Microscopic Analysis of Pigments Extracted from Spalting Fungi
"> Figure 1
<p>Vessel cell from cottonwood with extracted pigments of <span class="html-italic">S. cuboideum</span> between the helical thickenings, pointed to with arrows. Picture taken with a Nikon Eclipse Ni-U at a magnification of 20×.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>(<b>A</b>) Vessel cell wall of cottonwood covered with extracted pigment, pointed to with arrows, from <span class="html-italic">C. aeruginosa</span> taken at a 20× magnification; (<b>B</b>) Detail of the vessel cell wall showing concentration of the pigment in the vessel pits at a 40× magnification. Picture taken with a Nikon Eclipse Ni-U.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>(<b>A</b>) Vessels of cottonwood with extracted pigment of <span class="html-italic">S. ganodermophthorum</span> accumulating on the cell walls; (<b>B</b>) Pigments of <span class="html-italic">S. ganodermophthorum</span> between the helical thickenings, pointed to with arrows. Picture taken with a Nikon Eclipse Ni-U at 20× magnification.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Crystal like structures from the extracted pigment of <span class="html-italic">S. cuboideum</span>. Picture taken with an FEI QUANTA 600 F.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Extracted pigment of <span class="html-italic">C. aeruginosa</span> showing two reflective electron areas, pointed to with arrows. Picture taken with an FEI QUANTA 600 F.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Extracted pigment of <span class="html-italic">S. ganodermophthorum</span> showing texture. Different electron reflectance is indicated with arrows. Picture taken with an FEI QUANTA 600 F.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Flower-like structures formed by the extracted pigment of <span class="html-italic">S. cuboideum</span> on the fiber cells of cottonwood. Picture taken with an FEI QUANTA 600 F.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Amorphous layer formed by the extracted pigment of <span class="html-italic">C. aeruginosa</span>. Picture taken with an FEI QUANTA 600 F.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Pigment of <span class="html-italic">S. cuboideum</span> wrapping around polyester fibers. Picture taken with an FEI QUANTA 600 F.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Extracted pigment of <span class="html-italic">S. cuboideum</span> accumulating on top of a cotton fiber. Picture taken with an FEI QUANTA 600 F.</p> "> Figure 11
<p>Cross-section of a crystal-like structure produced by <span class="html-italic">S. cuboideum</span> on cottonwood, showing void spaces between the attachment area of the pigment with the wood cell wall. Picture taken with an FEI QUANTA 3D dual beam SEM/FIB.</p> "> Figure 12
<p>FIB cross-section of the extracted pigment of <span class="html-italic">C. aeruginosa</span> with cottonwood, showing large void spaces between the wood cell wall and the pigment, pointed to with an arrow. FEI QUANTA 3D dual beam SEM/FIB.</p> "> Figure 13
<p>Cross-section of the area between the extracted pigment of <span class="html-italic">S. ganodermophthorum</span> and cottonwood. The left arrow shows an even attachment layer while the right arrow shows a sponge-like surface between the pigment and the wood. FEI QUANTA 3D dual beam SEM/FIB.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Light Microscopy
2.2. Confocal Microscopy
2.3. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
2.4. Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS)
2.5. Focused Ion Beam (FIB)
3. Results
3.1. Light Microscopy
3.2. Confocal Microscopy
3.3. SEM on Dry Extracted Fungal Pigments
3.4. SEM on Wood
3.5. SEM on Textiles
3.6. EDX Analysis
3.7. FIB
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Extracted Pigment | Carbon (C) % | Oxygen (O) % | Silica (Si) and Gold (Au) % from Coating and Substrate | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|
Draconin red from Scytalidium cuboideum | 78% | 20% | 2% | 100% |
Yellow pigment from Scytalidium ganodermophthorum | 79% | 21% | 0% | 100% |
Xylindein from Chlorociboria aeruginosa | 77% | 23% | 0% | 100% |
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Vega Gutierrez, S.M.; Robinson, S.C. Microscopic Analysis of Pigments Extracted from Spalting Fungi. J. Fungi 2017, 3, 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof3010015
Vega Gutierrez SM, Robinson SC. Microscopic Analysis of Pigments Extracted from Spalting Fungi. Journal of Fungi. 2017; 3(1):15. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof3010015
Chicago/Turabian StyleVega Gutierrez, Sarath M., and Sara C. Robinson. 2017. "Microscopic Analysis of Pigments Extracted from Spalting Fungi" Journal of Fungi 3, no. 1: 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof3010015