with a geotectonic location on the southwestern edge of the Yangtze block. This deposit occurs in the interlayer fracture zone of the Huangcaoling Formation slate in the Middle [...] Read more.
The Laoyingqing zinc deposit is located in the Pb-Zn deposit concentration district in northeastern Yunnan, with a geotectonic location on the southwestern edge of the Yangtze block. This deposit occurs in the interlayer fracture zone of the Huangcaoling Formation slate in the Middle Proterozoic Kunyang Group. In this deposit, zinc is significantly enriched compared to lead, and the sulfur isotopic composition of sphalerite shows δ34SCDT close to negative values. These characteristics are different from the common Pb-Zn deposits that occur in Sinian and Carboniferous carbonate rocks in northeastern Yunnan. The genesis of this deposit and its similarities to and differences from other Pb-Zn deposits hosted in carbonate rocks in the Sichuan–Yunnan–Guizhou Pb-Zn metallogenic triangle area (SYGT) need further research. This article selects typical rock (ore) samples for fluid inclusion, trace element, and H–O isotope analyses. The results show that (1) the homogenization temperature of the fluid inclusions is 130~306.5 °C, the salinity is 7.17 wt%~20.67 wt% NaCleq, and the density of the ore-forming fluids is 0.86–1.07 g/cm3. Overall, these ore-forming fluids belong to medium–low-temperature, medium–low-salinity, and medium–low-density ore-forming fluids, and they have reducibility. The fluid pressure is 36.3~85.6 Mpa, and the mineralization depth is 1.34~3.17 km. (2) The ore-forming fluids mainly came from deep-source metamorphic water and basin brine containing organic matter. (3) The ore-forming materials mainly came from the surrounding rocks (Kunyang Group). (4) The trace element characteristics of this deposit are different from sedimentary-exhalative type, magmatic hydrothermal type, and skarn type of Pb-Zn deposits, and have little difference from MVT Pb-Zn deposits. Based on the comprehensive analysis, this deposit is classified as a medium–low-temperature hydrothermal vein-type zinc deposit unrelated to magmatic activity. This study extends the ore-bearing surrounding rocks of Pb-Zn deposits in the SYGT to the slate of the Kunyang Group, enriching the regional Pb-Zn deposit mineralization theory and providing new ideas for mineralization prediction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genesis and Evolution of Pb-Zn-Ag Polymetallic Deposits: 2nd Edition)
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Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Structural sketch of Southwest China (<b>a</b>) and distribution map of main faults and mineral deposits in the SYGT (<b>b</b>). Base map data were obtained from [<a href="#B9-minerals-14-00006" class="html-bibr">9</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Geological map of the Laoyingqing zinc deposit (<b>a</b>); geological sketch of the deposit (<b>b</b>); and geological profile of Exploration Line 12 in Laoyingqing Ore Block and geological profile of Exploration Line 104 in Laolongtian Ore Block (<b>c</b>) [<a href="#B7-minerals-14-00006" class="html-bibr">7</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Mineral generation sequence of Laoyingqing zinc deposit.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Typical ore texture and structure photos of Laoyingqing zinc deposit: (<b>a</b>) brecciated ore; (<b>b</b>) block ore; (<b>c</b>) pyrite and sphalerite are metasomatized by quartz; (<b>d</b>) veined ore body; (<b>e</b>) veined ore body; and (<b>f</b>) sphalerite is metasomatized by quartz. Gn: galena; Py: pyrite; Sp: sphalerite; Qz: quartz; Dol: dolomite; Cal: calcite.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Microscopic image of fluid inclusions in the Laoyingqing zinc deposit: (<b>a</b>) smaller fluid inclusions in sphalerite; (<b>b</b>) smaller fluid inclusions in quartz; (<b>c</b>–<b>i</b>) gas–liquid two-phase fluid inclusions in quartz; and (<b>j</b>–<b>l</b>) gas–liquid two-phase fluid inclusions in sphalerite.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Histogram of homogenization temperature and salinity of fluid inclusions in Laoyingqing zinc deposit.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Laser Raman spectroscopy of fluid inclusions.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Scatter plots of trace elements in different types of sphalerite: Huize [<a href="#B20-minerals-14-00006" class="html-bibr">20</a>,<a href="#B37-minerals-14-00006" class="html-bibr">37</a>]; Le Hong [<a href="#B20-minerals-14-00006" class="html-bibr">20</a>]; Huayuan, western Hunan [<a href="#B27-minerals-14-00006" class="html-bibr">27</a>]; and Huayuan, western Hunan [<a href="#B38-minerals-14-00006" class="html-bibr">38</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>The distribution pattern diagram of rare-earth elements standardized by chondrite from Laoyingqing zinc deposit (the REE content of chondrite [<a href="#B56-minerals-14-00006" class="html-bibr">56</a>]).</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>Vein mineral δD-δ18O relationship diagram of Laoyingqing zinc deposit: Huize [<a href="#B59-minerals-14-00006" class="html-bibr">59</a>,<a href="#B60-minerals-14-00006" class="html-bibr">60</a>], Chipu [<a href="#B22-minerals-14-00006" class="html-bibr">22</a>], Tianbaoshan [<a href="#B23-minerals-14-00006" class="html-bibr">23</a>,<a href="#B61-minerals-14-00006" class="html-bibr">61</a>], Maozu [<a href="#B9-minerals-14-00006" class="html-bibr">9</a>,<a href="#B62-minerals-14-00006" class="html-bibr">62</a>], Daliangzi [<a href="#B63-minerals-14-00006" class="html-bibr">63</a>], Mao Ping [<a href="#B64-minerals-14-00006" class="html-bibr">64</a>], and Jinniuchang [<a href="#B21-minerals-14-00006" class="html-bibr">21</a>]. Base map data were obtained from [<a href="#B65-minerals-14-00006" class="html-bibr">65</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 11
<p>Metallogenic model map of the Laoyingqing zinc deposit.</p> Full article ">
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