Sendai Virus, a Strong Inducer of Anti-Lentiviral State in Ovine Cells
<p>Sendai virus (SeV)-green fluorescent protein (GFP) infection of ovine cells. Fluorescence microscopy images of alveolar macrophages (AMs) (<b>A</b>), blood derived macrophages (BDMs) (<b>B</b>), and ovine skin fibroblasts (OSFs) (<b>C</b>) infected with Sendai virus vector expressing the GFP (right panel) at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 10. Bright field images are shown in the left panel. The three cell types and all cells in the three cultures are GFP-positive. Ovine fibroblasts remained GFP-positive after 13 in vitro culture passages ((<b>C</b>), third image).</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Differentiation markers in ovine myeloid cells infected with Sendai virus (SeV). Relative expression of M1 (A3Z1, TNF-α) and M2 (MR, DC-SIGN) differentiation markers measured in alveolar macrophages (<b>A</b>) and blood derived macrophages (<b>B</b>). Values are the median (±interquartile range) of at least three independent experiments. * <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05 (paired Mann–Whitney U Test).</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) replication in ovine cells in the context of SeV. SRLV restriction in ovine alveolar macrophages from chronically infected animals (<b>A</b>), or non-SRLV infected animals’ blood derived macrophages (<b>B</b>) and skin fibroblasts (<b>C</b>) that were mock, or Sendai virus (SeV) infected and challenged later on with SRLV. SRLV viral DNA (left panel), Gag-p25 mRNA relative expression (mid panel), and retrotranscriptase (RT) activity (right panel) was measured in AMs of infected animals or BDMs or OSFs from uninfected animals infected with SeV at an MOI of 10 (grey bars). BDMs and OSFs were further infected with SRLV at an MOI of 0.5 (white bars). Viral DNA was measured at 16 h post-infection, p25 mRNA was measured at 48 h post-infection, and RT activity was measured by SYBR Green based real time PCR enhanced reverse transcriptase assay (SG-PERT) in clarified supernatants at 72 h post-infection. Data shown are the median (±interquartile range) and differences were analyzed using the Wilcoxon paired test (* <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.01).</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Pseudotyped Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) restriction after Sendai virus (SeV) infection. ((<b>A</b>), left panel) HIV-1-GFP proviral load in ovine skin fibroblasts (OSFs; left axis) and blood-derived macrophages (BDMs; right axis) infected with HIV-1 GFP-based vector or SeV-infected. Values represent the geometric mean copy values (±95% confidence interval (CI)) per 100 ng of total DNA. ((<b>A</b>), right panel) GFP proviral copies measured in uninfected and SeV-infected OSF and BDM transduced with HIV-1 GFP vector. Values are the geometric mean copies (±95% CI) per 100 ng of total DNA. Differences were statistically analyzed using unpaired T test (one-tailed), * <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05. (<b>B</b>) Relative infectivity in 293-T cells of HIV-1-GFP pseudovirus produced in uninfected 293-T cells (control; white bars) or infected with SeV (SeV; grey bars) in fresh 293-T cells. Values are the geometric mean (±95% CI) of at least three independent experiments. Differences were statistically analyzed using paired T test (one-tailed), * <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.01.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Lentiviral restriction factors mRNA expression in ovine cells after infection with Sendai virus (SeV). Ovine APOBEC3 proteins (A3Z1 and A3Z2Z3), tetherin (OBST2), TRIM5α, SAMHD1, and RIG-I mRNA expression was quantified in control (white) and SeV-infected (grey) ovine alveolar macrophages (<b>A</b>), blood derived macrophages (<b>B</b>), and skin fibroblasts (<b>C</b>). Values are the median (±interquartile range) of at least three independent experiments, * <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.01, *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.001 (paired Mann-Whitney U test).</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Antiviral activity induction after infection with Sendai virus (SeV). (<b>A</b>) RT activity in ovine skin fibroblasts (OSFs) cultured with supernatants from alveolar macrophages (AMs), infected or not with SeV, were infected with SRLV after 24 h of supernatant treatment. SRLV virus production was measured as retrotranscriptase (RT) activity in the supernatant at 72 h post infection. Data shown are the geometric mean ±95% CI of at least three independent experiments. Differences were statistically analyzed using unpaired T test, * <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05. (<b>B</b>) Relative mRNA expression of the restriction factors after infection with SRLV. Data shown are the mean ± SEM of at least three independent experiments. * <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05 (paired Mann–Whitney U test). (<b>C</b>) Relative mRNA expression of restriction factors: ovine APOBEC3Z1 (A3Z1) tetherin (oBST2), TRIM5α, and SAMHD1 measured by quantitative RT-PCR in ovine skin fibroblast (OSF) cultured with supernatants from AM control or AM infected with SeV. Values are the median (±interquartile range) of at least three independent experiments. * <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05 (Mann–Whitney paired U Test). (<b>D</b>) Type-I interferon (IFN) quantification measured by an ovine-adapted IFN bioassay using supernatants from AM control or infected with SeV. Data shown are the median ±interquartile range of at least three independent experiments. * <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.01 (Mann–Whitney paired U test).</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Cells and Viruses
2.2. Cell Infection and Virus Quantification
2.3. mRNA Relative Quantification
2.4. Type-I IFN Bioassay
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. SeV Infection Is Highly Efficient in Ovine Cells
3.2. SeV Infection Induced Stable GFP Expression in Ovine Cells
3.3. SeV Infection Induces Proinflammatory Responses in Ovine Cells
3.4. SeV-Infected Cells Reduced Permissibility to SRLV Infection
3.5. Ovine Cells Infected with SeV-GFP Inhibit HIV-1-GFP Vector Infectivity
3.6. Restriction Factors Induced after SeV Infection in Ovine Cells
3.7. SeV Infection May Induce Local Resistance to SRLV
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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de Pablo-Maiso, L.; Echeverría, I.; Rius-Rocabert, S.; Luján, L.; Garcin, D.; de Andrés, D.; Nistal-Villán, E.; Reina, R. Sendai Virus, a Strong Inducer of Anti-Lentiviral State in Ovine Cells. Vaccines 2020, 8, 206. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8020206
de Pablo-Maiso L, Echeverría I, Rius-Rocabert S, Luján L, Garcin D, de Andrés D, Nistal-Villán E, Reina R. Sendai Virus, a Strong Inducer of Anti-Lentiviral State in Ovine Cells. Vaccines. 2020; 8(2):206. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8020206
Chicago/Turabian Stylede Pablo-Maiso, Lorena, Irache Echeverría, Sergio Rius-Rocabert, Lluís Luján, Dominique Garcin, Damián de Andrés, Estanislao Nistal-Villán, and Ramsés Reina. 2020. "Sendai Virus, a Strong Inducer of Anti-Lentiviral State in Ovine Cells" Vaccines 8, no. 2: 206. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8020206