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Metal Organic Frameworks

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Materials Science".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2010) | Viewed by 36864

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Department of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
Interests: development of spectroscopic methods in order to achieve a detailed understanding of the physicochemical nature of a large variety of nanostructured high surface area materials, which find applications as heterogeneous catalysts in many processes; sustainability, strongly interconnected with energy efficiency and integration of (possibly renewable) resources in order to allow a sustainable growth of society
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In recent years several metallorganic frameworks (MOFs) have been deeply investigated for their properties and potential application in catalysis, gas storage, ion exchange, separation, and polymerization. The main properties of MOFs are ordered structures, the presence of channels or cavities with defined shapes and dimensions, a large surface area, and in some cases, a peculiar lattice flexibility. Due to these properties, MOFs are very attractive materials for their potential applications, as compared to "classic" porous materials, such as zeolites and active carbons. MOFs can be considered as three-dimensionally structured coordination metal complexes, in which the metal ions are connected to the ligands through covalent coordination bonds. The key to their success is the appropriate design of molecular building blocks (linkers, connectors, counter-ions, etc.), to obtain the desired structure and physico-chemical properties. For example, N-, O-, and S-donor ligands are suitable candidate building blocks for the obtainment of unique structural motifs, that can show not only a great aesthetic and conceptual appeal, but also attractive functional properties. The MOFs described in the recent literature can be divided into the following classes: i) porous materials containing solvents, or other neutral or ionic guest species,whose porous structure irreversibly collapses upon their removal (1st generation MOFs), ii) materials with a stable, rigid, and robust framework, that remain unchanged after the removal of the guests (2nd generation MOFs), and iii) flexible structures able to adapt themselves to a modification, or removal, of guest species or to external stimuli, by a reversible change of the shape and dimensions of pores, or, more generally, of the geometrical parameters of their crystal lattice (3rd generation MOFs).

Prof. Dr. Silvia Bordiga
Guest Editor

Keywords

  • Metallorganic Frameworks
  • Porous Coordination Polymers
  • Hybrid Microporous Materials
  • Design of Molecular Building Blocks
  • Self-assembly Synthesis
  • MOFs
  • PCPs
  • Synthesis of Linkers
  • Synthesis of Connectors
  • Characterization
  • Modeling

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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596 KiB  
Article
Synthesis, Characterization and Thermal Studies of Zn(II), Cd(II) and Hg(II) Complexes of N-Methyl-N-Phenyldithiocarbamate: The Single Crystal Structure of [(C6H5)(CH3)NCS2]4Hg2
by Damian C. Onwudiwe and Peter A. Ajibade
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12(3), 1964-1978; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms12031964 - 17 Mar 2011
Cited by 85 | Viewed by 11735
Abstract
Zn(II), Cd(II) and Hg(II) complexes of N-methyl-N-phenyl dithiocarbamate have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis and spectral studies (IR, 1H and 13C-NMR). The single crystal X-ray structure of the mercury complex revealed that the complex contains a Hg centre with [...] Read more.
Zn(II), Cd(II) and Hg(II) complexes of N-methyl-N-phenyl dithiocarbamate have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis and spectral studies (IR, 1H and 13C-NMR). The single crystal X-ray structure of the mercury complex revealed that the complex contains a Hg centre with a distorted tetrahedral coordination sphere in which the dinuclear Hg complex resides on a crystallographic inversion centre and each Hg atom is coordinated to four S atoms from the dithiocarbamate moiety. One dithiocarbamate ligand acts as chelating ligand while the other acts as chelating bridging ligand between two Hg atoms, resulting in a dinuclear eight-member ring. The course of the thermal degradation of the complexes has been investigated using thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses techniques. Thermogravimetric analysis of the complexes show a single weight loss to give MS (M = Zn, Cd, Hg) indicating that they might be useful as single source precursors for the synthesis of MS nanoparticles and thin films. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Organic Frameworks)
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<p>TGA curves showing the degradation of complexes.</p>
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<p>DSC curves of the complexes (in nitrogen) at a heating rate of 5 °C min<sup>−1</sup>.</p>
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<p>EDX of the decomposed products from complex CdL<sub>2</sub> at 800 °C.</p>
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<p>EDX of the decomposed products from complex ZnL<sub>2</sub> at 800 °C.</p>
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<p>Molecular structure of [(C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)(CH<sub>3</sub>)NCS<sub>2</sub>]<sub>4</sub>Hg<sub>2</sub>. The thermal ellipsoids are shown at 50% probability level.</p>
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<p>Packing diagram of [(C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)(CH<sub>3</sub>)NCS<sub>2</sub>]<sub>4</sub>Hg<sub>2</sub> as viewed down the crystallographic <span class="html-italic">b</span> axis.</p>
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<p><b>(a)</b> Packing diagram of [(C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)(CH<sub>3</sub>)NCS<sub>2</sub>]<sub>4</sub>Hg2 showing S4···S4 intermolecular interactions; <b>(b)</b> Packing diagram of [(C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)(CH<sub>3</sub>)NCS<sub>2</sub>]<sub>4</sub>Hg<sub>2</sub> showing C—H···π intermolecular interactions.</p>
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<p><b>(a)</b> Packing diagram of [(C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)(CH<sub>3</sub>)NCS<sub>2</sub>]<sub>4</sub>Hg2 showing S4···S4 intermolecular interactions; <b>(b)</b> Packing diagram of [(C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)(CH<sub>3</sub>)NCS<sub>2</sub>]<sub>4</sub>Hg<sub>2</sub> showing C—H···π intermolecular interactions.</p>
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978 KiB  
Article
Syntheses and Characterization of New Nickel Coordination Polymers with 4,4’-Dipyridylsulfide. Dynamic Rearrangements of One-Dimensional Chains Responding to External Stimuli: Temperature Variation and Guest Releases/Re-Inclusions
by Mitsuru Kondo, Hideaki Takahashi, Hirotaka Watanabe, Yusuke Shimizu, Katsunori Yamanishi, Makoto Miyazawa, Naoko Nishina, Yutaka Ishida, Hiroyuki Kawaguchi and Fumio Uchida
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2010, 11(8), 2821-2838; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms11082821 - 2 Aug 2010
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 8339
Abstract
Crystal structures and dynamic rearrangements of one-dimensional coordination polymers with 4,4'-dipyridylsulfide (dps) have been studied. Reaction of Ni(NO3)2·6H2O with dps in EtOH yielded [Ni(dps)2(NO3)2]·EtOH (1), which had channels filled [...] Read more.
Crystal structures and dynamic rearrangements of one-dimensional coordination polymers with 4,4'-dipyridylsulfide (dps) have been studied. Reaction of Ni(NO3)2·6H2O with dps in EtOH yielded [Ni(dps)2(NO3)2]·EtOH (1), which had channels filled with guest EtOH molecules among the four Ni(dps)2 chains. This coordination polymer reversibly transformed the channel structure responding to temperature variations. Immersion of 1 in m-xylene released guest EtOH molecules to yield a guest-free coordination polymer [Ni(dps)2(NO3)2] (2a), which was also obtained by treatment of Ni(NO3)2·6H2O with dps in MeOH. On the other hand, removal of the guest molecules from 1 upon heating at 130 °C under reduced pressure produced a guest-free coordination polymer [Ni(dps)2(NO3)2] (2b). Although the 2a and 2b guest-free coordination polymers have the same formula, they showed differences in the assembled structures of the one-dimensional chains. Exposure of 2b to EtOH vapor reproduced 1, while 2a did not convert to 1 in a similar reaction. Reaction of Ni(NO3)2·6H2O with dps in acetone provided [Ni(dps)(NO3)2(H2O)]·Me2CO (4) with no channel structure. When MeOH or acetone was used as a reaction solvent, the [Ni(dps)2(NO3)2]·(guest molecule) type coordination polymer ,which was observed in 1, was not formed. Nevertheless, the reaction of Ni(NO3)2·6H2O with dps in MeOH/acetone mixed solution produced [Ni(dps)2(NO3)2]·0.5(MeOH·acetone) (5), which has an isostructural Ni-dps framework to 1. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Organic Frameworks)
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<p>Coordination circumstances of <b>1</b><b><span class="html-italic">α</span></b> (<b>a</b>) and <b>1</b><b><span class="html-italic">β</span></b> (<b>b</b>). Hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity. <b>1</b><b><span class="html-italic">β</span></b> contains two crystallographically independent (<b>Ni</b>-<b>dps</b><b>2</b>) chains. The nitrate anions in the different chains are connected by electrostatic interactions as shown by dashed line (<b>b</b>).</p>
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<p>Crystal structures of <b>1</b><b><span class="html-italic">α</span></b> (<b>a</b>-<b>c</b>) and <b>1</b><b><span class="html-italic">β</span></b> (<b>d</b>-<b>f</b>). Ethanol molecules in the channels of <b>1</b><b><span class="html-italic">β</span></b> are omitted for clarity. Stacking structures of (<b>Ni</b>-<b>dps</b><b>2</b>) chains along the <span class="html-italic">b</span> axis (<b>a</b>, <b>c</b>, <b>d</b>, <b>f</b>) and <span class="html-italic">c</span> axis (<b>b</b>, <b>e</b>) are exhibited. The channel formed by surrounding four chains is indicated by the rectangles in (<b>b</b>) and (<b>e</b>). Their channel structures with van der Waals radii are revealed in (<b>c</b>) and (<b>f</b>). Except for (<b>c</b>) and (<b>f</b>), the hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity.</p>
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<p>Coordination circumstance of Ni center of <b>2a</b> (<b>a</b>). Views of stacking aspect of (<b>Ni</b>-<b>dps</b><b>2</b>) chains of <b>2a</b> in the <span class="html-italic">ab</span> plane (<b>b</b>), and assembled pattern of the chains along the <span class="html-italic">c</span> axis (<b>c</b>). Hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity.</p>
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<p>Coordination circumstance of Co center of <b>3</b> (<b>a</b>). Views of stacking aspect of (<b>Co</b>-<b>dps</b><b>2</b>) chains of <b>3</b> in the <span class="html-italic">ab</span> plane (<b>b</b>), and assembled pattern of the chains along the <span class="html-italic">c</span> axis (<b>c</b>). Hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity.</p>
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<p>X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) patterns of solid sample of <b>1</b> (<b>a</b>), its dried sample obtained on heating at 130 °C under reduced pressure (<b>b</b>), and the powder obtained by exposure of EtOH vapor to the dried sample (<b>c</b>) for three days. The simulation patterns based on the crystal structural analysis of <b>1</b><b><span class="html-italic">α</span></b> (<b>d</b>) and <b>3</b> (<b>e</b>).</p>
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<p>Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) charts of <b>1</b> (<b>a</b>), <b>2a</b> (<b>b</b>), <b>2b</b> (<b>c</b>), and <b>5</b> (<b>d</b>).</p>
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<p>Structure of (<b>Ni</b>-<b>dps</b><b>2</b>) chain.</p>
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<p>Structures and rearrangement aspects of (<b>Ni</b>-<b>dps</b><b>2</b>) chains for the Ni-dps compounds. The structures are drawn along the chains except for <b>4.</b></p>
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<p>Definition of the <span class="html-italic">Φ</span> angle in the (<b>Ni</b>-<b>dps</b><b>2</b>) chain.</p>
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Review

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2172 KiB  
Review
Flexible Two-Dimensional Square-Grid Coordination Polymers: Structures and Functions
by Hiroshi Kajiro, Atsushi Kondo, Katsumi Kaneko and Hirofumi Kanoh
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2010, 11(10), 3803-3845; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms11103803 - 30 Sep 2010
Cited by 112 | Viewed by 16272
Abstract
Coordination polymers (CPs) or metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted considerable attention because of the tunable diversity of structures and functions. A 4,4'-bipyridine molecule, which is a simple, linear, exobidentate, and rigid ligand molecule, can construct two-dimensional (2D) square grid type CPs. Only the [...] Read more.
Coordination polymers (CPs) or metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted considerable attention because of the tunable diversity of structures and functions. A 4,4'-bipyridine molecule, which is a simple, linear, exobidentate, and rigid ligand molecule, can construct two-dimensional (2D) square grid type CPs. Only the 2D-CPs with appropriate metal cations and counter anions exhibit flexibility and adsorb gas with a gate mechanism and these 2D-CPs are called elastic layer-structured metal-organic frameworks (ELMs). Such a unique property can make it possible to overcome the dilemma of strong adsorption and easy desorption, which is one of the ideal properties for practical adsorbents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Organic Frameworks)
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<p>Six types of IUPAC adsorption isotherms: X-axis is relative pressure and Y-axis is adsorption amount. Typical traditional nanoporous materials are ordinarily classified into type I adsorption isotherm.</p>
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<p>Gate phenomena of the “blue crystalline” CP/MOF with various gases: (<b>a</b>) CO<sub>2</sub> at 273 K, (<b>b</b>) N<sub>2</sub> at 77 K, (<b>c</b>) O<sub>2</sub> at 77 K, (<b>d</b>) Ar at 77 K, and (<b>e</b>) CH<sub>4</sub> at 303 K.</p>
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<p>Gate phenomena of the “blue crystalline” CP/MOF with various gases: (<b>a</b>) CO<sub>2</sub> at 273 K, (<b>b</b>) N<sub>2</sub> at 77 K, (<b>c</b>) O<sub>2</sub> at 77 K, (<b>d</b>) Ar at 77 K, and (<b>e</b>) CH<sub>4</sub> at 303 K.</p>
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<p>Interconversion of preELM-11 (<b>1</b>) and ELM-11.</p>
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<p>The local structure of ELM-11 (orange, Cu; gray, C; pale purple, N; pink, B; yellow green, F; white, H).</p>
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<p>Layer stacking structure of ELM-11: (<b>a</b>) side view and (<b>b</b>) top view.</p>
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<p>Schematic representation of the gate adsorption and transformation of ELM-11 between the closed and the open form.</p>
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<p>The correspondence of CO<sub>2</sub> adsorption isotherm and IR spectral data: Carbon dioxide adsorption/desorption (pink) on ELM-11 and IR spectra (absorbance change of the peak (BF<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup>), blue) at 273 K.</p>
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<p>Volume change of ELM-11 accompanied by CO<sub>2</sub> adsorption at 273 K: (<b>a</b>) before CO<sub>2</sub> adsorption and after CO<sub>2</sub> adsorption at (<b>b</b>) 6.66 kPa; (<b>c</b>) 13.3 kPa; (<b>d</b>) 26.7 kPa; (<b>e</b>) 34.7 kPa; (<b>f</b>) 45.3 kPa; (<b>g</b>) 101 kPa.</p>
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<p>Nomenclature of ELMs.</p>
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