Fiber Optic Sensing for Geomechanical Monitoring: (2)- Distributed Strain Measurements at a Pumping Test and Geomechanical Modeling of Deformation of Reservoir Rocks
"> Figure 1
<p>Framework of geomechanical modeling with coupled thermal, hydrological, and mechanical (THM) simulation and history matching using distributed strain data, for which no geophysical post processors are required.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Map of the test site and configuration of wells for pumping, fiber sensor monitoring, and water head measurement.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Profile showing well locations and simplified geological columnar sections.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Pumping history and vertical strain observed by the fiber sensor. The spatial and temporal sampling intervals are 5 cm and 5 min, respectively.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Example of smoothed profiles of strain data obtained using a Bayesian method of spline fitting. The order of the spline functions was fixed at 3, and the dimension was determined by minimizing the Bayesian information criterion (BIC).</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Water head changes estimated from the theoretical solution of a 2D radial flow in a homogeneous and isotropic infinite horizontal layer for pumping at a rate of <span class="html-italic">Q</span> = 480 L/min calculated at a distant of <span class="html-italic">r</span> = 175 m. (<b>a</b>) Results for different permeability (<span class="html-italic">K</span>) and hydraulic diffusivity (<span class="html-italic">D</span>). (<b>b</b>) Results for different permeability (<span class="html-italic">K</span>) and layer thickness (<span class="html-italic">H</span>).</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Water head changes estimated from the theoretical solution of a 2D radial flow in a homogeneous and isotropic infinite horizontal layer. <b>(a</b>) Results of a single test. (<b>b</b>) Results of multiple tests in two wells, water head data were fitted by a single model. (<b>c</b>) Same to (<b>b</b>), but water head data were fitted by a combination of two single models to count the effect of spatial inhomogeneities. The observed data (dashed line) were represented very well by the theoretical solution with the optimal values of the permeability <span class="html-italic">K</span> of the layer and the compressibility <span class="html-italic">β<sub>pv</sub></span> of the pores.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Geological and numerical models for simulation of the pumping tests at Well-3 and Well-4.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Observed and simulated (<b>a</b>) water head and (<b>b</b>) vertical strain (ε<sub>zz</sub>). Both the water head and strain data were represented fairly well by the numerical results.</p> ">
Abstract
:Featured Application
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. General Framework of Geomechanical Modeling
3. Field Case Study of Pumping Test
3.1. Mobara Test Site
3.2. Optic Fiber Measurement
3.3. Pumping Test
3.4. Data Preprocessing
3.5. Geological and Numerical Models
3.5.1. Two-Dimensional Radial Flowing Model
3.5.2. Three-Dimensional Model for THM-Coupled Simulation
3.6. History Matching
4. Concluding Remarks
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Property | Model | L-1 | L-2n | L-2s | L3 | L4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bulk modulus (GPa) | A | 0.35 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.7 | 0.6 |
B | 0.80 | |||||
Shear modulus (GPa) | 0.20 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.4 | 0.3 | |
0.40 | ||||||
Pore comp., βpv (Pa−1) | A | 2.5 × 10−9 | 3.9 × 10−9 | 12 × 10−9 | 2.5 × 10−9 | 2.5 × 10−9 |
B | 3.9 × 10−9 | |||||
Biot’s coefficient | A, B | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Ini. Perm., k0 (mD) | A | 0.02 | 360 | 1200 | 10 | 1 |
B | Linear, 80~800 | |||||
β, | A, B | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Porosity | A, B | 0.15 | 0.43 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 |
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Lei, X.; Xue, Z.; Hashimoto, T. Fiber Optic Sensing for Geomechanical Monitoring: (2)- Distributed Strain Measurements at a Pumping Test and Geomechanical Modeling of Deformation of Reservoir Rocks. Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 417. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9030417
Lei X, Xue Z, Hashimoto T. Fiber Optic Sensing for Geomechanical Monitoring: (2)- Distributed Strain Measurements at a Pumping Test and Geomechanical Modeling of Deformation of Reservoir Rocks. Applied Sciences. 2019; 9(3):417. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9030417
Chicago/Turabian StyleLei, Xinglin, Ziqiu Xue, and Tsutomu Hashimoto. 2019. "Fiber Optic Sensing for Geomechanical Monitoring: (2)- Distributed Strain Measurements at a Pumping Test and Geomechanical Modeling of Deformation of Reservoir Rocks" Applied Sciences 9, no. 3: 417. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9030417