Life

12 pages, 1297 KiB

Open AccessReview

Omega-3 and Sports: Focus on Inflammation

by Roberto Cannataro, Diana Marisol Abrego-Guandique, Natascia Straface and Erika Cione

Life 2024, 14(10), 1315; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14101315 - 16 Oct 2024

Inflammation is expected in sports, especially when practiced at a high level. The human body is pushed toward its limit, and this is perceived as a “stressogenic agent”. Athletes, especially elite ones, desire it because their bodies can react with super-compensation, i.e., improve [...] Read more.

Inflammation is expected in sports, especially when practiced at a high level. The human body is pushed toward its limit, and this is perceived as a “stressogenic agent”. Athletes, especially elite ones, desire it because their bodies can react with super-compensation, i.e., improve muscle mass, strength, speed, resistance, and, therefore, athletic performance. Thus, the inflammatory stimuli should be there during training but also counteracted to have the body placed in the optimal conditions for reacting with super-compensation. In this sense, omega-3 fatty acids have been shown to have anti-inflammatory biochemical activity. In this review, we will present the biochemical mechanisms of action of omega-3 fatty acids through their mediators, specialized pro-resolving mediators, which have anti-inflammatory activity. A focus will be on studies on omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in sports, and we will provide indications for possible practical applications and future studies, which are undoubtedly necessary to clarify the omega-3 fatty acids used in sports practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Supplementation, Body Composition and Performance in Athletes)

15 pages, 4465 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Adapted Physical Activity Program for Adolescents with an Intellectual Disability: An International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health Perspective

by Xin Shen, Peiying Huang, Bing Nie, Maolin Su, Dan Liu, Yin Guo and Lan Zheng

Life 2024, 14(10), 1314; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14101314 - 16 Oct 2024

Abstract

The International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) offers a comprehensive bio-psycho-social model for evaluating the multifaceted needs of individuals with disabilities. While its adoption in healthcare settings is widespread, its utilization within the domain of physical activity interventions, particularly for adolescents [...] Read more.

The International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) offers a comprehensive bio-psycho-social model for evaluating the multifaceted needs of individuals with disabilities. While its adoption in healthcare settings is widespread, its utilization within the domain of physical activity interventions, particularly for adolescents with intellectual disabilities (IDs), remains insufficiently explored. This study rigorously examines the efficacy of a 6-month ICF-based Adaptive Physical Activity (APA) intervention on the development of fundamental motor skills (FMSs), improvements in physical fitness (PF), and enhancements in quality of life (QoL) among adolescents with ID. A total of thirty-eight adolescents were randomly allocated into either an intervention group (IG), which participated in the tailored APA program, or a control group (CG), which received standard physical education. The findings demonstrated statistically significant improvements in the IG’s test of gross motor development (TGMD) total, locomotor, object control, and QOL scores relative to the CG (p < 0.001, η² = 0.330, 0.249, 0.224, and 0.439, respectively). Furthermore, substantial gains were observed in PF measures, including upper and lower limb strength as well as cardiorespiratory fitness (p < 0.001, η² = 0.254, 0.351, 0.176). Strong positive correlations were noted between FMS, PF, and QoL (r = 0.34–0.71, p < 0.05). This study underscores the importance of tailoring physical activity programs for adolescents with ID, offering insights into the relationships between FMS, PF, and QoL, and guidance for future interventions aimed at improving health outcomes in this population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity in People with Cognitive Impairment)

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22 pages, 4858 KiB

Open AccessArticle

TCEDN: A Lightweight Time-Context Enhanced Depression Detection Network

by Keshan Yan, Shengfa Miao, Xin Jin, Yongkang Mu, Hongfeng Zheng, Yuling Tian, Puming Wang, Qian Yu and Da Hu

Life 2024, 14(10), 1313; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14101313 - 16 Oct 2024

Abstract

The automatic video recognition of depression is becoming increasingly important in clinical applications. However, traditional depression recognition models still face challenges in practical applications, such as high computational costs, the poor application effectiveness of facial movement features, and spatial feature degradation due to [...] Read more.

The automatic video recognition of depression is becoming increasingly important in clinical applications. However, traditional depression recognition models still face challenges in practical applications, such as high computational costs, the poor application effectiveness of facial movement features, and spatial feature degradation due to model stitching. To overcome these challenges, this work proposes a lightweight Time-Context Enhanced Depression Detection Network (TCEDN). We first use attention-weighted blocks to aggregate and enhance video frame-level features, easing the model’s computational workload. Next, by integrating the temporal and spatial changes of video raw features and facial movement features in a self-learning weight manner, we enhance the precision of depression detection. Finally, a fusion network of 3-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Network (3D-CNN) and Convolutional Long Short-Term Memory Network (ConvLSTM) is constructed to minimize spatial feature loss by avoiding feature flattening and to achieve depression score prediction. Tests on the AVEC2013 and AVEC2014 datasets reveal that our approach yields results on par with state-of-the-art techniques for detecting depression using video analysis. Additionally, our method has significantly lower computational complexity than mainstream methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling and Theoretical Analysis of Artificial Neural Networks for Life Sciences)

19 pages, 1172 KiB

Open AccessReview

Unlocking the Potential of Circulating miRNAs as Biomarkers in Glioblastoma

by Sanika Suvarnapathaki, Antolin Serrano-Farias, Jonathan C. Dudley, Chetan Bettegowda and Jordina Rincon-Torroella

Life 2024, 14(10), 1312; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14101312 - 16 Oct 2024

Abstract

Using microRNAs (miRNAs) as potential circulating biomarkers in diagnosing and treating glioblastoma (GBM) has garnered a lot of scientific and clinical impetus in the past decade. As an aggressive primary brain tumor, GBM poses challenges in early detection and effective treatment with significant [...] Read more.

Using microRNAs (miRNAs) as potential circulating biomarkers in diagnosing and treating glioblastoma (GBM) has garnered a lot of scientific and clinical impetus in the past decade. As an aggressive primary brain tumor, GBM poses challenges in early detection and effective treatment with significant current diagnostic constraints and limited therapeutic strategies. MiRNA dysregulation is present in GBM. The intricate involvement of miRNAs in altering cell proliferation, invasion, and immune escape makes them prospective candidates for identifying and monitoring GBM diagnosis and response to treatment. These miRNAs could play a dual role, acting as both potential diagnostic markers and targets for therapy. By modulating the activity of various oncogenic and tumor-suppressive proteins, miRNAs create opportunities for precision medicine and targeted therapies in GBM. This review centers on the critical role and function of circulating miRNA biomarkers in GBM diagnosis and treatment. It highlights their significance in providing insights into disease progression, aiding in early diagnosis, and potential use as targets for novel therapeutic interventions. Ultimately, the study of miRNA would contribute to improving patient outcomes in the challenging landscape of GBM management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Approaches to Early Cancer Detection)

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13 pages, 2693 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cohesin RAD21 Gene Promoter Methylation in Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia

by Kalliopi N. Manola, Sophia Zachaki, Katerina Kakosaiou, Agapi Ioannidou, Marina Kalomoiraki and Theodoros Rampias

Life 2024, 14(10), 1311; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14101311 - 16 Oct 2024

Abstract

Background: Aberrant gene promoter methylation is one of the hallmarks of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML). RAD21 is an important gene, implicated in sister chromatids cohesion, DNA repair, the regulation of gene transcription, apoptosis and hematopoiesis. Methods: In this study, we investigate the possible [...] Read more.

Background: Aberrant gene promoter methylation is one of the hallmarks of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML). RAD21 is an important gene, implicated in sister chromatids cohesion, DNA repair, the regulation of gene transcription, apoptosis and hematopoiesis. Methods: In this study, we investigate the possible implication of RAD21 promoter methylation in AML pathogenesis using a cohort of AML patients and a cohort of healthy individuals. Results: RAD21 promoter methylation was found in 24% of patients and in none of the controls (p = 0.023), indicating a possible contribution to AML development. Interestingly, a statistically higher frequency of RAD21 methylation was observed in patients with trisomy 8 (9/21, 42.9%, p = 0.021), while none of the patients with aberrations of chromosome 11 had RAD21 gene promoter methylation (0%, 0/11, p = 0.048). Patients with monosomal and complex karyotypes showed low frequencies of RAD21 methylation (7.7% and 15.4%, respectively) without reaching statistical significance. Moreover, ASXL1 mutations were not found to be associated with RAD21 methylation. Conclusions: This is the first study which provides evidence for a possible pathogenetic role of RAD21 promoter methylation in AML development and especially in AML with trisomy 8. Further studies of RAD21 promoter methylation in large series of different AML genetic subgroups may contribute to the elucidation of AML pathogenesis and to the identification of new epigenetic biomarkers with diagnostic and prognostic value. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physiology and Pathology)

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Methylation of RAD21 gene promoter in AML patients. (A) Structure of the RAD21 gene promoter region indicating the CpG island (1035 bp) and the H3K27Ac peaks based on ENCODE data. (B) Methylation levels in the cohort of 96 AML patients based on methylation-specific PCR (MSP) analysis. Samples presenting >30% methylated DNA; fraction of input DNA were defined as methylated in the RAD21 gene promoter, while those exhibiting <30% were defined as unmethylated based on the instructions of the Epitect Methyl II PCR Assay. Full article ">Figure 2
RAD21 methylation in AML patients with abnormal karyotypes. (A) Cytogenetic findings in AML patients with abnormal karyotypes. (B) Frequency of RAD21 methylation in different cytogenetic groups of AML patients. (C) Violin plot indicating the RAD21 methylation levels in methylated samples from different cytogenetic groups of AML patients. Full article ">Figure 3
Representative quantitative PCR plots for AML patients that display chr 11 (A) and chr 8 (B) trisomy. Arrows in karyotypes indicate the extra copy of chromosome 11 or 8.The 4 independent curves in each plot represent the following reactions: (i) reaction after digestion with the methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme (Ms digest); (ii) reaction after digestion with the methylation-dependent restriction enzyme (Md digest); (iii) reaction with undigested template (Mo digest); and finally (iv) reaction after digestion with both the methylation-sensitive and the methylation-dependent restriction enzymes (Msd digest). The relative amount of methylated and unmethylated DNA fractions based on ∆CT values indicate that the RAD21 gene promoter in the sample with Chr 11 trisomy is unmethylated (FM = HM + IM = 6.03%), while the sample with trisomy 8 is methylated (FM = HM + IM = 50.0%). FM, methylated (M) DNA fraction; HM, hypermethylated; IM, intermediately methylated; UM, unmethylated. Full article ">

11 pages, 2481 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Inflammatory and Lipid Biomarkers in Early Atherosclerosis: A Comprehensive Analysis

by Alim Namitokov, Karina Karabakhtsieva and Olga Malyarevskaya

Life 2024, 14(10), 1310; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14101310 (registering DOI) - 16 Oct 2024

Abstract

Introduction: Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of cardiovascular disease, characterized by lipid accumulation and chronic inflammation within arterial walls. Early detection in young adults is crucial for preventing adverse cardiovascular events. This study investigates the associations between inflammatory indices, lipid biomarkers, and the [...] Read more.

Introduction: Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of cardiovascular disease, characterized by lipid accumulation and chronic inflammation within arterial walls. Early detection in young adults is crucial for preventing adverse cardiovascular events. This study investigates the associations between inflammatory indices, lipid biomarkers, and the presence of atherosclerosis in patients aged 18 to 55 years. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 89 participants divided into two groups: 62 patients with documented atherosclerosis (main group) and 27 healthy controls without significant atherosclerosis. Comprehensive data—including demographic information, medication use, imaging results, laboratory parameters, and calculated inflammatory indices (SIRI, SII, AISI, NLR, PLR, MLR)—were collected. Statistical analyses included correlation assessments, group comparisons using the Mann–Whitney U test, logistic regression modeling, feature importance analysis with Random Forest and Gradient Boosting classifiers, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, and K-means clustering. Results: Significant differences were observed between the main and control groups. Patients with atherosclerosis exhibited elevated inflammatory indices (SIRI, NLR, MLR, SII) and lipid profile abnormalities (higher TC and LDL-C, lower HDL-C). Lp(a) and ANGPTL3 levels were significantly higher in the main group (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively). Logistic regression identified SIRI and ANGPTL3 as significant predictors of atherosclerosis, with the model demonstrating high accuracy (77%) and sensitivity (93%). Feature importance analysis confirmed the significance of SIRI and ANGPTL3, alongside traditional lipid biomarkers, in predicting disease presence. ROC analysis showed excellent model performance (AUC > 0.80). Clustering analysis revealed two distinct patient subgroups characterized by predominant inflammatory profiles or lipid metabolism disturbances. Conclusions: Systemic inflammation and lipid abnormalities play significant roles in early atherosclerosis among young adults. Elevated SIRI and ANGPTL3 levels are potent predictors of disease presence. The integration of inflammatory indices and lipid biomarkers into predictive models enhances risk stratification and supports personalized medicine approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Biomarkers: Recent Findings and Application in Pathological Condition Detection—2nd Edition)

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9 pages, 213 KiB

Open AccessArticle

One-Year Effect of Elexacaftor/Tezacaftor/Ivacaftor Therapy on HbA1c Levels and Insulin Requirement in Patients with Insulin-Dependent Cystic Fibrosis-Related Diabetes: A Retrospective Observational Study

by Marta Bassi, Marina Francesca Strati, Gaia Spiandorello, Marta Scalas, Federico Cresta, Maria Grazia Calevo, Giuseppe d’Annunzio, Carlo Castellani, Nicola Minuto, Mohamad Maghnie and Rosaria Casciaro

Life 2024, 14(10), 1309; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14101309 - 16 Oct 2024

Abstract

Introduction: The impact of ETI therapy on pulmonary function and nutritional status has been widely studied; the literature on the possible outcomes on glycemic control and insulin requirement in patients affected by CFRD is controversial. Aim: The main objective of our study was [...] Read more.

Introduction: The impact of ETI therapy on pulmonary function and nutritional status has been widely studied; the literature on the possible outcomes on glycemic control and insulin requirement in patients affected by CFRD is controversial. Aim: The main objective of our study was to evaluate HbA1c levels in patients with cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD) after one year of therapy with elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor (ETI). The secondary objective was to study the changes in the total daily insulin dose (TDD), pulmonary function and metabolism in this population. Materials and methods: A retrospective single-center observational study was conducted at the Regional Cystic Fibrosis Centre and Diabetology Centre of IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini. The observation period was divided into four different time points: initiation (T0), 3 months (T_3mo), 6 months (T_6mo) and 12 months (T_12mo) of ETI therapy. Demographic and clinical data were collected. The results were then stratified by genotype (homozygous or heterozygous F508del). Results: Twenty-eight patients with CFRD undergoing insulin therapy were included. TDD (IU) significantly decreased at T_3mo and T_6mo, but not at T_12mo, whereas HbA1c decreased significantly at all three times. The number of hospitalizations and pulmonary exacerbations decreased significantly. Conclusion: We demonstrated both improvement in glycemic control (by means of HbA1c) and insulin requirement in insulin-dependent CFRD patients after one year of ETI treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cystic Fibrosis: A Disease with a New Face)

12 pages, 1767 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Proteome Expression Signatures: Differences between Orbital and Subcutaneous Abdominal Adipose Tissues

by Noam Castel, Edward Vitkin, Sharon Shabo, Ariel Berl, Julia Wise, Amir Duenyas, Eliyahu Michael Aharon Cohen, Alexander Golberg and Avshalom Shalom

Life 2024, 14(10), 1308; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14101308 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2024

Abstract

Differences between orbital and subcutaneous abdominal fat in the same patient have been noted but not formally investigated, previously. The objective of this research was to compare the differential expression of protein profiles in subcutaneous abdominal and orbital adipose tissues. In this cross-sectional, [...] Read more.

Differences between orbital and subcutaneous abdominal fat in the same patient have been noted but not formally investigated, previously. The objective of this research was to compare the differential expression of protein profiles in subcutaneous abdominal and orbital adipose tissues. In this cross-sectional, observational study, orbital fat tissue was sampled from 10 patients who underwent blepharoplasty and agreed to provide a small sample of subcutaneous abdominal fat. Shotgun mass spectrometry was performed on the extracted proteome. Data were analyzed using protein appearance patterns, differential expression and statistical enrichment. Protein analysis revealed significant differences in proteomics and differential expression between the orbital and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissues, which presented five proteins that were uniquely expressed in the orbital fat and 18 in the subcutaneous abdominal fat. Gene Ontology analysis identified significantly different cellular processes and components related to the extracellular matrix or basement membrane components. This analysis shows the differences between orbital and subcutaneous abdominal fat found in proteomics differential expression, uniquely expressed proteins, and cellular processes. Further research is needed to correlate specific proteins and cellular processes to the mechanism of fat accumulation and obesity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physiology and Pathology)

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31 pages, 5219 KiB

Open AccessReview

On the Roles of Protein Intrinsic Disorder in the Origin of Life and Evolution

by Vladimir N. Uversky

Life 2024, 14(10), 1307; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14101307 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2024

Abstract

Obviously, the discussion of different factors that could have contributed to the origin of life and evolution is clear speculation, since there is no way of checking the validity of most of the related hypotheses in practice, as the corresponding events not only [...] Read more.

Obviously, the discussion of different factors that could have contributed to the origin of life and evolution is clear speculation, since there is no way of checking the validity of most of the related hypotheses in practice, as the corresponding events not only already happened, but took place in a very distant past. However, there are a few undisputable facts that are present at the moment, such as the existence of a wide variety of living forms and the abundant presence of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) or hybrid proteins containing ordered domains and intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) in all living forms. Since it seems that the currently existing living forms originated from a common ancestor, their variety is a result of evolution. Therefore, one could ask a logical question of what role(s) the structureless and highly dynamic but vastly abundant and multifunctional IDPs/IDRs might have in evolution. This study represents an attempt to consider various ideas pertaining to the potential roles of protein intrinsic disorder in the origin of life and evolution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue What Is Life?)

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18 pages, 1356 KiB

Open AccessReview

Moderate Sedation or Deep Sedation for ERCP: What Are the Preferences in the Literature?

by Giuseppinella Melita, Vincenzo Francesco Tripodi, Socrate Pallio, Endrit Shahini, Alessandro Vitello, Emanuele Sinagra, Antonio Facciorusso, Anna Teresa Mazzeo, Arup Choudhury, Jahnvi Dhar, Jayanta Samanta and Marcello Fabio Maida

Life 2024, 14(10), 1306; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14101306 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2024

Abstract

One of the most essential procedures for individuals with biliopancreatic disorders is endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). It is based on the combination of endoscopy and radiology to study the biliopancreatic ducts and apply therapeutic solutions. ERCP is currently used to treat choledocholithiasis with [...] Read more.

One of the most essential procedures for individuals with biliopancreatic disorders is endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). It is based on the combination of endoscopy and radiology to study the biliopancreatic ducts and apply therapeutic solutions. ERCP is currently used to treat choledocholithiasis with or without cholangitis, as well as pancreatic duct stones, benign bile, and pancreatic leaks. On the other hand, ERCP is an unpleasant procedure that must be conducted under anesthetic (moderate sedation, deep sedation, or general anesthesia). With procedures becoming more challenging, the role of anesthesia in ERCP has become even more relevant, and the use of general anesthesia has become better defined. In the last decades, many drugs have been used and some new drugs, like dexmedetomidine, have been recently introduced for sedation or anesthesia during ERCP. Moreover, the scientific community is still divided on the level of sedation to be applied, as well as on appropriate airway management. We therefore performed a narrative review of the literature to assess currently available anesthetic medications for elective ERCP and evidence supporting their effectiveness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Disease)

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16 pages, 2630 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Blood Growth Factor Levels in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: High Neuregulin-1 Is Associated with Comorbid Cardiovascular Pathology

by Evgeny A. Ermakov, Mark M. Melamud, Anastasiia S. Boiko, Svetlana A. Ivanova, Alexey E. Sizikov, Georgy A. Nevinsky and Valentina N. Buneva

Life 2024, 14(10), 1305; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14101305 (registering DOI) - 14 Oct 2024

Abstract

Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are known to frequently suffer from comorbid cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). There are abundant data on cytokine levels and their role in the pathogenesis of SLE, while growth factors have received much less attention. The aim of this [...] Read more.

Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are known to frequently suffer from comorbid cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). There are abundant data on cytokine levels and their role in the pathogenesis of SLE, while growth factors have received much less attention. The aim of this study was to analyze growth factor levels in SLE patients and their association with the presence of comorbid CVDs. The serum concentrations for the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), nerve growth factor β (NGFβ), glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and neuregulin-1 β (NRG-1β) were determined in the SLE patients (n = 35) and healthy individuals (n = 38) by a Luminex multiplex assay. The NGFβ and NRG-1β concentrations were shown to be significantly higher in the total group of SLE patients (median [Q1–Q3]: 3.6 [1.3–4.5] and 52.5 [8.5–148], respectively) compared with the healthy individuals (2.9 [1.3–3.4] and 13.7 [4.4–42] ng/mL, respectively). The GM-CSF and GDNF levels did not differ. Interestingly, elevated NRG-1β levels were associated with the presence of CVDs, as SLE patients with CVDs had significantly higher NRG-1β levels (99 [22–242]) compared with the controls (13.7 [4.4–42]) and patients without CVDs (19 [9–80] ng/mL). The model for the binary classification of SLE patients with and without CVDs based on the NRG-1β level had an average predictive ability (AUC = 0.67). Thus, altered levels of growth factors may be associated with comorbid CVDs in SLE patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Common and Novel Markers of Inflammation and Tissue Damage in Various Pathological Conditions)

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Figure 1
The structure of comorbid CVDs in patients with SLE. (A) Proportions of patients with one, two, and three or more CVDs. (B) Proportions of specific CVDs among SLE patients. Full article ">Figure 2
Serum concentration of NGFβ (A), GM-CSF (B), NRG-1β (C), GDNF (D) in the total group of SLE patients (n = 35) and healthy individuals (n = 38) determined by Magnetic Luminex assay. The significance of the differences was assessed by the Mann–Whitney test. (E) ROC curve reflecting the quality of binary classification of healthy individuals and SLE patients based on NGFβ and NRG-1β levels. Full article ">Figure 3
Serum concentrations of NRG-1β in healthy individuals and SLE patients with and without CVDs (A). The significance of the differences was assessed using the Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn’s post hoc test. (B) ROC curve reflecting the quality of binary classification of SLE patients with and without CVDs based on NRG-1β level. Full article ">Figure 4
Correlation analysis of serum levels of growth factors with clinical data and cytokine levels in healthy individuals (A), the total group of SLE patients (B), and in subgroups of SLE patients with (C) and without CVDs (D). Correlation heatmaps display color-coded Spearman correlation coefficients. Asterisks indicate significant correlations (*—p < 0.05, **—p < 0.01, ***—p < 0.001). Full article ">Figure 5
Protein–protein interaction network (A) and co-expression heatmap (B) of cytokines and growth factors investigated in this study. STRING 12.0 online tool was used for protein–protein interaction and co-expression analysis. Protein–protein interaction network (A) reflects known interaction data from curated databases and co-expression analyses. Line thickness indicates the strength of data support. Co-expression heatmap (B) reflects data on gene co-expression scores based on RNA expression patterns and on protein co-regulation provided by ProteomeHD. Instead of protein names, gene names are given in the figures (in particular, the CSF2 gene encodes GM-CSF). Full article ">

14 pages, 446 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy with Regional Citrate Anticoagulation: Insights from the ORCA Trial—A Retrospective Study on 10 Years of Practice

by Rita Jacobs, Walter Verbrugghe, Jason Bouziotis, Ingrid Baar, Karolien Dams, Annick De Weerdt and Philippe G. Jorens

Life 2024, 14(10), 1304; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14101304 - 14 Oct 2024

Abstract

(1) Background: Citrate is preferred in continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) for critically ill patients because it prolongs filter life and reduces bleeding risks compared to unfractionated heparin (UFH). However, regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA) can lead to acid–base disturbances, citrate accumulation, and overload. [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Citrate is preferred in continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) for critically ill patients because it prolongs filter life and reduces bleeding risks compared to unfractionated heparin (UFH). However, regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA) can lead to acid–base disturbances, citrate accumulation, and overload. This study compares the safety and efficacy of citrate-based CRRT with UFH and no anticoagulation (NA) in acute kidney injury (AKI) patients. (2) Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on adult patients (≥18 years) who underwent CRRT from July 2010 to June 2021 in an intensive care unit. (3) Results: Among 829 AKI patients on CRRT: 552 received RCA, 232 UFH, and 45 NA. The RCA group had a longer filter lifespan compared to UFH and NA (56 h [IQR, 24–110] vs. 36.0 h [IQR, 17–63.5] vs. 22 h [IQR, 12–48]; all P_adj < 0.001). Bleeding complications were fewer in the RCA group than in the UFH group (median 3 units [IQR, 2–7 units] vs. median 5 units [IQR, 2–12 units]; P_adj < 0.001) and fewer in the NA group than in the UFH group (median 3 units [IQR, 1–5 units] vs. 5 units [IQR, 2–12 units]; P_adj = 0.03). Metabolic alkalosis was more common in the RCA group (32.5%) compared to the UFH (16.2%) and NA (13.5%) groups, while metabolic acidosis persisted more in the UFH group and NA group (29.1% and 34.6%) by the end of therapy vs. the citrate group (16.8%). ICU mortality was lower in the RCA group (52.7%) compared to the UFH group (63.4%; P_adj = 0.02) and NA group (77.8%; P_adj = 0.003). (4) Conclusions: Citrate anticoagulation outperforms heparin-based and no anticoagulation in filter patency, potentially leading to better outcomes through improved therapy effectiveness and reduced transfusion needs. However, careful monitoring is crucial to limit potential complications attributable to its use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coagulation and Its Disorders: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Management)

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36 pages, 19267 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Surgical Management of Secondary Complex Microsurgical Reconstructions after Amputation and Severe Trauma Injuries: A Case Series

by Marcel Hoh, Sebastian Geis, Silvan Klein, Lukas Prantl, Vadym Burchak and Juergen H. Dolderer

Life 2024, 14(10), 1303; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14101303 - 14 Oct 2024

Abstract

Introduction: Secondary complex microsurgical reconstructions after amputation and severe trauma injuries are often necessary to optimize functional outcomes. Methods and Patients: We reviewed eight patients who underwent extensive reconstruction after severe trauma. The details of secondary procedures are further described in the article. [...] Read more.

Introduction: Secondary complex microsurgical reconstructions after amputation and severe trauma injuries are often necessary to optimize functional outcomes. Methods and Patients: We reviewed eight patients who underwent extensive reconstruction after severe trauma. The details of secondary procedures are further described in the article. A literature search was performed using the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database for studies evaluating secondary procedures after complex reconstructions. Discussion: To date, the order and the need for performing secondary procedures have yet to be fully defined. The tissues encountered include skin, soft tissue, bone, nerve, joint, and tendon. Conclusions: We described the use of a decision-theoretic approach to the secondary reconstruction. Treatment of a complex trauma should be measured by functional outcome. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Approaches in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery to Improve Quality of Life)

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13 pages, 844 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effectiveness of High Intensity Laser in Improving Motor Deficits in Patients with Lumbar Disc Herniation

by Diana-Lidia Tache-Codreanu and Magdalena Rodica Trăistaru

Life 2024, 14(10), 1302; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14101302 - 14 Oct 2024

Abstract

Background: High-Intensity Laser (HIL) therapy, known for its biostimulatory effects on nerve cell growth and repair, shows promise for improving motor deficits caused by morphopathological changes. This research study aimed to comprehensively assess muscle strength changes through muscle testing, complemented by functional tests [...] Read more.

Background: High-Intensity Laser (HIL) therapy, known for its biostimulatory effects on nerve cell growth and repair, shows promise for improving motor deficits caused by morphopathological changes. This research study aimed to comprehensively assess muscle strength changes through muscle testing, complemented by functional tests evaluating factors contributing to disability in patients with Lumbar Disc Herniation (LDH) and associated motor impairment, following a complex rehabilitation protocol incorporating HIL therapy. Methods: A total of 133 individuals with LDH and motor deficits were divided into two groups. Group 1 (n = 66) received HIL therapy followed by standard rehabilitation, while Group 2 (n = 67) underwent only the standard rehabilitation program. Functional parameters, including muscle strength, the ability to walk on tiptoes or heels, and self-assessed fall risk, were monitored. Results: Both groups showed statistically significant improvements in all monitored parameters. A comparative analysis revealed a significant result for the HIL therapy regimen across all indicators. Conclusions: The group undergoing a rehabilitation program with integrated HIL therapy displayed significantly greater improvement in motor deficits, affirming the positive impact of HIL therapy on functional parameters among LDH patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation: Trends and Applications—3rd Edition)

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22 pages, 2370 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Hepatic Hilum Variations and Their Clinical Considerations in the Liver: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Juan Jose Valenzuela-Fuenzalida, Fernanda Pena-Santibañez, Ayline Vergara Salinas, Trinidad Meneses Caroca, Javiera Rojo-Gonzalez, Mathias Ignacio Orellana-Donoso, Pablo Nova-Baeza, Alejandra Suazo-Santibañez, Juan Sanchis-Gimeno and Hector Gutierrez-Espinoza

Life 2024, 14(10), 1301; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14101301 - 14 Oct 2024

Abstract

Background: The liver has a region called the hepatic hilum (HH) where structures enter and exit: anteriorly, the left and right hepatic ducts; posteriorly, the portal vein; and between these, the left and right hepatic arteries. The objective of this review is to [...] Read more.

Background: The liver has a region called the hepatic hilum (HH) where structures enter and exit: anteriorly, the left and right hepatic ducts; posteriorly, the portal vein; and between these, the left and right hepatic arteries. The objective of this review is to know how variants in structures of the hepatic hilum are associated with clinical alterations of the liver. Methods: The databases Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, CINAHL, and LILACS were researched until January 2024. The methodological quality was evaluated with an assurance tool for anatomical studies (AQUA). The pooled prevalence was estimated using a random effects model. Results: A total of six studies met the selection criteria established in this study for meta-analysis. The prevalence of hepatic hilus variants was 9% (CI = 5% to 13%), and the heterogeneity was 83%. The other studies were analyzed descriptively and with their respective clinical considerations in the presence of the variant, such as the high incidence of the Michels type III variant; among the portal vein variants, the type III variant of the Cheng classification stands out and in biliary anatomy, and the IIIa variant stands out according to the Choi classification. Conclusions: This review allowed us to know in detail the anatomical variants of HH; the structure with which the greatest care should be taken is the hepatic artery because of the probability of metastatic processes due to increased blood distribution in the hepatic lobules. Finally, we believe that new anatomical and clinical studies are needed to improve our knowledge of the relationship between HH variants and liver alterations or surgeries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)

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Figure 1
Classification biliary tree anatomy variation according to Kirimker et al. [<a href="#B2-life-14-01301" class="html-bibr">2</a>]. Abbreviations: RA: right anterior; RP: right posterior; L: left; C: cystic; R: right; CC: common hepatic duct. Full article ">Figure 2
Classification of portal vein anatomy variation according to Cheng et al. [<a href="#B3-life-14-01301" class="html-bibr">3</a>]. Abbreviations: RA: right anterior; RP: right posterior; L: left; R: right; PV: portal vein. Full article ">Figure 3
Classification of hepatic artery anatomy variation according to Michels [<a href="#B4-life-14-01301" class="html-bibr">4</a>]. Abbreviations: LHA: left hepatic artery; aLHA: accessory left hepatic artery; CHA: common hepatic artery; RHA: right hepatic artery; LGA: left gastric artery; SA: splenic artery; SMA: superior mesenteric artery; GDA: gastroduodenal artery; aRHA: accessory right hepatic artery; A: aorta. Full article ">Figure 4
Flow diagram. Full article ">Figure 5
(a) Forest plot of prevalence. (b) Funnel plot of prevalence. Full article ">Figure 5 Cont.
(a) Forest plot of prevalence. (b) Funnel plot of prevalence. Full article ">Figure 6
Risk of bias studies included with AQUA tools. Full article ">

10 pages, 507 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predictors of Persistent Pain after Total Knee Arthroplasty

by Ali H. Alyami, Mohammed A. Alkhotani, Abdulaziz Abdullah Alsiraihi, Abdulaziz Farouk Y. Bokhari, Mohammed Majed Bukhari, Omar E. Hetta, Hassan O. Bogari and Mohamed Eldigire Ahmed

Life 2024, 14(10), 1300; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14101300 - 14 Oct 2024

Abstract

Background: Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is an orthopedic procedure performed on patients with severe knee pain and advanced knee conditions, such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, in order to restore joint function. Despite the procedure’s high success rates, persistent postoperative pain (PPP) remains [...] Read more.

Background: Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is an orthopedic procedure performed on patients with severe knee pain and advanced knee conditions, such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, in order to restore joint function. Despite the procedure’s high success rates, persistent postoperative pain (PPP) remains a significant complication, affecting a substantial proportion of patients. Identifying predictors of PPP is crucial for improving patient outcomes and satisfaction. Methods: A retrospective analytic study was conducted, reviewing the medical records of patients who underwent unilateral or bilateral TKA at King Abdulaziz Medical City. The data collection focused on demographics, comorbidities, clinical presentations, surgical details, and postoperative outcomes. Data were analyzed using JMP software. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: This study included 838 patients, predominantly female (71.5%), with an average age of 65.4 years. Osteoarthritis was the primary reason for surgery (98.3%). The mean preoperative pain score was 3.4, and the average pain duration prior to surgery was 6.2 years. We identified dyslipidemia as a significant predictor of PPP (OR 1.40, p = 0.042), while we found younger age to be a significant predictor (OR 0.979, 95% CI 0.967–0.991, p = 0.001). Other factors such as gender, diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, anxiety disorder, mood disorder, tobacco use, chronic kidney disease, chronic lung disease, and BMI were not significant predictors of PPP. Conclusion: This study identifies younger age and dyslipidemia as significant predictors of persistent postoperative pain and improved outcomes following total knee arthroplasty Further research is needed to validate these results in diverse populations and settings, with the objective should be to refine preoperative counseling and postoperative pain management protocols. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Total Joint Arthroplasty)

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12 pages, 2556 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Circular Utilization of Coffee Grounds as a Bio-Nutrient through Microbial Transformation for Leafy Vegetables

by Hasan Ozer, Naime Ozdemir, Asude Ates, Rabia Koklu, Sinem Ozturk Erdem and Saim Ozdemir

Life 2024, 14(10), 1299; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14101299 - 14 Oct 2024

Abstract

This study explores the production of bio-nutrients from bioactive compound-rich spent coffee grounds (SCG) and biochar (BC) through composting after inoculation with a biological agent and its impact on the growth performance of garden cress and spinach. The SCG was composted with six [...] Read more.

This study explores the production of bio-nutrients from bioactive compound-rich spent coffee grounds (SCG) and biochar (BC) through composting after inoculation with a biological agent and its impact on the growth performance of garden cress and spinach. The SCG was composted with six doses of BC (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25%). The compost with 10% BC exhibited the best maturity, humification, and phytotoxicity index values of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), humification index (E4/E6), and germination index (GI). A metagenome analysis showed that compost starter enhanced the bacterial community’s relative abundance, richness, and diversity in SCG and BC treatments. This improvement included increased Patescibacteria, which can break down noxious phenolic compounds found in SCG and BC. The BC enriched the compost with phosphorus and potassium while preserving the nitrogen. In plant growth experiments, the total chlorophyll content in compost-treated garden cress and spinach was 2.47 and 4.88 mg g⁻¹, respectively, which was significantly greater (p ≤ 0.05) than in unfertilized plants and similar to the plants treated with traditional fertilizer. Overall, the results show that the compost of SCG + BC was well-suited for promoting the growth of garden cress and spinach, providing adequate nutrients as a fertilizer for these leafy vegetables. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Elements Cycling and Plants’ Physiological Characteristics: A Soil–Plant–Atmosphere Continuum Perspective)

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19 pages, 2073 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Natural Approach to the Prevention and Treatment of Gingivitis and Periodontitis: A Review of Pomegranate’s Bioactive Properties

by Georgiana Ioana Potra Cicalău, Laura Grațiela Vicaș, Gabriela Ciavoi, Timea Claudia Ghitea, Nagy Csaba, Roxana Alexandra Cristea, Florina Miere (Groza) and Mariana Ganea

Life 2024, 14(10), 1298; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14101298 - 13 Oct 2024

Abstract

(1) Background: This systematic review explores the bioactive properties of Punica granatum (pomegranate) and its potential applications in the prevention and treatment of gingivitis, periodontitis, and other oral diseases. (2) Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar, focusing [...] Read more.

(1) Background: This systematic review explores the bioactive properties of Punica granatum (pomegranate) and its potential applications in the prevention and treatment of gingivitis, periodontitis, and other oral diseases. (2) Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar, focusing on pomegranate and oral diseases. Inclusion criteria included studies evaluating the effects of pomegranate on oral health, while exclusion criteria eliminated non-peer-reviewed and non-English articles. This review aims to assess the efficacy of pomegranate extracts as a natural alternative to synthetic pharmaceuticals in oral health care. A structured search strategy included key terms such as “pomegranate”, “oral health”, “gingivitis”, and “periodontitis”. A total of 125 relevant references were reviewed to identify the most pertinent findings. (3) Results: The results indicate that pomegranate extracts have demonstrated efficacy in reducing plaque, inhibiting harmful oral microorganisms, and promoting overall oral health. Furthermore, clinical studies highlight the potential of pomegranate-based products, such as mouthwashes and gels, as viable alternatives to conventional pharmaceuticals, particularly in resource-limited settings. However, the review also notes the need for further research, particularly in the form of clinical trials, to establish optimal formulations and long-term safety. (4) Conclusions: Pomegranate presents a promising, natural solution for preventing and treating gingivitis and periodontitis. Further studies should focus on long-term effects and clinical efficacy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Biomedical Applications of Plants and Plant Extracts)

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15 pages, 474 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Global Comparison of COVID-19 Vaccination Rates among Psoriasis Patients

by Edwin Korouri, Charlotte Jeong, Hannah Peterson, Fernando Valenzuela, Ricardo Romiti, Johannes A. Didaskalu, Alexander Egeberg, Hazel H. Oon, Lara Valeska Maul, Paige Kingston, Kathryn Lee, Margaret Y. Huang, Danielle Yee, Kevin Artiga, Rosario Aguero, Julia-Tatjana Maul and April W. Armstrong

Life 2024, 14(10), 1297; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14101297 - 13 Oct 2024

Abstract

(1) Background: The purpose of this study is to compare the rate of COVID-19 vaccination among psoriasis patients internationally and to correlate it with their treatment regimens. (2) Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study from January 2021 to October 2022 among adults in [...] Read more.

(1) Background: The purpose of this study is to compare the rate of COVID-19 vaccination among psoriasis patients internationally and to correlate it with their treatment regimens. (2) Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study from January 2021 to October 2022 among adults in the United States (US), Chile, China, Switzerland, and Singapore using the Global Healthcare Study on Psoriasis survey. (3) Results: A total of 310 psoriasis patients in the US (98), Chile (32), China (80), Switzerland (39), and Singapore (61) were surveyed. Of these, 248 patients (80.0%) were vaccinated at least once for COVID-19 (Chile: 100%, Singapore: 100%, US: 93.9%, Switzerland: 69.2%, China: 45.0%). Compared with other countries, patients in China were 89% less likely to report at least one COVID-19 vaccination (1 − 0.11 = 0.89; OR 0.11; 95% CI: 0.03–0.48), and patients in Switzerland were 80% less likely (1 − 0.20 = 0.80; OR 0.20; 95% CI: 0.05–0.79). Compared with patients on biologics, patients on topicals were 10.9 (95% CI: 2.1–56.6) times more likely to report at least one COVID-19 vaccination, and patients on oral systemics were 7.2 times more likely (95% CI: 1.6–31.6). (4) Conclusions: Country of residence and treatment regimen are associated with different COVID-19 vaccination rates in psoriasis patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 Investigations: Characteristics, Clinical Course, Prevention, Treatment and Prognosis)

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