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Agriculture
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Integrated Management and Efficient Use of Nutrients in Crop Systems
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Integrated Management and Efficient Use of Nutrients in Crop Systems

A special issue of Agriculture (ISSN 2077-0472). This special issue belongs to the section "Agricultural Systems and Management".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 August 2024 | Viewed by 5735

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Magdalena Jastrzębska

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Agroecosystems and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Łódzki 3, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland
Interests: agroecology; cropping systems; phosphorus; recycled fertilizers; agroecosystem biodiversity; intercropping; weed ecology; weed-crop interactions; plant protection methods
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Most of the food that ends up on our dinner tables has its origins in the crop field. The pathway from field to table may be shorter or longer, but the beginning is always the same: the crop must build its biological yield from available nutrients. Plant nutrient stocks on the planet are finite. Increasing crop production to feed a growing population requires sound management and a more efficient use of existing nutrient pools. The integrated use of all possible nutrient resources and biogeochemical processes seems crucial. Nutrient management programs should also be tailored to specific regional cropping systems and ensure their sustainability.

This Special Issue aims to bring together the latest topical research. Reviews and opinion articles are also welcome. The papers may include, but are not limited to, the following topics: assessing soil nutrient levels and availability; diagnosing crop needs for specific nutrient; controlling nutrient availability through biotic and abiotic factors; plant nutrition strategies from external nutrient carriers; opportunities to improve crop nutrient use efficiency; crop nutrient removal and nutrient losses; nutrient balances in crop systems; legal, economic and environmental aspects of nutrient management in cropping systems; and farmer awareness and nutrient management perspectives across world regions.

Dr. Magdalena Jastrzębska
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Agriculture is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • essential plant nutrients
  • residual pools of nutrients
  • fertilizers and soil amendments
  • soil functional microorganisms
  • nutrient-efficient crop varieties
  • 4R nutrient stewardship
  • nutrient cycling and recycling
  • sustainable cropping systems
  • crop yield quality

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 6190 KiB  
Article
Root Exudates Promoted Microbial Diversity in the Sugar Beet Rhizosphere for Organic Nitrogen Mineralization
by Dali Liu, Lingqing Xu, Hao Wang, Wang Xing, Baiquan Song and Qiuhong Wang
Agriculture 2024, 14(7), 1094; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14071094 - 7 Jul 2024
Viewed by 552
Abstract
Rhizosphere environments play a vital role in the nutrient cycling of crops and soil organic nitrogen mineralization. Sugar beet is a highly nitrogen (N)-demanding crop, and it is necessary to explore the relationship between the sugar beet root exudates, the microbial community, and [...] Read more.
Rhizosphere environments play a vital role in the nutrient cycling of crops and soil organic nitrogen mineralization. Sugar beet is a highly nitrogen (N)-demanding crop, and it is necessary to explore the relationship between the sugar beet root exudates, the microbial community, and nitrogen utilization. In this study, a special separation method was employed to create rhizosphere (H3) and non-rhizosphere (H2 and H1) environments for sugar beet. After 50 d of cultivation in nearly inorganic-free soil, the microbial diversity and its correlation with root metabolites and N were examined. The results showed that in H3, the inorganic N content was over 23 times higher than in H1 and H2, with a 13.1% higher relative abundance of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria compared to H2 and a 32% higher abundance than H1. The relative abundance of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria was also 18.8% higher than in H1. Additionally, a significant positive correlation was observed between inorganic nitrogen content and serine (Ser) and isoleucine (Ile). The organic nitrogen content exhibited positive correlations with glycine (Gly), alanine (Ala), and tyrosine (Tyr) but displayed negative correlations with certain amino acids, organic acids, and glucose. The co-linearity network indicated that the microbial composition in H3 also exhibited higher node connectivity. It can be inferred that under the influence of sugar beet root exudates, the changes in the rhizosphere’s microbial diversity were more intricate, thereby benefiting soil nitrogen cycling and inorganic N accumulation. These findings provide profound insight into sugar beet soil organic nitrogen mineralization and contribute to the sustainable and environmentally friendly development of modern agriculture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Management and Efficient Use of Nutrients in Crop Systems)
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Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Experimental design. H1, H2, and H3 are soil environments ranging from distant from to close to sugar beet roots. The same applies below.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Soil bacterial community structures in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere environments of sugar beet. (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) Shannon and ACE indices of soil bacteria, respectively; (<b>c</b>) NMDS plot illustrating the composition of soil bacterial communities; (<b>d</b>) Venn diagram representing the overlap of major taxonomic groups at the phylum level of soil bacteria; (<b>e</b>) relative abundance of major taxonomic groups at the phylum level of soil bacteria and their replicates.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>The co-occurrence networks of bacteria in H1 (<b>a</b>), H2 (<b>b</b>) and H3 (<b>c</b>) based on Spearman’s correlation matrices. Nodes in the networks represent bacterial phyla, and the size of each node indicates the relative abundance of a specific OTU. Red lines between nodes denote positive correlations, while green lines indicate negative correlations. The thickness of the lines represents the strength of correlation at the phylum level, and each node is depicted in a different color.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>The co-occurrence network of dominant OTUs in bacterial communities. Nodes in the network represent bacterial phyla, with the size of each node proportional to the relative abundance of each specific OTU. Red lines between nodes indicate positive correlations, while green lines indicate negative correlations. The thickness of the lines reflects the strength of correlation.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Changes in bacterial abundances by LEfSe analysis. The circles radiating from inside to outside represent taxonomic levels from phylum to genus. Different colored nodes on the branches represent microbial communities that play important roles in each group. a–p denote the species names.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Microbial functional prediction. (<b>a</b>) Heatmap of the predicted functional profile for the microbial communities at the OUT level based on the Functional Annotation of Prokaryotic Taxa (FAPROTAX 1.1) database. The color code indicates relative abundance, ranging from blue (negative correlation) to red (positive correlation). (<b>b</b>–<b>d</b>) Boxplots for nitrogen fixation, nitrification, and aerobic ammonia oxidation, respectively.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Correlation analysis between soil components and dominant bacteria. (<b>a</b>) Heatmap of the correlations between soil nitrogen content and root exudates. (<b>b</b>) Heatmap of the correlations between dominant bacterial community and soil nitrogen content and root exudates. *** means <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001; ** means <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01; * means <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05. The color codes indicate relative abundance, ranging from blue (negative correlation) to red (positive correlation).</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Response model for sugar beets regulating soil microbial-mediated accumulation of inorganic nitrogen through exudate secretion.</p> Full article ">
13 pages, 2133 KiB  
Article
Compositional Nutrient Diagnosis Methodology and Its Effectiveness to Identify Nutrient Levels in Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis)
by Bruno Britto Lisboa, André Dabdab Abichequer, Jackson Freitas Brilhante de São José, Jean Michel Moura-Bueno, Gustavo Brunetto and Luciano Kayser Vargas
Agriculture 2024, 14(6), 896; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14060896 - 6 Jun 2024
Viewed by 434
Abstract
Yerba mate is a forest species of both cultural and economic importance growing in the subtropical regions of South America, especially in the south of Brazil. Despite its importance, yerba mate has never received enough attention from researchers, so the nutritional sufficiency ranges [...] Read more.
Yerba mate is a forest species of both cultural and economic importance growing in the subtropical regions of South America, especially in the south of Brazil. Despite its importance, yerba mate has never received enough attention from researchers, so the nutritional sufficiency ranges and critical levels have not yet been determined. This research aimed to establish these parameters for yerba mate to enable its foliar diagnosis. A total of 167 leaf samples were collected from production fields located in the five yerba mate-growing regions in Rio Grande do Sul, and the leaf nutrients were determined by standard chemical methods. The yield of each production field was accessed, and the cutoff value separating low- and high-yield groups was calculated in 16.75 Mg ha−1. The multivariate compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND) standards were determined, and nutrient interactions were estimated by correlation and principal component analyses. There was no positive correlation between any single nutrient and yield, even in the high-yield population, evidencing that a higher yield is the outcome of the balance among all nutrients. Excess of B occurred in one-third of the low-yield samples, while deficiency of Cu and K occurred in one-fourth of these samples. Finally, we established the adequate leaf nutrient levels for yerba mate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Management and Efficient Use of Nutrients in Crop Systems)
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Figure 1

Figure 1
<p><span class="html-italic">Polos Ervateiros</span>, the yerba mate-growing regions in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Percentage of nutritional deficiency, balance, and excess in high- and low-yield groups of yerba mate, estimated by CND.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Mean values of nutrient indices in the studied yerba mate population (n = 167).</p> Full article ">
15 pages, 296 KiB  
Communication
The Effect of Renewable Phosphorus Biofertilizers on Selected Wheat Grain Quality Parameters
by Magdalena Jastrzębska, Marta K. Kostrzewska and Agnieszka Saeid
Agriculture 2024, 14(5), 727; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14050727 - 8 May 2024
Viewed by 1181
Abstract
Recycling and reusing phosphorus in agriculture can reduce the consumption of natural phosphorus resources, which are continuing to shrink. Phosphorus fertilizers made from renewable raw materials (sewage sludge ash, animal bones, dried animal blood) and activated with phosphorus solubilizing microorganisms (Bacillus megaterium [...] Read more.
Recycling and reusing phosphorus in agriculture can reduce the consumption of natural phosphorus resources, which are continuing to shrink. Phosphorus fertilizers made from renewable raw materials (sewage sludge ash, animal bones, dried animal blood) and activated with phosphorus solubilizing microorganisms (Bacillus megaterium, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans) offer an alternative to conventional fertilizers. These products should meet consumer and environmental safety standards. In this paper, based on field experiments conducted in northeast Poland, the effects of waste-derived biofertilizers on selected parameters of wheat yield quality are discussed. The study focuses on the technological properties of the grain (hectoliter weight, hardness index, Zeleny index, starch, wet gluten, and protein content), the content of proteogenic amino acids, macro- and micronutrients, and selected toxic elements in the grain. The quality parameters of wheat grain were not affected by the tested biofertilizers applied in P doses up to 35.2 kg ha−1, nor by conventional fertilizers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Management and Efficient Use of Nutrients in Crop Systems)
18 pages, 1006 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Long-Term Fallowing on the Yield and Quality of Winter Rape and Winter and Spring Wheat
by Stanisław Sienkiewicz, Piotr Jarosław Żarczyński, Jadwiga Wierzbowska and Sławomir Józef Krzebietke
Agriculture 2024, 14(4), 567; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14040567 - 2 Apr 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 894
Abstract
The proper fallowing of soil maintains or even improves its yield potential. The aim of this research was to compare five methods of soil protection with high production potential on the yield and quality of strategic plants. The tested methods consisted of five [...] Read more.
The proper fallowing of soil maintains or even improves its yield potential. The aim of this research was to compare five methods of soil protection with high production potential on the yield and quality of strategic plants. The tested methods consisted of five variants: bare fallow—BF; natural fallow—NF; fodder galega (Galega orientalis Lam.)—FG; a mixture of fodder galega (Galega orientalis Lam.) with smooth brome (Bromus inermis)—FG+SB; and smooth brome (Bromus inermis)—SB. The soil had been set aside for 9 years, after which time the fallows were terminated and the fields were cropped with winter oilseed rape, winter wheat, and spring wheat in three consecutive years. After the end of fallowing, the content of Nog. and Ctot., pH, and forms of available macro- and microelements in the soil were determined. The influence of each type of fallow on the yield of seeds/grain, straw, total protein, crude fat, and the content of macronutrients in the seeds/grain and straw of the grown crops was determined. Regarding the yields of the crops, the best solution was long-term soil protection via sowing fodder galega or a mixture of fodder galega and smooth brome. A field previously maintained as a fallow with these plants (singly or in combination) could produce over twice-as-high yields of wheat and oilseed rape as those harvested from a field established on bare fallow. The yields of the cereals and oilseed rape obtained in this study prove that food security and environmental protection issues can be reconciled. The methods for protecting farmland temporarily excluded from agricultural production presented in this paper correspond perfectly to the framework of the Green Deal for Europe. Arable land excluded from cultivation can be used to overcome new challenges facing modern agriculture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Management and Efficient Use of Nutrients in Crop Systems)
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Graphical abstract

Graphical abstract
Full article ">Figure 1
<p>Crop yield in cereal units (total from 3 years of trials ± standard deviation). a–c—significant differences at <span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.05 between objects of experiment.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Yields of total protein and crude fat in the years 2005–2007. a–c—significant differences of total protein at <span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.05 between objects of experiment. A–C—significant differences of crude fat at <span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.05 between objects of experiment.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Dendrogram of the effect of long-term fallows (9-years) on yields and quality of yields produced by crops of winter rapeseed, winter wheat, and spring wheat in the years 2005–2007.</p> Full article ">
17 pages, 9358 KiB  
Article
Spatial Correlations between Nitrogen Budgets and Surface Water and Groundwater Quality in Watersheds with Varied Land Covers
by Deok-Woo Kim, Eu Gene Chung, Eun Hye Na and Youngseok Kim
Agriculture 2024, 14(3), 429; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14030429 - 6 Mar 2024
Viewed by 982
Abstract
Anthropogenic nitrogen (N) inputs can have detrimental environmental effects, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of the nitrogen budget (NB) and its spatial correlation with the water quality. This study, utilizing a 2016 dataset, scrutinized 850 subwatersheds with diverse land covers across the Republic of [...] Read more.
Anthropogenic nitrogen (N) inputs can have detrimental environmental effects, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of the nitrogen budget (NB) and its spatial correlation with the water quality. This study, utilizing a 2016 dataset, scrutinized 850 subwatersheds with diverse land covers across the Republic of Korea (ROK). Employing Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR), it examined the spatial correlations between the NBs and the quality of the groundwater and river water at the watershed scale. Robust correlations (R2 = 0.87) were observed between the groundwater quality and NBs, surpassing those of the surface water (R2 = 0.48). Sensitivity analyses highlighted the importance of high-resolution spatial data in capturing nuances within complex land covers. The integration of such data led to increases in the spatial correlations between the groundwater and river water quality of approximately 0.6–0.9 and 0.3–0.5, respectively. Notably, when the agricultural land cover exceeded 10%, significant enhancements in the spatial correlations were observed, emphasizing the pivotal role of agriculture in nutrient and water quality. At a 10% cropland ratio, the spatial correlations between the watershed-scale NBs and river/groundwater quality increased by approximately 76% and 501%, respectively. This study provides novel insights into the spatial relationships among NBs, water quality, and land use, highlighting the significance of high-resolution data and the impact of agricultural practices on watershed management. These findings contribute valuable information for developing strategies to mitigate nitrogen pollution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Management and Efficient Use of Nutrients in Crop Systems)
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Graphical abstract

Graphical abstract
Full article ">Figure 1
<p>Maps of the Republic of Korea. (<b>a</b>) Spatial distribution of surface water observation points; (<b>b</b>) spatial distribution of groundwater observation points; (<b>c</b>) land cover; (<b>d</b>) digital elevation model (DEM). MOE_Background, Ministry of Environment (background groundwater quality survey); MOE_Pollutant, Ministry of Environment (water quality survey); MOLIT, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (assessment of groundwater resources); MAFRA, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (assessment of groundwater resources for agricultural activities).</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Schematic diagram of modified nitrogen budget considering swine excreta wastewater treatment.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Nitrogen budget calculation in 2016. (<b>a</b>) Nitrogen input and output components; (<b>b</b>) nitrogen budget distribution characteristics by subwatershed. N 1, mineral fertilizer; N 2−1, swine wastewater treatment plants; N 2−2, solid composted manure; N 2−3, liquid composted manure; N 3, net manure import/export withdrawal; N 4, other organic fertilizers; N 5, atmospheric nitrogen depositions; N 6, biological nitrogen fixation; N 7, seed and planting materials; N 9, crop production; N 10, fodder production.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Maps of spatial correlations between nitrogen budgets and river and groundwater quality by subwatershed in the Republic of Korea. Results of Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR). (<b>a</b>) Groundwater quality and (<b>b</b>) surface water quality.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Maps of spatial correlations between nitrogen budget and the quality of river water and groundwater using subwatershed-specific average water quality data. Results of Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR). (<b>a</b>) Groundwater quality and (<b>b</b>) surface water quality. The unshaded areas represent subwatersheds with no river/groundwater-monitoring observation points.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Distribution ratios of cropland area by subwatershed.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Spatial correlation of nutrient nitrogen budget and water quality by subwatershed under cropland conditions: 10% cropland: (<b>a</b>) groundwater, (<b>b</b>) surface water and 20% cropland, (<b>c</b>) groundwater, and (<b>d</b>) surface water.</p> Full article ">
14 pages, 4832 KiB  
Article
Selected Carbon and Nitrogen Compounds in a Maize Agroecosystem under the Use of Nitrogen Mineral Fertilizer, Farmyard Manure, Urease, and Nitrification Inhibitors
by Monika Skowrońska, Sebastian Kuśmierz and Jacek Walczak
Agriculture 2024, 14(2), 274; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14020274 - 8 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1011
Abstract
Carbon and nitrogen compounds in agroecosystems have attracted much attention in recent years due to their key roles in crop production and their impacts on environment quality and/or climate change. Since fertilization profoundly disrupted the C and N cycles, several mitigation and/or adaptation [...] Read more.
Carbon and nitrogen compounds in agroecosystems have attracted much attention in recent years due to their key roles in crop production and their impacts on environment quality and/or climate change. Since fertilization profoundly disrupted the C and N cycles, several mitigation and/or adaptation strategies, including the application of farmyard manure (FYM) and/or urease and nitrification inhibitors (UI and NI), have been developed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the contents of soil organic carbon and its fractions, the total and mineral forms of nitrogen, as well as CO2 and N2O emissions under mineral and organic fertilization with and without urease and nitrification inhibitors in a maize agroecosystem. A two-year field study was carried out on Cambisols (silt) in Poland. The experiment scheme included nine treatments: C (the control without fertilization), UAN (Urea Ammonium Nitrate), UAN+UI, UAN+NI, UAN+UI+NI, FYM with N mineral fertilizer base, FYM with N mineral fertilizer base+UI, FYM with N mineral fertilizer base+NI, and FYM with N mineral fertilizer base+UI+NI. It was found that treatments fertilized with cattle FYM were higher sinks and sources of C and N compounds in comparison to the UAN plots. The organic carbon, humic and humin acid, and total nitrogen concentrations, in contrast to ammonium and nitrate nitrogen, were not affected by the inhibitors added. Nitrification and urease inhibitors were effective in decreasing N2O emissions only in treatments that were exclusively applied with UAN and had no significant influence on CO2 emissions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Management and Efficient Use of Nutrients in Crop Systems)
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Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Soil organic carbon (SOC) content. The same letter means not significantly different. C—control without fertilization; UAN—urea ammonium nitrate; UI—urease inhibitor; NI—nitrification inhibitor; FYM—farmyard manure with N mineral fertilizer base.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Total nitrogen (TN) content. The same letter means not significantly different. C—control without fertilization; UAN—urea ammonium nitrate; UI—urease inhibitor; NI—nitrification inhibitor; FYM—farmyard manure with N mineral fertilizer base.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>SOC/TN ratios. C—control without fertilization; UAN—urea ammonium nitrate; UI—urease inhibitor; NI—nitrification inhibitor; FYM—farmyard manure with N mineral fertilizer base.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Content of humic acids (C-HA). The same letter means not significantly different. C—control without fertilization; UAN—urea ammonium nitrate; UI—urease inhibitor; NI—nitrification inhibitor; FYM—farmyard manure with N mineral fertilizer base.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Content of fulvic acids (C-FA). The same letter means not significantly different. C—control without fertilization; UAN—urea ammonium nitrate; UI—urease inhibitor; NI—nitrification inhibitor; FYM—farmyard manure with N mineral fertilizer base.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Content of humins (C-H). The same letter means not significantly different. C—control without fertilization; UAN—urea ammonium nitrate; UI—urease inhibitor; NI—nitrification inhibitor; FYM—farmyard manure with N mineral fertilizer base.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Humification index (HI). C—control without fertilization; UAN—urea ammonium nitrate; UI—urease inhibitor; NI—nitrification inhibitor; FYM—farmyard manure with N mineral fertilizer base.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Ammonium content (NH<sub>4</sub>-N) in the soil. The same letter means not significantly different. C—control without fertilization; UAN—urea ammonium nitrate; UI—urease inhibitor; NI—nitrification inhibitor; FYM—farmyard manure with N mineral fertilizer base.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>Nitrate content (NO<sub>3</sub>-N) in the soil. The same letter means not significantly different. C—control without fertilization; UAN—urea ammonium nitrate; UI—urease inhibitor; NI—nitrification inhibitor; FYM—farmyard manure with N mineral fertilizer base.</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>CO<sub>2</sub> emission in a maize agroecosystem. The same letter means not significantly different. C—control without fertilization; UAN—urea ammonium nitrate; UI—urease inhibitor; NI—nitrification inhibitor; FYM—farmyard manure with N mineral fertilizer base.</p> Full article ">Figure 11
<p>N<sub>2</sub>O emissions in a maize agroecosystem. The same letter means not significantly different. C—control without fertilization; UAN—urea ammonium nitrate; UI—urease inhibitor; NI—nitrification inhibitor; FYM—farmyard manure with N mineral fertilizer base.</p> Full article ">Figure 12
<p>The relationship between N<sub>2</sub>O emissions and NH<sub>4</sub>-N contents in the soil.</p> Full article ">Figure 13
<p>The relationship between N<sub>2</sub>O emissions and NO<sub>3</sub>-N contents in the soil.</p> Full article ">
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