Journal Description
Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology
Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology
is a peer-reviewed, open access journal on functional morphology and kinesiology research dealing with the analysis of structure, function, development, evolution of cells and tissues of the musculoskeletal system and the whole body, published quarterly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within ESCI (Web of Science), Scopus, PubMed, PMC, FSTA, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q1 (Sport Sciences) / CiteScore - Q2 (Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 18.9 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.7 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2024).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Impact Factor:
2.6 (2023)
Latest Articles
Understanding Sports-Related Health Issues
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(3), 136; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9030136 - 9 Aug 2024
Abstract
In general, health problems (e [...]
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Understanding Sports-Related Health Issues)
Open AccessArticle
At What Point in the Menstrual Cycle Are the Pelvic Floor Muscles at Their Weakest?
by
Cristina Ojedo-Martín, Elena Sonsoles Rodríguez-López, María Barbaño Acevedo-Gómez, Edurne Úbeda-D’Ocasar, María Victoria de-Diego and Beatriz Lara
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(3), 135; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9030135 - 8 Aug 2024
Abstract
Pelvic floor muscle (PFM) strength is a critical factor for optimal pelvic floor function. Fluctuations in strength values based on different phases of the menstrual cycle (MC) could signify a need for a paradigm shift in evaluating, approaching, and planning training. This research
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Pelvic floor muscle (PFM) strength is a critical factor for optimal pelvic floor function. Fluctuations in strength values based on different phases of the menstrual cycle (MC) could signify a need for a paradigm shift in evaluating, approaching, and planning training. This research aims to examine and contrast the pelvic floor muscle strength during different phases of the menstrual cycle. A prospective observational study employing digital assessment with the modified Oxford scale and vaginal dynamometry measurements was performed, in order to assess the baseline strength and the contraction strength of the PFMs in eumenorrheic females at three different phases of the MC: the early follicular phase (EFP), the late follicular phase (LFP), and the mid-luteal phase (MLP). During two complete cycles, tympanic temperature and body weight were measured and the urinary luteinizing hormone concentration was tested to determine the time of ovulation. In total, 216 dynamometric measurements of PFM strength were obtained from eighteen nulliparous women (25.72 ± 5.03 years). There were no differences between the baseline strength (p = 0.886) and the contraction strength (p = 0.756) with the dynamometric speculum. In the post hoc analysis, the baseline strength, contraction strength, and strength showed no significant differences between MC phases. As no differences in PFM strength in women were found, the PFMs do not seem to be weaker at any time during the menstrual cycle. It appears that the assessment, establishment, and monitoring of a PFM training program could be initiated at any point in the cycle.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Functional Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System)
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Open AccessArticle
Relationship between Dynamic Balance and Physical Characteristics and Functions in Elite Lifesaving Athletes
by
Shota Ichikawa, Tsukasa Kumai, Yui Akiyama, Takumi Okunuki, Toshihiro Maemichi, Masatomo Matsumoto, Zijian Liu, Ryusei Yamaguchi, Hiroyuki Mitsui, Kai Suzuki and Hisateru Niki
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(3), 134; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9030134 - 8 Aug 2024
Abstract
Balance is important in lifesaving competitions. We aimed to investigate the relationship between dynamic balance and physical characteristics and functions in elite lifesavers by measuring the foot muscle cross-sectional area, ankle joint muscle strength, toe grasp strength, plantar superficial sensation, and dynamic balance
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Balance is important in lifesaving competitions. We aimed to investigate the relationship between dynamic balance and physical characteristics and functions in elite lifesavers by measuring the foot muscle cross-sectional area, ankle joint muscle strength, toe grasp strength, plantar superficial sensation, and dynamic balance (Y-balance test). In this observational study, we measured the foot muscle cross-sectional area, ankle dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, external flexion, isometric muscle strength, toe grasp strength, and superficial foot sensation of 15 adult lifesavers (12 males). The results show that toe grasp strength and ankle plantar flexion isometric muscle strength are particularly important for the dynamic balance of elite lifesavers working on sandy surfaces. Sand training improves intrinsic muscle strength and dynamic balance function. However, high training intensity may reduce plantar surface sensation; this needs to be verified through sand training interventions in the future.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Kinesiology and Biomechanics)
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<p>Toe grip strength measurement. (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) show photographs of the legs in which the activity of the leg muscles is dominant. To measure the muscles of the foot, the participants were instructed to bend their toes toward the heel as much as possible while pressing strongly against the ground.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Measurement points for plantar surface perception. (1) Base of 5th toe; (2) base of 3rd toe; (3) base of 1st toe; (4) 5th metatarsal joint; (5) 3rd metatarsal joint; (6) 1st metatarsal joint; (7) base side of 5th metatarsal base; (8) base side of navicular bone; (9) base in center of heel.</p> Full article ">
<p>Toe grip strength measurement. (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) show photographs of the legs in which the activity of the leg muscles is dominant. To measure the muscles of the foot, the participants were instructed to bend their toes toward the heel as much as possible while pressing strongly against the ground.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Measurement points for plantar surface perception. (1) Base of 5th toe; (2) base of 3rd toe; (3) base of 1st toe; (4) 5th metatarsal joint; (5) 3rd metatarsal joint; (6) 1st metatarsal joint; (7) base side of 5th metatarsal base; (8) base side of navicular bone; (9) base in center of heel.</p> Full article ">
Open AccessArticle
Interactions between Stress Levels and Hormonal Responses Related to Sports Performance in Pro Women’s Basketball Team
by
Álvaro Miguel-Ortega, Julio Calleja-González and Juan Mielgo-Ayuso
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(3), 133; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9030133 - 31 Jul 2024
Abstract
The testosterone to cortisol ratio (T:C ratio) is a measure of whether elite athletes are recovering from their training. This study described this hormone balance stress in elite women’s basketball. (1) Objectives: to analyse the fluctuation of T:C ratio over a 16-week period
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The testosterone to cortisol ratio (T:C ratio) is a measure of whether elite athletes are recovering from their training. This study described this hormone balance stress in elite women’s basketball. (1) Objectives: to analyse the fluctuation of T:C ratio over a 16-week period and explore itis relation to their athletic performance. The participants characteristics were: (height: 177.6 ± 6.4 cm; body mass: 77.808 ± 12.396 kg age: 26.0 ± 5.9 years; and a playing experience of 14.7 ± 2.9 years with 5.0 ± 1.2 years at the elite level. The T:C ratio at Time 1 is: 4.0 ± 2.4 (n = 12); and at Time 2 is: 5.1 ± 4.3 (n = 12). (2) Methods: during 16 weeks of competition, participants underwent analysis of blood samples to assess various biochemical parameters including hormone levels. In addition, their athletic performance was assessed with the following tests: jumping (SJ, CMJ, ABK, DJ); throwing test with a medicine ball (3 kg); Illinois COD agility test; sprint repeatability with change of direction; 20-m speed test without change of direction; and Yo-yo intermittent endurance test IET (II). (3) Results: The main alterations observed were an increase in T levels (1.687%) and a decrease in C levels (−7.634%) between moments, with an improvement (26.366%) in the T:C ratio. Improvements were also observed in some of the tests developed, such as jumping (SJ: 11.5%, p = 0.029; CMJ: 10.5%, p = 0.03; DJ: 13.0%, p = 0.01), upper body strength (MBT: 5.4%, p = 0.03), translation ability (20 m: −1.7%), repeated sprint ability (RSA: −2.2%), as well as intermittent endurance test (Yy (IET): 63.5%, p = 0.01), with significant changes in some of the performance tests. (4) Conclusions: T:C ratio may differ in a manner unrelated to training volume, showing some variation. These results may be attributed to the accumulation of psychophysiological stress during the season.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health and Performance through Sports at All Ages 3.0)
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<p>Order of testing (5 min pause between attempts).</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Significant correlation between DJ (cm) and C (μg/dL) levels in T1. The dotted line is the trend line in the relationship between jumping ability and blood Cortisol levels and each of the blue marks represents each of the participants.</p> Full article ">
<p>Order of testing (5 min pause between attempts).</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Significant correlation between DJ (cm) and C (μg/dL) levels in T1. The dotted line is the trend line in the relationship between jumping ability and blood Cortisol levels and each of the blue marks represents each of the participants.</p> Full article ">
Open AccessArticle
Associations between Dietary Intake and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in American Career Firefighters: An Observational Study
by
Anna Peluso Simonson, Jacquelyn N. Zera, Paromita Banerjee and Brianne M. Baker
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(3), 132; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9030132 - 27 Jul 2024
Abstract
Firefighters have demanding jobs, requiring high levels of fitness in stressful situations for operational readiness, yet many firefighters are at an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). Diet is an important factor contributing to the development of CVD. The purpose of this
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Firefighters have demanding jobs, requiring high levels of fitness in stressful situations for operational readiness, yet many firefighters are at an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). Diet is an important factor contributing to the development of CVD. The purpose of this study was to describe the dietary intake of firefighters and examine the associations between dietary intake and the CVD risk. Forty-six male career firefighters (age = 41.2 ± 11.2 years; BMI = 29.2 ± 4.1 kg/m2; body fat = 21.7 ± 6.1%) enrolled in a fitness-focused wellness program completed a health survey and a fitness assessment. The survey responses and fitness assessment were used to calculate the Framingham CVD Risk Score. Data were analyzed using R, the residual assumptions were verified, and the alpha level was set at 0.05. The results revealed that firefighters consume a standard American diet, with the overconsumption of meat and underconsumption of fruits and vegetables. The average CVD risk approached the upper limit of low risk. The results also indicate that meat servings and preparation fat affect the CVD risk (R2 = 0.21, p = 0.006). The outcomes of this study can inform investigations aimed at improving operational readiness and reducing the CVD risk in firefighters by implementing a holistic approach combining dietary interventions with physical training.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Medicine and Public Health)
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<p>Comparisons between daily firefighter food group intake and American Heart Association (AHA) recommended intake.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Comparison between weekly firefighter food group intake and AHA-recommended intake.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Correlations between dietary intake variables and Framingham Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Risk.</p> Full article ">
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<p>Comparisons between daily firefighter food group intake and American Heart Association (AHA) recommended intake.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Comparison between weekly firefighter food group intake and AHA-recommended intake.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Correlations between dietary intake variables and Framingham Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Risk.</p> Full article ">
Open AccessReview
Exploring the Molecular Adaptations, Benefits, and Future Direction of Exercise Training: Updated Insights into Cardiovascular Health
by
Michael F. Mendoza, Nina M. Suan and Carl J. Lavie
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(3), 131; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9030131 - 26 Jul 2024
Abstract
This review emphasizes the globally accepted physical activity guidelines and explores the various molecular adaptations that occur with continuous exercise. It is essential to highlight the critical roles of cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength, and muscle mass in reducing mortality and enhancing quality of
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This review emphasizes the globally accepted physical activity guidelines and explores the various molecular adaptations that occur with continuous exercise. It is essential to highlight the critical roles of cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength, and muscle mass in reducing mortality and enhancing quality of life. It has been shown in various studies that there are certainly substantial reductions in cardiovascular and all-cause mortality among individuals with high cardiorespiratory fitness levels. Resistance training is also examined, which, likewise, reveals significant mortality benefits, even with minimal weekly engagement. When delving into the molecular mechanisms, it is apparent that exercise training favorably influences certain cardiovascular conditions, mostly owing to its effect on enhanced lipid metabolism, improvement in glucose regulation, ability to modulate inflammation and oxidative processes, and induction of other cardioprotective effects like improved sympathetic tone and left ventricular remodeling. Cardiovascular diseases and malignancy also share the same risk factors, which explains why exercise can also mitigate the risk of developing many types of cancers. But despite these advancements in research, cardiovascular diseases continue to be prevalent, which may suggest the need to devise other means of promoting physical activity involvement. These approaches may include a greater emphasis on the societal benefits of increased exercise adherence, facilitated by community involvement and technological advancements in fitness tracking devices. We conclude that the future directions for exercise research should emphasize the need for personalized or tailored exercise programs to make it more engaging, accessible, and inclusive for a diverse set of people.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Physiology of Training)
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Open AccessArticle
Acute Effects of Kickboxing K1 Matches on Hematological Parameters of Kickboxers
by
Marta Niewczas, İsmail İlbak, Serkan Düz, Tomasz Pałka, Tadeusz Ambroży, Henryk Duda, Wojciech Wąsacz, Paweł Król, Robert Czaja and Łukasz Rydzik
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(3), 130; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9030130 - 26 Jul 2024
Abstract
While there is clear evidence in the literature that the hematological parameters in athletes of different sports are affected by exercise and varying loads, to our knowledge, there are limited studies on the real impact of kickboxing matches on kickboxers’ hematological parameters. In
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While there is clear evidence in the literature that the hematological parameters in athletes of different sports are affected by exercise and varying loads, to our knowledge, there are limited studies on the real impact of kickboxing matches on kickboxers’ hematological parameters. In this context, this cross-sectional study was conducted to examine the acute changes in the hematological parameters of kickboxers following K1 matches. With the participation of 10 kickboxing K1 athletes, the hematological parameters, including the WBC, Plt, Neut, Lymph, Mono, RBC, Hgb, Hct, CK, La, and glucose levels, were examined before and after matches. Paired sample t-tests were used to compare the pre-test and post-test hematological parameters of the participants. The findings indicated statistically significant differences in the post-match WBC, Plt, Neut, Lymph, CK, La, and glucose levels, while no statistically significant differences were observed in the RBC, Hct, Hgb, and CK levels (p < 0.05). These results not only emphasize the complexity of physiological changes in athletes, but also show consistency with various findings in the literature, while contradicting some. Therefore, it is highlighted that further research is needed to understand the effects of K1 matches on hematological parameters.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Medicine and Public Health)
Open AccessArticle
Insights on the Selection of the Coefficient of Variation to Assess Speed Fluctuation in Swimming
by
Mafalda P. Pinto, Daniel A. Marinho, Henrique P. Neiva, Tiago M. Barbosa and Jorge E. Morais
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(3), 129; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9030129 - 25 Jul 2024
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare swimming speed and speed fluctuations in front crawl between swimmers of different performance levels using discrete variables against statistical parametric mapping (SPM). The sample was composed of 34 male swimmers divided into three groups: (i)
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The aim of this study was to compare swimming speed and speed fluctuations in front crawl between swimmers of different performance levels using discrete variables against statistical parametric mapping (SPM). The sample was composed of 34 male swimmers divided into three groups: (i) group #1—recreational swimmers; (ii) group #2—competitive swimmers aged 12 to 14 years; (iii) group #3—competitive swimmers aged 15 to 17 years. Swimming speed and speed fluctuations (calculated based on four different conditions) were used as discrete variables. Using these discrete variables, ANOVA one-way was used to verify differences between groups, and Bonferroni post-hoc correction for pairwise comparison whenever suitable. SPM (with similar statistical tests) was used to analyze the swimming speed and fluctuation as a continuous variable. Overall, both statistical approaches revealed significant differences (p < 0.001) in swimming speed and speed fluctuations. However, as discrete variables (in four different conditions), the speed fluctuation was not able to detect significant differences between groups #2 and #3. Conversely, SPM was more sensitive and did yield significant differences between these two groups. Therefore, researchers and coaches should be aware that the speed fluctuation as a discrete variable may not identify differences in swimming speed fluctuations when the average value between groups is marginal. On the other hand, SPM was more sensitive in analyzing all groups.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanical Analysis in Physical Activity and Sports)
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<p>(<b>A</b>) ANOVA one-way of swimming speed by SPM between the three groups, and the corresponding post-hoc analysis (<b>B</b>)—group #1 vs. #2; (<b>C</b>)—group #1 vs. #3; (<b>D</b>)—group #2 vs. #3). {F}—variance statistic for statistical parametric mapping. SPM {t}—post-hoc statistic for statistical parametric mapping. Grey areas indicate significant differences. In panels (<b>B</b>–<b>D</b>) these areas correspond to <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.017. The dotted black line indicates the null hypothesis. Dash red lines represent the 95% confidence intervals (95 CI).</p> Full article ">
<p>(<b>A</b>) ANOVA one-way of swimming speed by SPM between the three groups, and the corresponding post-hoc analysis (<b>B</b>)—group #1 vs. #2; (<b>C</b>)—group #1 vs. #3; (<b>D</b>)—group #2 vs. #3). {F}—variance statistic for statistical parametric mapping. SPM {t}—post-hoc statistic for statistical parametric mapping. Grey areas indicate significant differences. In panels (<b>B</b>–<b>D</b>) these areas correspond to <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.017. The dotted black line indicates the null hypothesis. Dash red lines represent the 95% confidence intervals (95 CI).</p> Full article ">
Open AccessArticle
Cervical and Thoracic Spine Mobility in Rotator Cuff Related Shoulder Pain: A Comparative Analysis with Asymptomatic Controls
by
Daniel Manoso-Hernando, Javier Bailón-Cerezo, Ignacio Elizagaray-García, Pablo Achútegui-García-Matres, Guillermo Suárez-Díez and Alfonso Gil-Martínez
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(3), 128; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9030128 - 24 Jul 2024
Abstract
Rotator cuff related shoulder pain (RCRSP) is a prevalent clinical presentation characterized by substantial diagnostic uncertainty. Some of this uncertainty relates to the involvement of the cervical and thoracic spine as a source of or contributing factor to RCRSP. Thirty-two RCRSP cases and
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Rotator cuff related shoulder pain (RCRSP) is a prevalent clinical presentation characterized by substantial diagnostic uncertainty. Some of this uncertainty relates to the involvement of the cervical and thoracic spine as a source of or contributing factor to RCRSP. Thirty-two RCRSP cases and thirty-two asymptomatic controls (AC), recruited from Hospital La Paz-Carlos III between March 2023 and September 2023, were matched for age, gender and hand dominance. Assessed variables included cervical, thoracic range of motion (ROM) and neck disability index (NDI). Independent t-tests were used to compare each of these measurements and multiple linear regression was used to examine the capacity of neck or psychosocial variables to predict the variability of the NDI. The RCRSP group had significantly reduced cervical rotation [RCRSP (111.14 ± 22.98); AC (130.23 ± 21.20), d = 0.86, p < 0.01] and flexo-extension ROM [RCRSP (112.47 ± 2.07); AC (128.5 ± 17.85), d = 0.80, p < 0.01] as well as thoracic spine flexion [RCRSP (33.02 ± 1.14); AC (34.14 ± 1.01), d = 1.04, p < 0.01], extension [RCRSP (28.63 ± 0.89); AC (27.37 ± 0.89), d = −1.40, p < 0.01], right rotation [RCRSP (40.53 ± 10.39); AC (54.45 ± 9.75), d = 1.38, p < 0.01], left rotation [RCRSP (39.00 ± 11.26); AC (54.10 ± 10.51), d = 1.39, p < 0.01] and a significantly increased NDI score [RCRSP (17.56 ± 7.25); AC (2.47 ± 3.25), d = −2.69, p < 0.01]. The variables best explaining neck disability were central sensitization index and SF-12 total score (adjusted R2 = 0.75; p < 0.01). These results suggest that clinicians should assess cervical and thoracic spine mobility in patients with RCRSP.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation for the Treatment of Musculoskeletal Disorders)
Open AccessArticle
Exploratory Study into the Classification Agreement between Self-Reported Age of Menarche and Calculated Maturity Offset in Adolescent Girls: A Two-Year Follow-Up Study
by
Barry Gerber and Anita E. Pienaar
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(3), 127; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9030127 - 19 Jul 2024
Abstract
Menarche is a significant pubertal event influencing girls’ participation in physical activity. As menarche is a sensitive matter, a non-invasive substitute is needed to help classify girls’ maturity status and provide physical literacy to them in this regard. The objective of this exploratory
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Menarche is a significant pubertal event influencing girls’ participation in physical activity. As menarche is a sensitive matter, a non-invasive substitute is needed to help classify girls’ maturity status and provide physical literacy to them in this regard. The objective of this exploratory study was to investigate the classification agreement between self-reported age of menarche and calculated maturity offset in adolescent girls from South Africa by making use of various statistical methods. Fifty-eight girls, n = 13 pre- and n = 45 post-menarche (Status Quo method) aged 13.51 ± 3.51 years at baseline, were analyzed (2010–2012). Independent t-testing, cross-tabulation, Roc Curve statistics and logistic regression were used to analyze the classification agreement between markers. All four statistical methods revealed the potential to categorize different maturity groups through the maturity offset equation, although the accuracy declined with increased age. A realized power of 0.92 was found for the group in the first year of the study, with a gradual and significant decline over time. Cross-tabs showed a significant moderate predictive effectiveness (Chi-square = 0.042) during T1, closer to PHV (13.51 years) although also declining significantly with increased age (T2, 14.51 years) beyond PHV (Chi-square = 0.459). Although positive results were found, caution must be used when using maturity offset equations in different homogenic populations due to their unique growth characteristics.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Exercise for Health Promotion)
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Open AccessArticle
The Effects of the Use of Plyometric Exercises with and without the Ball in the Development of Explosive Strength in Volleyball
by
Giovanni Esposito, Gaetano Altavilla, Giuseppe Giardullo, Rosario Ceruso and Tiziana D’Isanto
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(3), 126; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9030126 - 18 Jul 2024
Abstract
Volleyball primarily focuses on technical and tactical training with a ball. However, there is growing interest in integrating fitness training into volleyball practice, particularly to enhance explosive strength through plyometric methods, but there is a lack of a direct scientific comparison between training
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Volleyball primarily focuses on technical and tactical training with a ball. However, there is growing interest in integrating fitness training into volleyball practice, particularly to enhance explosive strength through plyometric methods, but there is a lack of a direct scientific comparison between training with and without the ball. This study aimed to compare the effects of two training protocols on volleyball players. One protocol combined plyometric exercises with technical gestures (wall drills) using the ball, while the other protocol excluded the ball during plyometric exercises. Twenty male volleyball players (aged 18.6 ± 0.3 years, height 189.8 ± 2.2 cm, weight 79.4 ± 1.6 kg) were divided into experimental (with ball) and control (without ball) groups. The analysis of the results highlights significant improvements in both the squat jumps (SJs) and the countermovement jumps with arm swing (CMJas) for both groups. While there were no significant differences between the groups for SJ, significant differences emerged in CMJas, indicating varied training effects. Specifically, the interaction effect was significant (p = 0.004), demonstrating a meaningful distinction in performance improvements between the two groups. The effect size of the interaction is moderate (ηp2 = 0.37, 95% CI: 0; 0.91). These results suggest that incorporating a ball into plyometric training can be beneficial for developing explosive strength in a different way, thereby improving performance due to the motivational stimulus provided. However, given the specificity of the sample and the training protocols used, further studies are needed to confirm these results and evaluate their applicability to a larger sample of volleyball players.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health and Performance through Sports at All Ages 3.0)
Open AccessReview
Active Commuting as a Factor of Cardiovascular Disease Prevention: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis
by
Claudia Baran, Shanice Belgacem, Mathilde Paillet, Raphael Martins de Abreu, Francisco Xavier de Araujo, Roberto Meroni and Camilo Corbellini
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(3), 125; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9030125 - 18 Jul 2024
Abstract
Active commuting (AC) may have the potential to prevent the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the evidence for a correlation between AC and the risk of CVD remains uncertain. The current study thoroughly and qualitatively summarized research on the relationship between AC
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Active commuting (AC) may have the potential to prevent the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the evidence for a correlation between AC and the risk of CVD remains uncertain. The current study thoroughly and qualitatively summarized research on the relationship between AC and the risk of CVD disease. From conception through December 2022, researchers explored four databases (PubMed, PEDro, Cochrane, and Bibliothèque Nationale of Luxembourg [BnL]) for observational studies. The initial findings of the search yielded 1042 references. This systematic review includes five papers with 491,352 participants between 16 and 85 years old, with 5 to 20 years of follow-up period. The exposure variable was the mode of transportation used to commute on a typical day (walking, cycling, mixed mode, driving, or taking public transportation). The primary outcome measures were incident CVD, fatal and non-fatal (e.g., ischemic heart disease (IHD), ischemic stroke (IS), hemorrhagic stroke (HS) events, and coronary heart disease (CHD). Despite methodological variability, the current evidence supports AC as a preventive measure for the development of CVD. Future research is needed to standardize methodologies and promote policies for public health and environmental sustainability.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity for Optimal Health)
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<p>PRISMA flowchart.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>The evaluation regarding the internal validity in the included studies (EPHPP) [<a href="#B43-jfmk-09-00125" class="html-bibr">43</a>,<a href="#B44-jfmk-09-00125" class="html-bibr">44</a>,<a href="#B45-jfmk-09-00125" class="html-bibr">45</a>,<a href="#B46-jfmk-09-00125" class="html-bibr">46</a>,<a href="#B47-jfmk-09-00125" class="html-bibr">47</a>].</p> Full article ">
<p>PRISMA flowchart.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>The evaluation regarding the internal validity in the included studies (EPHPP) [<a href="#B43-jfmk-09-00125" class="html-bibr">43</a>,<a href="#B44-jfmk-09-00125" class="html-bibr">44</a>,<a href="#B45-jfmk-09-00125" class="html-bibr">45</a>,<a href="#B46-jfmk-09-00125" class="html-bibr">46</a>,<a href="#B47-jfmk-09-00125" class="html-bibr">47</a>].</p> Full article ">
Open AccessArticle
Morpho-Functional Analyses Demonstrate That Tyrosol Rescues Dexamethasone-Induced Muscle Atrophy
by
Sara Salucci, Sabrina Burattini, Ilaria Versari, Alberto Bavelloni, Francesco Bavelloni, Davide Curzi, Michela Battistelli, Pietro Gobbi and Irene Faenza
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(3), 124; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9030124 - 17 Jul 2024
Abstract
Prolonged exposure to high dosages of dexamethasone, which is a synthetic glucocorticoid and a well-known anti-inflammatory drug, may lead to an increase in reactive oxygen species production, contributing to muscle wasting. The prevention of muscle atrophy by ingestion of functional foods is an
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Prolonged exposure to high dosages of dexamethasone, which is a synthetic glucocorticoid and a well-known anti-inflammatory drug, may lead to an increase in reactive oxygen species production, contributing to muscle wasting. The prevention of muscle atrophy by ingestion of functional foods is an attractive issue. In the last decade, natural antioxidant compounds have been increasingly investigated as promising molecules able to counteract oxidative-stress-induced muscle atrophy. Recently, we have demonstrated the antioxidant properties of two main olive oil polyphenols also known for their anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities in different cell models. Here, the preventive effect of tyrosol on dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy has been investigated by means of morpho-functional approaches in C2C12 myotubes. Dexamethasone-treated cells showed a reduced fiber size when compared to control ones. While long and confluent myotubes could be observed in control samples, those exposed to dexamethasone appeared as immature syncytia. Dysfunctional mitochondria and the accumulation of autophagic vacuoles contributed to myotube degeneration and death. Tyrosol administration before glucocorticoid treatment prevented muscle wasting and rescued mitochondrial and lysosomal functionality. These findings demonstrate that tyrosol attenuates dexamethasone-induced myotube damage, and encourage the use of this natural molecule in preclinical and clinical studies and in synergy with other functional foods or physical activity with the aim to prevent muscle atrophy.
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(This article belongs to the Section Functional Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System)
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Figure 1
<p>Cell viability percentage evaluated through TB assay in control cells, in cells exposed to DEXA, and cells pre-treated with various Tyr (5 µM, 10 µM, 20 µM, 40 µM, and 80 µM) dosages before DEXA administration (<b>A</b>). Graph shows TB assay of control cells and those treated with Tyr 20 μM for 48h (<b>B</b>). ESEM images show control myotubes (<b>C</b>) and those exposed to DEXA (<b>D</b>) or pretreated with Tyr and then exposed to DEXA (<b>E</b>). In (<b>F</b>) graph shows the mean of myotube diameter in all experimental conditions. <span class="html-italic">p</span>-value < 0.005 (**, highly significant): ctrl vs. DEXA and DEXA vs. 20 µM Tyr + DEXA.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>ESEM (<b>A</b>–<b>C</b>,<b>E</b>) and TEM (<b>D</b>,<b>F</b>,<b>G</b>–<b>J</b>) micrographs of control cells (<b>A</b>–<b>D</b>,<b>H</b>) and myotubes exposed to 20 µM Tyr (<b>E</b>,<b>F</b>,<b>I</b>,<b>J</b>). Bars: 10 µm for (<b>A</b>–<b>C</b>,<b>E</b>); 2 µm for (<b>D</b>,<b>F</b>,<b>G</b>); 200 nm for (<b>H</b>–<b>J</b>). n: nucleus; m: mitochondria; white arrows indicate nuclear pores; black arrows indicate endoplasmic reticula, and the arrowhead identifies stress fibers.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>ESEM (<b>A</b>,<b>H</b>) and TEM (<b>B</b>–<b>G</b>,<b>I</b>,<b>J</b>) micrographs of myotubes exposed to DEXA (<b>A</b>–<b>G</b>) and those pre-treated with 20 µM Tyr before DEXA (<b>H</b>–<b>J</b>). Open black arrows indicate plasma membrane rupture (<b>B</b>,<b>C</b>,<b>E</b>). Autophagosomes (asterisks) and autophagolysosomes (white arrows) can be observed in (<b>D</b>,<b>E</b>). Aqueous vacuoles (black arrowheads) appear in the cytoplasm (<b>C</b>,<b>D</b>). In (<b>G</b>,<b>J</b>), black arrows refer to endoplasmic reticula. m: mitochondria. Bars: 10 µm for (<b>A</b>,<b>B</b>); 5 µm for (<b>C</b>,<b>I</b>,<b>J</b>); 2 µm for (<b>E</b>,<b>G</b>); 20 µm for (<b>H</b>); 500 nm for (<b>D</b>,<b>F</b>).</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>CLSM ((<b>A</b>–<b>E</b>), inset (<b>E</b>,<b>G</b>,<b>H</b>,<b>I</b>)) and TEM (<b>F</b>,<b>J</b>) micrographs of control cells (<b>A</b>,<b>B</b>) and myotubes exposed to Tyr alone (<b>C</b>,<b>D</b>), to DEXA ((<b>E</b>), inset (<b>E</b>–<b>G</b>)), and pre-treated with Tyr before DEXA administration (<b>H</b>–<b>J</b>). LC3B-GFP ((<b>A</b>,<b>C</b>,<b>E</b>), inset (<b>E</b>,<b>H</b>)) and AO staining (<b>B</b>,<b>D</b>,<b>G</b>,<b>I</b>) can be observed. LC3B green puncta are associated with autophagosomes; vacuoles are characterized by a double membrane (white arrows, in (<b>F</b>)) while autophagolysosomes (black arrows in (<b>J</b>)) appear in myotubes pre-treated with Tyr before DEXA exposure. AO is accumulated by acidic vesicles that, if functional, yield prominent orange or red signal staining. When the lysosomal proton gradient is lost, leakage of AO into the cytosol can be detected as a concomitant increase in green cytosolic staining. Graph (<b>K</b>) shows the fluorescence intensity quantification of LC3 green puncta (with relative Tukey HSD values and significant differences among the various experimental groups). Bars: 10 µm for ((<b>A</b>–<b>E</b>), inset (<b>E</b>,<b>G</b>,<b>H</b>,<b>I</b>)); 200 nm for (<b>F,J</b>).</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>CLSM (<b>A</b>,<b>C</b>,<b>E</b>,<b>G</b>) and TEM (<b>B</b>,<b>D</b>,<b>F</b>,<b>H</b>) micrographs of control cells (<b>A</b>,<b>B</b>), and myotubes exposed to Tyr alone (<b>C</b>,<b>D</b>), to DEXA (<b>E</b>,<b>F</b>), or pre-treated with Tyr before DEXA administration (<b>G</b>,<b>H</b>). JC1 staining emits red fluorescence when the mitochondrial membrane potential is preserved (<b>A</b>,<b>C</b>,<b>G</b>), whereas it emits green fluorescence in unhealthy myotubes (<b>E</b>). Preserved ((<b>B</b>,<b>D</b>,<b>H</b>); white arrowheads) or altered ((<b>F</b>), black arrowheads) mitochondria can be observed at ultrastructural levels. In (<b>B</b>), a degrative vacuole at a single membrane appears (black arrow). Graph (<b>I</b>) shows the fluorescence intensity quantification of JC1 staining calculated with ImageJ Software. JC1 immunofluorescence quantification appears statistically significant with the <span class="html-italic">p</span>-value < 0.05 (*) when comparing DEXA alone vs. Tyr20 + DEXA treatments. Bars: 10 µm for (<b>A</b>,<b>C</b>,<b>E</b>,<b>G</b>); 200 nm for (<b>B</b>,<b>D</b>,<b>F</b>,<b>H</b>).</p> Full article ">Scheme 1
<p>Experimental design.</p> Full article ">
<p>Cell viability percentage evaluated through TB assay in control cells, in cells exposed to DEXA, and cells pre-treated with various Tyr (5 µM, 10 µM, 20 µM, 40 µM, and 80 µM) dosages before DEXA administration (<b>A</b>). Graph shows TB assay of control cells and those treated with Tyr 20 μM for 48h (<b>B</b>). ESEM images show control myotubes (<b>C</b>) and those exposed to DEXA (<b>D</b>) or pretreated with Tyr and then exposed to DEXA (<b>E</b>). In (<b>F</b>) graph shows the mean of myotube diameter in all experimental conditions. <span class="html-italic">p</span>-value < 0.005 (**, highly significant): ctrl vs. DEXA and DEXA vs. 20 µM Tyr + DEXA.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>ESEM (<b>A</b>–<b>C</b>,<b>E</b>) and TEM (<b>D</b>,<b>F</b>,<b>G</b>–<b>J</b>) micrographs of control cells (<b>A</b>–<b>D</b>,<b>H</b>) and myotubes exposed to 20 µM Tyr (<b>E</b>,<b>F</b>,<b>I</b>,<b>J</b>). Bars: 10 µm for (<b>A</b>–<b>C</b>,<b>E</b>); 2 µm for (<b>D</b>,<b>F</b>,<b>G</b>); 200 nm for (<b>H</b>–<b>J</b>). n: nucleus; m: mitochondria; white arrows indicate nuclear pores; black arrows indicate endoplasmic reticula, and the arrowhead identifies stress fibers.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>ESEM (<b>A</b>,<b>H</b>) and TEM (<b>B</b>–<b>G</b>,<b>I</b>,<b>J</b>) micrographs of myotubes exposed to DEXA (<b>A</b>–<b>G</b>) and those pre-treated with 20 µM Tyr before DEXA (<b>H</b>–<b>J</b>). Open black arrows indicate plasma membrane rupture (<b>B</b>,<b>C</b>,<b>E</b>). Autophagosomes (asterisks) and autophagolysosomes (white arrows) can be observed in (<b>D</b>,<b>E</b>). Aqueous vacuoles (black arrowheads) appear in the cytoplasm (<b>C</b>,<b>D</b>). In (<b>G</b>,<b>J</b>), black arrows refer to endoplasmic reticula. m: mitochondria. Bars: 10 µm for (<b>A</b>,<b>B</b>); 5 µm for (<b>C</b>,<b>I</b>,<b>J</b>); 2 µm for (<b>E</b>,<b>G</b>); 20 µm for (<b>H</b>); 500 nm for (<b>D</b>,<b>F</b>).</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>CLSM ((<b>A</b>–<b>E</b>), inset (<b>E</b>,<b>G</b>,<b>H</b>,<b>I</b>)) and TEM (<b>F</b>,<b>J</b>) micrographs of control cells (<b>A</b>,<b>B</b>) and myotubes exposed to Tyr alone (<b>C</b>,<b>D</b>), to DEXA ((<b>E</b>), inset (<b>E</b>–<b>G</b>)), and pre-treated with Tyr before DEXA administration (<b>H</b>–<b>J</b>). LC3B-GFP ((<b>A</b>,<b>C</b>,<b>E</b>), inset (<b>E</b>,<b>H</b>)) and AO staining (<b>B</b>,<b>D</b>,<b>G</b>,<b>I</b>) can be observed. LC3B green puncta are associated with autophagosomes; vacuoles are characterized by a double membrane (white arrows, in (<b>F</b>)) while autophagolysosomes (black arrows in (<b>J</b>)) appear in myotubes pre-treated with Tyr before DEXA exposure. AO is accumulated by acidic vesicles that, if functional, yield prominent orange or red signal staining. When the lysosomal proton gradient is lost, leakage of AO into the cytosol can be detected as a concomitant increase in green cytosolic staining. Graph (<b>K</b>) shows the fluorescence intensity quantification of LC3 green puncta (with relative Tukey HSD values and significant differences among the various experimental groups). Bars: 10 µm for ((<b>A</b>–<b>E</b>), inset (<b>E</b>,<b>G</b>,<b>H</b>,<b>I</b>)); 200 nm for (<b>F,J</b>).</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>CLSM (<b>A</b>,<b>C</b>,<b>E</b>,<b>G</b>) and TEM (<b>B</b>,<b>D</b>,<b>F</b>,<b>H</b>) micrographs of control cells (<b>A</b>,<b>B</b>), and myotubes exposed to Tyr alone (<b>C</b>,<b>D</b>), to DEXA (<b>E</b>,<b>F</b>), or pre-treated with Tyr before DEXA administration (<b>G</b>,<b>H</b>). JC1 staining emits red fluorescence when the mitochondrial membrane potential is preserved (<b>A</b>,<b>C</b>,<b>G</b>), whereas it emits green fluorescence in unhealthy myotubes (<b>E</b>). Preserved ((<b>B</b>,<b>D</b>,<b>H</b>); white arrowheads) or altered ((<b>F</b>), black arrowheads) mitochondria can be observed at ultrastructural levels. In (<b>B</b>), a degrative vacuole at a single membrane appears (black arrow). Graph (<b>I</b>) shows the fluorescence intensity quantification of JC1 staining calculated with ImageJ Software. JC1 immunofluorescence quantification appears statistically significant with the <span class="html-italic">p</span>-value < 0.05 (*) when comparing DEXA alone vs. Tyr20 + DEXA treatments. Bars: 10 µm for (<b>A</b>,<b>C</b>,<b>E</b>,<b>G</b>); 200 nm for (<b>B</b>,<b>D</b>,<b>F</b>,<b>H</b>).</p> Full article ">Scheme 1
<p>Experimental design.</p> Full article ">
Open AccessArticle
Convolutional Neural Network-Based Automated Segmentation of Skeletal Muscle and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue on Thigh MRI in Muscular Dystrophy Patients
by
Giacomo Aringhieri, Guja Astrea, Daniela Marfisi, Salvatore Claudio Fanni, Gemma Marinella, Rosa Pasquariello, Giulia Ricci, Francesco Sansone, Martina Sperti, Alessandro Tonacci, Francesca Torri, Sabrina Matà, Gabriele Siciliano, Emanuele Neri, Filippo Maria Santorelli and Raffaele Conte
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(3), 123; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9030123 - 12 Jul 2024
Abstract
We aim to develop a deep learning-based algorithm for automated segmentation of thigh muscles and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) from T1-weighted muscle MRIs from patients affected by muscular dystrophies (MDs). From March 2019 to February 2022, adult and pediatric patients affected by MDs
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We aim to develop a deep learning-based algorithm for automated segmentation of thigh muscles and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) from T1-weighted muscle MRIs from patients affected by muscular dystrophies (MDs). From March 2019 to February 2022, adult and pediatric patients affected by MDs were enrolled from Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy (Institution 1) and the IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Calambrone-Pisa, Italy (Institution 2), respectively. All patients underwent a bilateral thighs MRI including an axial T1 weighted in- and out-of-phase (dual-echo). Both muscles and SAT were manually and separately segmented on out-of-phase image sets by a radiologist with 6 years of experience in musculoskeletal imaging. A U-Net1 and U-Net3 were built to automatically segment the SAT, all the thigh muscles together and the three muscular compartments separately. The dataset was randomly split into the on train, validation, and test set. The segmentation performance was assessed through the Dice similarity coefficient (DSC). The final cohort included 23 patients. The estimated DSC for U-Net1 was 96.8%, 95.3%, and 95.6% on train, validation, and test set, respectively, while the estimated accuracy for U-Net3 was 94.1%, 92.9%, and 93.9%. Both of the U-Nets achieved a median DSC of 0.95 for SAT segmentation. The U-Net1 and the U-Net3 achieved an optimal agreement with manual segmentation for the automatic segmentation. The so-developed neural networks have the potential to automatically segment thigh muscles and SAT in patients affected by MDs.
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(This article belongs to the Section Functional Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System)
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<p>Results of manual (above) and automated (below) segmentation of thigh muscles (blue) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (pink) obtained with the U-Net1 for (from the left to the right) P0, P1, P9, and P12.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Results of manual (above) and automated (below) segmentation of thigh muscles anterior (blue), medial (yellow), and posterior (purple) compartments and subcutaneous adipose tissue (pink) obtained with the U-Net3 for (from the left to the right) P4, P6, P8, and P10.</p> Full article ">
<p>Results of manual (above) and automated (below) segmentation of thigh muscles (blue) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (pink) obtained with the U-Net1 for (from the left to the right) P0, P1, P9, and P12.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Results of manual (above) and automated (below) segmentation of thigh muscles anterior (blue), medial (yellow), and posterior (purple) compartments and subcutaneous adipose tissue (pink) obtained with the U-Net3 for (from the left to the right) P4, P6, P8, and P10.</p> Full article ">
Open AccessArticle
Comparative Analysis of Ventilatory Responses during Stress Tests in Patients with Chronic Pain: Implications for Therapeutic Interventions
by
Patricio Barría, María Gaitán-Padilla, Daniel Gomez-Vargas, Gonzalo Cardenas Ampuero, Kay Gitterman, Bessie Cordova, Camilo A. R. Diaz and Flavio Roberti
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(3), 122; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9030122 - 7 Jul 2024
Abstract
Understanding the differences in ventilatory responses during exercise between patients with fibromyalgia and those with other chronic pain disorders is crucial for developing effective therapeutic interventions, especially in exercise to identify the better physical therapy prescription. Both populations face unique challenges that impact
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Understanding the differences in ventilatory responses during exercise between patients with fibromyalgia and those with other chronic pain disorders is crucial for developing effective therapeutic interventions, especially in exercise to identify the better physical therapy prescription. Both populations face unique challenges that impact their ability to engage in physical activity; yet, the underlying physiological responses can vary significantly. In this context, the methodology of this study entailed conducting a comparative analysis of the ventilatory response during exercise in patients with fibromyalgia and those with other chronic pain disorders. The experimental protocol included a total of 31 participants (n = 13 diagnosed with fibromyalgia and n = 18 diagnosed with other chronic pain conditions). All participants completed a stress test, where the ventilatory parameters were measured in three stages (i.e., resting, incremental exercise, and recovery). The results revealed significant differences ( ) in ventilatory responses between both groups. Patients with fibromyalgia exhibited reduced time for the aerobic threshold and a higher respiratory frequency in the anaerobic threshold compared to those with other chronic pain disorders. Furthermore, fibromyalgia patients demonstrated higher values in the ventilatory coefficient during the test and in the recovery stage. In conclusion, these differences underscore the need for tailored exercise programs that specifically address the unique ventilatory challenges faced by fibromyalgia patients to improve their physical function and overall quality of life.
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(This article belongs to the Section Physical Exercise for Health Promotion)
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<p>Methodology used to assign ergometer groups in the stress test. The test ranges represent the criteria used to assign each ergometer. The n values denote the number of patients with fibromyalgia (FM) and other chronic pain (OCP) in both groups.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Experimental setup for this study: The left image (<b>A</b>) illustrates the protocol using the recumbent cycle, whereas the right image (<b>B</b>) depicts the exercise conducted on a treadmill.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Distribution of time (<b>A</b>), respiratory frequency (<b>B</b>), and ventilatory coefficient (<b>C</b>) across maximum, anaerobic, and aerobic thresholds during the incremental exercise stage. Thresholds highlighted in red and with asterisk indicate statistically significant differences between the fibromyalgia and other chronic pain groups.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Distribution of the ventilatory coefficient for the recovery stage during three intervals. Intervals highlighted in red and with asterisk indicate statistically significant differences between the fibromyalgia and other chronic pain groups.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, and ventilatory coefficient reported during the experiment for both patient groups. The lines represent the mean values, and the shaded areas indicate data dispersion.</p> Full article ">
<p>Methodology used to assign ergometer groups in the stress test. The test ranges represent the criteria used to assign each ergometer. The n values denote the number of patients with fibromyalgia (FM) and other chronic pain (OCP) in both groups.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Experimental setup for this study: The left image (<b>A</b>) illustrates the protocol using the recumbent cycle, whereas the right image (<b>B</b>) depicts the exercise conducted on a treadmill.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Distribution of time (<b>A</b>), respiratory frequency (<b>B</b>), and ventilatory coefficient (<b>C</b>) across maximum, anaerobic, and aerobic thresholds during the incremental exercise stage. Thresholds highlighted in red and with asterisk indicate statistically significant differences between the fibromyalgia and other chronic pain groups.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Distribution of the ventilatory coefficient for the recovery stage during three intervals. Intervals highlighted in red and with asterisk indicate statistically significant differences between the fibromyalgia and other chronic pain groups.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, and ventilatory coefficient reported during the experiment for both patient groups. The lines represent the mean values, and the shaded areas indicate data dispersion.</p> Full article ">
Open AccessArticle
Anthropometric and Somatotype Profile of Elite Finn Class Sailors
by
Luka Pezelj, Boris Milavić and Mirjana Milić
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(3), 121; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9030121 - 5 Jul 2024
Abstract
Determining the reference base of anthropometric parameters on a sample of elite athletes is one of the foundations of further research and forming a clearer picture of each sport and sports discipline. In this study, the aim was to describe the anthropometric and
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Determining the reference base of anthropometric parameters on a sample of elite athletes is one of the foundations of further research and forming a clearer picture of each sport and sports discipline. In this study, the aim was to describe the anthropometric and somatotype profiles of elite Finn class sailors and to determine the differences in the measured parameters between sailors at different levels of general competitive success. The subject sample included 57 Finn class sailors who competed at the open Finn European Championship. A set of 25 anthropometric variables were applied. The sailors were divided into three groups according to their level of general competitive success using World Sailing Rankings. Finn sailors had higher average values in almost all morphological characteristics when compared to the sailors in other Olympic classes. Considering the average values of somatotype categories, we determined that Finn sailors fit the endomorphic mesomorph somatotype category (3.94 ± 1.19 − 5.50 ± 1.19 − 1.63 ± 0.74). Significant differences were observed between more-successful, medium, and less-successful sailors in the variables of age, body mass, muscle mass, arm muscle mass, and endomorphy rating. These results indicate the possibility of selection processes and/or adaptation to sailing occurring in the Finn class. The anthropometric characteristics of Finn sailors compared to sailors in Olympic classes further “support” the Finn class being called the “heavy dinghy” male class. This study on anthropometric parameters, determined via a sample of top Finn sailors, may be of great help to coaches and young sailors when deciding on the selection of an adult sailing class.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanical Analysis in Physical Activity and Sports)
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Open AccessArticle
Match-to-Match Variation on High-Intensity Demands in a Portuguese Professional Football Team
by
José E. Teixeira, Luís Branquinho, Miguel Leal, Ryland Morgans, Andrew Sortwell, Tiago M. Barbosa, António M. Monteiro, Pedro Afonso, Guilherme Machado, Samuel Encarnação, Ricardo Ferraz and Pedro Forte
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(3), 120; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9030120 - 4 Jul 2024
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the match-to-match variation in high-intensity demands from one Portuguese professional football team according to playing positions. Twenty-three male outfield professional football players were observed during eighteen matches of the Portuguese Second League. Time–motion data were
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The aim of this study was to analyze the match-to-match variation in high-intensity demands from one Portuguese professional football team according to playing positions. Twenty-three male outfield professional football players were observed during eighteen matches of the Portuguese Second League. Time–motion data were collected using Global Positioning System (GPS) technology. Match running performance was analyzed based on the following three playing positions: defenders (DF), midfielders (MF), and forwards (FW). Repeated measures ANOVA was utilized to compare match running performance within each position role, and seasonal running variation. Practical differences were assessed using the smallest worthwhile change (SWC), coefficient of variation (CV), and twice the coefficient of variation (2CV). Significant differences were found among playing positions in total distance covered (F = 15.45, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.33), average speed (F = 12.79, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.29), high-speed running (F = 16.93, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.36), sprinting (F = 13.49, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.31), accelerations (F = 4.69, p = 0.001, η2 = 0.132), and decelerations (F = 12.21, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.284). The match-to-match running performance encompassed TD (6.59%), AvS (8.67%), HSRr (37.83%), SPR (34.82%), ACC (26.92%), and DEC (27.85%). CV values for total distance covered ranged from 4.87–6.82%, with forwards and midfielders exhibiting the greatest and smallest variation, respectively. Midfielders demonstrated the highest match-to-match variation for all other analyzed variables (8.12–69.17%). All playing positions showed significant variation in high-demanding variables (26.94–37.83%). This study presents the initial analysis of match-to-match variation in high-intensity demands within a Portuguese professional football team. Thus, the position’s specificity and context can provide a helpful strategy for evaluating match-to-match running performance, and for recommending individualized training exercises based on the peak and high-intensity demands for each player’s role within the game.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimizing Strength and Resistance Training: Best Practices Applied to Sports Disciplines and Performance)
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<p>Match running performance according to playing position, as follows: (<b>a</b>) total distance covered (km), (<b>b</b>) distance covered per minute (m·min<sup>−1</sup>), (<b>c</b>) distance covered at relative high-speed running (m), and (<b>d</b>) number of sprints, accelerations, and decelerations. Abbreviations: ACC—accelerations; ALL—overall independent position group; AvS—average speed; DEC—Deceleration; DF— defenders; FW—forwards; km—kilometers; m—meters; MF—midfields; m·min<sup>−1</sup>—meters per minute; n—number; rHSR—relative high-speed running; SPR—sprints.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Practical differences expressed by coefficient of variation (CV), twice the coefficient of variation (2CV), and smallest worthwhile change (SWC). Abbreviations: 2CV—twice the coefficient of variation; ACC—accelerations; ALL—overall independent position group; AvS—average speed; CV—coefficient of variation; DEC—decelerations; DF—defenders; FW—forwards; MF—midfielders; rHSR—relative high-speed running; SD—standard deviation; SPR—sprints; SWC—smallest worthwhile change; TD—total distance.</p> Full article ">
<p>Match running performance according to playing position, as follows: (<b>a</b>) total distance covered (km), (<b>b</b>) distance covered per minute (m·min<sup>−1</sup>), (<b>c</b>) distance covered at relative high-speed running (m), and (<b>d</b>) number of sprints, accelerations, and decelerations. Abbreviations: ACC—accelerations; ALL—overall independent position group; AvS—average speed; DEC—Deceleration; DF— defenders; FW—forwards; km—kilometers; m—meters; MF—midfields; m·min<sup>−1</sup>—meters per minute; n—number; rHSR—relative high-speed running; SPR—sprints.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Practical differences expressed by coefficient of variation (CV), twice the coefficient of variation (2CV), and smallest worthwhile change (SWC). Abbreviations: 2CV—twice the coefficient of variation; ACC—accelerations; ALL—overall independent position group; AvS—average speed; CV—coefficient of variation; DEC—decelerations; DF—defenders; FW—forwards; MF—midfielders; rHSR—relative high-speed running; SD—standard deviation; SPR—sprints; SWC—smallest worthwhile change; TD—total distance.</p> Full article ">
Open AccessArticle
Regular Physical Activity Can Counteract LONG COVID Symptoms in Adults over 40
by
Marco Centorbi, Giulia Di Martino, Carlo della Valle, Enzo Iuliano, Gloria Di Claudio, Amelia Mascioli, Giuseppe Calcagno, Alessandra di Cagno, Andrea Buonsenso and Giovanni Fiorilli
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(3), 119; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9030119 - 4 Jul 2024
Abstract
Three years after the SARS-CoV-19 pandemic, a chronic post-COVID syndrome “LONG COVID” persists, causing fatigue and shortness of breath, along with distress, anxiety, and depression. Aim: To assess the impact of physical activity on the management and rehabilitation of LONG COVID, as well
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Three years after the SARS-CoV-19 pandemic, a chronic post-COVID syndrome “LONG COVID” persists, causing fatigue and shortness of breath, along with distress, anxiety, and depression. Aim: To assess the impact of physical activity on the management and rehabilitation of LONG COVID, as well as to investigate the persistence of LONG COVID symptomatology in individuals over 40 years, beyond the pandemic. Methods: A total of 1004 participants (aged 53.45 ± 11.35) were recruited through an online snowball sampling strategy to complete a web-based survey. The following questionnaires were administered: Physical Activity Scale for Elderly (PASE), Shortness of Breath Questionnaire (SOBQ), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 item (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7), and Fatigue Scale for Motor and Cognitive Functions (FSMC). Results: Significant gender differences were discovered, with women reporting higher symptoms than men (p < 0.001). Significant age differences were also found, with participants under 55 showing higher values than those over 55 (p < 0.001). No significant differences were found between aerobic and mixed physical activity (p > 0.05) while significant results emerged between physical activity groups and the no activity group (p < 0.001). The low-frequency group reported higher symptoms than the high-frequency group (all ps < 0.001). Conclusion: Regardless of the type of physical activity performed, our survey identified the frequency of training as a crucial factor to overcome LONG COVID symptoms; the challenge lies in overcoming the difficulties due to the persistent feelings of inefficiency and fatigue typical of those who have contracted the infection.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Medicine and Public Health)
Open AccessArticle
Effects of the NeuroHAB Program on Low Back Pain and Oswestry Disability Index Scores: A Retrospective Wait-List Control Study
by
Brogan Williams and David Johnson
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(3), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9030118 - 3 Jul 2024
Abstract
Movement theory and the study of movement dysfunction mark a paradigm shift in the treatment of low back pain symptoms, the majority of which are mechanical in origin at the outset. Treating movement dysfunction centers around unified and consistent rehabilitation that defines proficient
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Movement theory and the study of movement dysfunction mark a paradigm shift in the treatment of low back pain symptoms, the majority of which are mechanical in origin at the outset. Treating movement dysfunction centers around unified and consistent rehabilitation that defines proficient movement for the lumbopelvic spine. The purpose of this study is to document the improvement in pain and disability of 290 patients who underwent NeuroHAB Functional Movement Therapy to reverse their lumbopelvic movement dysfunction attributed to causing their back pain symptoms between 2019 and 2023. Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores were collected from each participant on three occasions: the first consultation, after a waiting period/pre-intervention, and after the eight-week intervention. A single-factor ANOVA of all three ODI data sets was conducted, along with supporting descriptive statistics. A post-hoc t-test pairwise comparison was conducted for accuracy. The average ODI 1 score (taken at the first consultation) was 15.26 ± 6.1% (CI: 14.3–16.2); ODI 2 (after a waiting period, before NeuroHAB) was 14.71 ± 6.0% (CI: 13.82–15.59); and ODI 3 (post-intervention) was 9.09 ± 8.6% (CI: 8.305–9.875). There was no significant change from ODI 1 to ODI 2 (between the consultation and waitlist control periods). However, a significant reduction between ODI 2 and ODI 3 was observed (pre- and post-intervention) (mean difference: 5.62, p ≤ 0.001), and a 40.41% reduction was observed between ODI 1 (the ODI score taken at the first consultation) and ODI 3 (the ODI score taken after NeuroHAB, post-intervention) (mean difference: 6.17, p ≤ 0.001). A 50% ODI reduction was reported in the “Crippled” category (mean difference 16.15, p ≤ 0.001). The inclusion of functional movement proficiency and stability in future guidelines is a necessary step towards meaningful improvement in epidemic levels of back pain-related clinical and economic morbidity.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Exercise for Health Promotion)
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![](https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfmk/jfmk-09-00118/article_deploy/html/images/jfmk-09-00118-g001-550.jpg?1720003032)
Figure 1
Figure 1
<p>Cause- and symptom-focused clinical model for chronic low back pain.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>NeuroHab movement examples.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Each phase is represented by an ODI score.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Patient ODI changes with confidence interval error bars.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Reduction in ODI mean (grouped by year).</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Reduction in ODI mean (grouped by the ODI category “Crippled”).</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Waitlist comparison group graph.</p> Full article ">
<p>Cause- and symptom-focused clinical model for chronic low back pain.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>NeuroHab movement examples.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Each phase is represented by an ODI score.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Patient ODI changes with confidence interval error bars.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Reduction in ODI mean (grouped by year).</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Reduction in ODI mean (grouped by the ODI category “Crippled”).</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Waitlist comparison group graph.</p> Full article ">
Open AccessArticle
Lifestyle as a Modulator of the Effects on Fitness of an Integrated Neuromuscular Training in Primary Education
by
Blanca Roman-Viñas, Fidanka Vasileva, Raquel Font-Lladó, Susana Aznar-Laín, Fabio Jiménez-Zazo, Abel Lopez-Bermejo, Victor López-Ros and Anna Prats-Puig
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(3), 117; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9030117 - 2 Jul 2024
Abstract
The objective was to evaluate changes in fitness after an integrated neuromuscular training (INT) intervention in primary school children and to evaluate how lifestyle behaviors and parental education modulate these changes. One hundred and seventy children (7.45 ± 0.34 years; 52% girls) were
[...] Read more.
The objective was to evaluate changes in fitness after an integrated neuromuscular training (INT) intervention in primary school children and to evaluate how lifestyle behaviors and parental education modulate these changes. One hundred and seventy children (7.45 ± 0.34 years; 52% girls) were included. Cardiorespiratory fitness (half-mile run test), a 10 × 5 m shuttle run test, standing broad jump (SBJ), handgrip dynamometer, body mass index (BMI) and fat mass percentage (FM%) were assessed before and after the 3-month intervention (20 min of INT in the physical education class, twice per week). The Mediterranean diet (MD), sleep time and parental education level (PEL) were evaluated by questionnaires, and adherence to physical activity (PA) recommendations was measured with a triaxial accelerometer before the intervention. After the intervention, there were improvements in the 10 × 5 test and the SBJ. Only girls had improvements in the handgrip test, BMI SDS and FM%. After correcting for confounding variables, only BMI was significantly improved whereas strength improved in the participants non-compliant with the PA recommendations or pertaining to families of high PEL. The INT produced improvements in fitness in a brief period and in different subgroups of pupils (inactive and with diverse sociocultural environments).
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity for Optimal Health)
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