An Exercise Immune Fitness Test to Unravel Disease Mechanisms—A Proof-of-Concept Heart Failure Study
<p>Study Design.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Average expression of 11 genes across all three time points and 20 subjects. Color-coding identifies upper quartile (blue) and lower quartile (red).</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Gene Expression of 11 genes at Time Points 1, 2, and 3. The left columns represent the normalized signal values for Time Point 1, the middle columns for Time Point 2, and the right columns for Time Point 3.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>The Venn diagram depicts the 11 genes described in <a href="#jcm-13-03200-f003" class="html-fig">Figure 3</a> and <a href="#app1-jcm-13-03200" class="html-app">Table S1</a>. While 5 of the 11 genes overlap between the group HV and HF, 6 of the 11 genes are specific to either HV (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 4) or HF (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 16).</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Cluster entities diagram for all 20 subjects and TP1, TP2 and TP3 with FC cut-off 2.0 and 11 genes. Top to bottom: <span class="html-italic">TTC34</span>, <span class="html-italic">DPYD-AS1</span>, <span class="html-italic">CCDC181</span>, <span class="html-italic">TKTL2</span>, <span class="html-italic">THSD7A</span>, <span class="html-italic">TMEML19</span>, <span class="html-italic">TNRFSF12A</span>, <span class="html-italic">CD300LD</span>, <span class="html-italic">MGAT5B</span>, <span class="html-italic">C19orf33</span>, <span class="html-italic">ID1</span>.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Covariate regression analysis shows an expression of the 11 genes across all three TPs for HV and HF groups in correlation to VO2max and % predicted oxygen uptake. The color coding depicts a positive (red) and a negative (blue) correlation. The darker the color the stronger the respective correlation. Top to bottom: <span class="html-italic">TTC34</span>, <span class="html-italic">DPYD-AS1</span>, <span class="html-italic">CCDC181</span>, <span class="html-italic">TKTL2</span>, <span class="html-italic">THSD7A</span>, <span class="html-italic">TMEM119</span>, <span class="html-italic">TNFRSF12A</span>, <span class="html-italic">CD300LD</span>, <span class="html-italic">MGAT5B</span>, <span class="html-italic">C19orf33</span>, <span class="html-italic">ID1</span>.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>HF group (n-9), analyzed by time-point (TP1, TP2, TP3) and as a shared gene set. Comparison of Z test results for death-associated heart failure group and three time points separately.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods and Design
2.1. Subject Population
2.2. Blood Processing
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs) before/at Max/1 h Post Max Exercise in the Combined Cohort
3.2. Differential Behavior of Genes in the HV versus Mild HF1 and Severe HF2 Cohorts (Peak VO2/Percent Predicted VO2)
3.3. Correlations between the DEG/Clinical Profiles (Peak VO2/Percent Predicted VO2) and Survival/Heart Transplant Outcomes
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Bondar, G.; Mahapatra, A.D.; Bao, T.-M.; Silacheva, I.; Hairapetian, A.; Vu, T.; Su, S.; Katappagari, A.; Galan, L.; Chandran, J.; et al. An Exercise Immune Fitness Test to Unravel Disease Mechanisms—A Proof-of-Concept Heart Failure Study. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 3200. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13113200
Bondar G, Mahapatra AD, Bao T-M, Silacheva I, Hairapetian A, Vu T, Su S, Katappagari A, Galan L, Chandran J, et al. An Exercise Immune Fitness Test to Unravel Disease Mechanisms—A Proof-of-Concept Heart Failure Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; 13(11):3200. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13113200
Chicago/Turabian StyleBondar, Galyna, Abhinandan Das Mahapatra, Tra-Mi Bao, Irina Silacheva, Adrian Hairapetian, Thomas Vu, Stephanie Su, Ananya Katappagari, Liana Galan, Joshua Chandran, and et al. 2024. "An Exercise Immune Fitness Test to Unravel Disease Mechanisms—A Proof-of-Concept Heart Failure Study" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 11: 3200. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13113200