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Genes
Special Issues
The Diversity and Evolution of the Animal Virome
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The Diversity and Evolution of the Animal Virome

A special issue of Genes (ISSN 2073-4425). This special issue belongs to the section "Viral Genomics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 25 November 2024 | Viewed by 970

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Yihong Xiao

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
Interests: animal viruses

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites, representing the most diverse and abundant biological entity. Woolhouse and Gaunt has produced and refined a catalog of the nearly 1400 recognized human pathogen species, over half of which are zoonotic. Viruses occasionally cause serious diseases. In some instances, the original species are shown to be nonhuman primates and can “species jump” to humans, presenting a higher threat to the human population. Our understanding of animal viruses remains strongly skewed toward those infecting a relatively small number of taxa. The aim of this volume of this Special Issue is to provide a complete overview of all aspects relating to the genomes of animal viruses, their molecular evolution, mutations, pathogenesis, diagnosis, cross-species transmission, and natural reservoirs, and the circumstances of viral transmission. Submissions focusing on human cases of animal viruses are encouraged, and research papers, review articles and short communications are welcome.

Dr. Yihong Xiao
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Genes is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • animal viruses
  • molecular evolution
  • mutations
  • cross-species transmission
  • pathogenesis
  • diagnosis
  • natural reservoirs
  • viral transmission

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

13 pages, 2025 KiB  
Article
Swine Influenza Viruses Isolated from 2019 to 2022 in Shandong Province, China, Exemplify the Dominant Genotype
by Yuzhong Zhao, Lebin Han, Haotian Sang, Sidang Liu, Pingping Yang, Yanmeng Hou and Yihong Xiao
Genes 2024, 15(7), 849; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes15070849 - 27 Jun 2024
Viewed by 743
Abstract
Swine influenza viruses (SIVs) have been circulating in swine globally and are potential threats to human health. During the surveillance of SIVs in Shandong Province, China, from 2019 to 2022, 21 reassortant G4 genotype Eurasian avian-like (EA) H1N1 subtypes containing genes from the [...] Read more.
Swine influenza viruses (SIVs) have been circulating in swine globally and are potential threats to human health. During the surveillance of SIVs in Shandong Province, China, from 2019 to 2022, 21 reassortant G4 genotype Eurasian avian-like (EA) H1N1 subtypes containing genes from the EA H1N1 (HA and NA), 2009 pandemic (pdm/09) H1N1 virus (PB2, PB1, PA, NP, and M), and classical swine (CS) H1N1 (NS) lineages were isolated. The analysis of the key functional amino acid sites in the isolated viruses showed that two mutation sites (190D and 225E) that preferentially bind to the human α2-6 sialic acid receptor were found in HA. In PB2, three mutation sites (271A, 590S, and 591R) that may increase mammalian fitness and a mutation site (431M) that increases pathogenicity in mice were found. A typical human signature marker that may promote infection in humans, 357K, was found in NP. The viruses could replicate efficiently in mouse lungs and turbinates, and one of the H1N1 isolates could replicate in mouse kidneys and brains without prior adaption, which indicates that the viruses potentially pose a threat to human health. Histopathological results showed that the isolated viruses caused typical bronchopneumonia and encephalitis in mice. The results indicate that G4 genotype H1N1 has potential transmissibility to humans, and surveillance should be enhanced, which could provide important information for assessing the pandemic potential of the viruses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Diversity and Evolution of the Animal Virome)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Phylogenetic trees of the PB2, PB1, PA, HA, NP, NA, M, and NS genes of H1N1 subtypes. The trees were generated with MEGA 7.0 using neighbor-joining analysis, and the reliabilities of the trees were assessed by bootstrap analysis with 1000 replicates. The isolates in this study are indicated by black circles.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>The pathogenicity of the isolates in mice. (<b>A</b>). Mouse body weights were monitored daily for 14 days. The values represent the average scores of overall body weight loss compared with the initial body weight ± standard deviation (SD). (<b>B</b>). Viral titers in lungs and nasal turbinates of the infected mice (n = 3) after 3 DPI were determined in 9-to-10-day-old SPF embryonated chicken eggs. (<b>C</b>). Histopathological analysis of lungs and brains. The lungs or brains of the infected mice were fixed with formalin, embedded in paraffin, stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and observed under a microscope at 200× magnification.</p> Full article ">Figure 2 Cont.
<p>The pathogenicity of the isolates in mice. (<b>A</b>). Mouse body weights were monitored daily for 14 days. The values represent the average scores of overall body weight loss compared with the initial body weight ± standard deviation (SD). (<b>B</b>). Viral titers in lungs and nasal turbinates of the infected mice (n = 3) after 3 DPI were determined in 9-to-10-day-old SPF embryonated chicken eggs. (<b>C</b>). Histopathological analysis of lungs and brains. The lungs or brains of the infected mice were fixed with formalin, embedded in paraffin, stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and observed under a microscope at 200× magnification.</p> Full article ">
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