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Involvement of Free Radicals in Health and Disease

A special issue of Biomedicines (ISSN 2227-9059). This special issue belongs to the section "Cell Biology and Pathology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 April 2025 | Viewed by 1940

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, Legal and Forensic Medicine, University of Zaragoza. Calle Domingo Miral s/n, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
Interests: aging and oxidative stress
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Among the systems that generate free radicals in living beings, it is worth highlighting the mitochondrial transport chain, the metabolism of fatty acids in peroxisomes, reactions catalyzed by cytochrome P450, and the processes of phagocytic combustion of leukocytes.

The production of free radicals in healthy organisms is relatively balanced by antioxidant defense systems, but when the balance shifts toward the formation of free radicals, oxidative stress is generated, considered an alteration of the balance between prooxidant and antioxidant species, in favor of the former. This can be caused by excess prooxidant substances (exposure to ionizing radiation, intense ultraviolet radiation, toxins, psychological or physical stress, and certain pathologies), by a deficiency of antioxidant agents (deficient enzyme systems in newborns, aging, etc.), or both factors at the same time. The action of free radicals on cellular structural constituents produces continuous internal aggression, which threatens the integrity of all biomolecules. The pathological consequences will depend on the type of cellular constituent that is most damaged. Almost all organic or inorganic molecules found in living cells can be considered oxidizable substrates, such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and DNA molecules.

Therefore, the study of the effects of free radicals in both health and disease, as well as the mechanisms necessary to combat them, is of great interest.

Dr. Laura Lõpez-Pingarrõn
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • free radicals
  • mitochondrial 
  • peroxisomes
  • cytochrome P450

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Review

17 pages, 1644 KiB  
Review
Methylglyoxal: A Key Factor for Diabetic Retinopathy and Its Effects on Retinal Damage
by Vladlen Klochkov, Chi-Ming Chan and Wan-Wan Lin
Biomedicines 2024, 12(11), 2512; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12112512 - 2 Nov 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1475
Abstract
Background: Diabetic retinopathy is the most common retinal vascular disease, affecting the retina’s blood vessels and causing chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and, ultimately, vision loss. Diabetes-induced elevated glucose levels increase glycolysis, the main methylglyoxal (MGO) formation pathway. MGO is a highly reactive dicarbonyl [...] Read more.
Background: Diabetic retinopathy is the most common retinal vascular disease, affecting the retina’s blood vessels and causing chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and, ultimately, vision loss. Diabetes-induced elevated glucose levels increase glycolysis, the main methylglyoxal (MGO) formation pathway. MGO is a highly reactive dicarbonyl and the most rapid glycation compound to form endogenous advanced glycation end products (AGEs). MGO can act both intra- and extracellularly by glycating molecules and activating the receptor for AGEs (RAGE) pathway. Conclusions: This review summarizes the sources of MGO formation and its actions on various cell pathways in retinal cells such as oxidative stress, glycation, autophagy, ER stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Finally, the detoxification of MGO by glyoxalases is discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Involvement of Free Radicals in Health and Disease)
Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Schematic representation of methylglyoxal’s sources and cellular outcomes.</p>
Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Roles of CD40 activation and Müller cell–microglia communication in MGO-induced chronic inflammation and promotion of new blood vessel formation in the retina.</p>
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<p>Representation of MGO-induced pathways in RPE cells.</p>
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<p>Role of the glyoxalase system in MGO detoxification.</p>
Full article ">
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