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Advances in Immune Cell Biology: Insights from Molecular Perspectives

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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In recent years, immune cell biology has undergone significant advancements, shedding light on the mechanisms that regulate the behavior of immune cells in both health and disease. This dynamic research field investigates the complex molecular pathways orchestrating immune cell maturation, differentiation, activation, and proliferation, offering valuable insights into the etiology of autoimmune, immunoinflammatory, and hematological disorders. This Special Issue of Biomedicine invites authors to contribute original research papers and reviews on the molecular mechanisms underlying autoimmune, immunoinflammatory, and hematological disorders. This issue explores the molecular mechanisms that enable the differentiation of immune cells from precursor cells, their polarization into effector cells, and the functioning of the regulatory signaling pathways that shape immune responses. Additionally, it focuses on the processes of immune memory formation and on the genetic and molecular alterations leading to the transformation of normal immune cells into neoplasms. The primary goal is to expand our understanding of these diseases, paving the way for more targeted diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.

Dr. Paolo Fagone
Guest Editor

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16 pages, 3251 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Histological Alterations and Interferon-Gamma and AKT-mTOR Expression in an Experimental Model of Achilles Tendinopathy—A Comparison of Stem Cell and Amniotic Membrane Treatment

by Guilherme Vieira Cavalcante, Rosangela Fedato, Lucia de Noronha, Seigo Nagashima, Ana Paula Camargo Martins, Márcia Olandoski, Ricardo Pinho, Aline Takejima, Rossana Simeoni, Julio Cesar Francisco and Luiz César Guarita-Souza

Biomedicines 2025, 13(2), 525; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13020525 - 19 Feb 2025

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Abstract

Achilles tendon injuries are extremely common and have a significant impact on the physical and mental health of individuals. Both conservative and surgical treatments have unsatisfactory results. The search for new therapeutic tools, using cell therapies with stem cells (SC) and biological tissues, such as amniotic membranes (AM), has proved useful for the regeneration of injured tendons. Background/Objectives: This research was carried out to assess the capacity of tissue repair in animal models of Achilles tendinopathy, in which rats were submitted to complete sections of the tendon, and the effects of using bone marrow SC and/or AM graft are evaluated. Methods: Thirty-seven Wistar rats, submitted to complete surgical section of the Achilles tendon and subsequent tenorrhaphy, were randomized into four groups: Control Group (CG), received saline solution; SC Group (SCG) received an injection of SC infiltrated directly into the tendon; AM Group (AMG), the tendon was covered with an AM graft; SC + AM Group (SC+AMG), has been treated with an AM graft and SC local injection. Six weeks later, the Achilles tendons were evaluated using a histological score and immunohistochemical pro-healing markers such as Interferon-γ, AKT, and mTOR. Results: There were no differences between morphometric histological when evaluating the Achilles tendons of the samples. No significant differences were found regarding the expression of AKT-2 and mTOR markers between the study groups. The main finding was the presence of a higher concentration of Interferon-γ in the group treated with SC and AM. Conclusions: The isolated use of SC, AM, or the combination of SC-AM did not produce significant changes in tendon healing when the histological score was evaluated. Similarly, no difference was observed in the expression of AKT-2 and mTOR markers. An increase in the expression of Interferon-γ was observed in SC+AMG. This suggests that such therapies may be potentially beneficial for the regeneration of injured tendons. However, as tendon repair mechanisms are very complex, further studies should be carried out to verify the benefits of the tendon structure and function. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Immune Cell Biology: Insights from Molecular Perspectives)

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