Application of Three-Dimensional Porous Aerogel as Adsorbent for Removal of Textile Dyes from Water
<p>Photo of aerogel surface, top view.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Determination of contact angle of aerogel.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Surface area of aerogel captured before adsorption process with SEM Helios Nanolab 650: (<b>a</b>) 400 μm; (<b>b</b>) 5 μm.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Surface area of aerogel captured after adsorption process with SEM Helios Nanolab 650: (<b>a</b>) 400 μm; (<b>b</b>) 5 μm.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>The linearized form of the Langmuir isotherm for Congo red.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>The linearized form of the Freundlich isotherm for Congo red.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Equilibrium analysis for Congo red.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>The linearized form of the Langmuir isotherm for Naphthol green B.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>The linearized form of the Freundlich isotherm for Naphthol green B.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Equilibrium analysis for Naphthol green B.</p> "> Figure 11
<p>The linearized form of the Langmuir isotherm for Rhodamine B.</p> "> Figure 12
<p>The linearized form of the Freundlich isotherm for Rhodamine B.</p> "> Figure 13
<p>Equilibrium analysis for Rhodamine B.</p> "> Figure 14
<p>The linearized form of the Langmuir isotherm for Methylene blue.</p> "> Figure 15
<p>The linearized form of the Freundlich isotherm for Methylene blue.</p> "> Figure 16
<p>Equilibrium analysis for Methylene blue.</p> "> Figure 17
<p>The kinetic experimental data with the pseudo-first-order and the pseudo-second-order kinetic models using the obtained constants (<a href="#applsci-14-04274-t004" class="html-table">Table 4</a> and <a href="#applsci-14-04274-t005" class="html-table">Table 5</a>).</p> "> Figure 18
<p>The kinetic experimental data with the pseudo-first-order and the pseudo-second-order kinetic models using the obtained constants (<a href="#applsci-14-04274-t006" class="html-table">Table 6</a> and <a href="#applsci-14-04274-t007" class="html-table">Table 7</a>).</p> "> Figure 19
<p>The kinetic experimental data with the pseudo-first-order and the pseudo-second-order kinetic models using the obtained constants (<a href="#applsci-14-04274-t008" class="html-table">Table 8</a> and <a href="#applsci-14-04274-t009" class="html-table">Table 9</a>).</p> "> Figure 20
<p>The kinetic experimental data with the pseudo-first-order and the pseudo-second-order kinetic models using the obtained constants (<a href="#applsci-14-04274-t010" class="html-table">Table 10</a> and <a href="#applsci-14-04274-t011" class="html-table">Table 11</a>).</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Materials
- Chemical reagents: chemically clean Congo red, Naphthol green B, Rhodamine B and Methylene blue dyes; distilled water that meets the requirements of standard ISO 3696:1987 [19], 0.1 M H2SO4 and 0.1 M NaOH aqueous solutions and potassium hydrogen phthalate.
- Laboratory equipment: Radwag analytical balance, glass-fiber filter paper “REF A0478855”, filter paper “Qualitative Filter Paper Grade 202” and pH meter “Mettler Toledo Multi seven”; 50, 100 and 500 mL volumetric flasks and 1, 2, 10 and 25 mL graduated pipettes, Shimadzu TOC total carbon analyzer, synthetic air balloon, vacuum pump, magnetic stirrer Heidolph MR 1000 (LabMakelaar Benelux B.V., Zevenhuizen, The Netherlands) and SEM Helios Nanolab 650 (FEI, Eindhoven, The Netherlands).
2.2. Preparation of Aqueous Solutions
2.3. Batch Adsorption Tests
2.4. Fabrication of Aerogels Made from Paper and Cardboard Waste
2.5. Characterization
2.6. Determination of Residual Dissolved Total Organic Carbon
- Thirty minutes before starting the test, the analyzer should be turned on, and the carrier gas should be released;
- Special 40 mL test tubes are prepared. A detergent is added to an empty test tube (for example, 2.5 g of iodine and 12.5 g of potassium iodide are added to a liter of 1% (volume) sulfuric acid), and the walls of the bottle are properly covered by shaking, followed by a 15 min wait. The solution is poured out, and the test tubes are rinsed thoroughly with tap water and then with distilled water; finally, they are dried;
- The liquid samples need to be filtered. Suspended solids are removed by using a glass-fiber filter (1.2 µm). The samples are poured into special test tubes with a capacity of 40 mL so that ~1 cm of the test tube remains empty;
- The sample tubes are placed in the drum of the automatic liquid sampling system and analyzed. Samples containing carbon compounds are heated to 680 °C in an oxygen-rich environment in carbon combustion tubes filled with a platinum catalyst. The carbon dioxide produced during oxidation is detected by using an infrared gas analyzer. The signal from the detector produces a peak reading, where its area is proportional to the concentration of total organic carbon in the sample.
- A total of 2.125 g of pure potassium hydrogen phthalate, previously dried for 1 h at 105–120 °C and cooled in a drying cabinet, is weighed;
- The weighed amount of potassium hydrogen phthalate is added to a measuring flask with a capacity of 1 L and dissolved in distilled water;
- The standard stock solution is diluted with distilled water to prepare a standard stock solution of the selected concentration.
2.7. Adsorption Isotherms and Kinetics
3. Results
3.1. Adsorption Results
3.2. Modeling Results
3.2.1. Adsorption Equilibrium
3.2.2. Kinetic Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Dye | Concentration of Dye, mg/L | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.1 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 5.0 | 10.0 | 50.0 | 100.0 | 200.0 | |
qe, mg/g | |||||||||
Congo red | 0.028 | 0.133 | 0.262 | 0.490 | 1.173 | 2.139 | 8.793 | 8.621 | 14.483 |
Naphthol green B | 0.013 | 0.059 | 0.101 | 0.195 | 0.449 | 0.874 | 3.591 | 4.869 | 7.698 |
Rhodamine B | 0.020 | 0.096 | 0.176 | 0.334 | 0.811 | 1.228 | 4.603 | 6.576 | 8.768 |
Methylene blue | 0.024 | 0.123 | 0.229 | 0.435 | 0.940 | 1.838 | 7.364 | 10.127 | 13.538 |
Type of Dye | Concentration of Dye, mg/L | Type of Adsorbent | Adsorption Capacity, mg/g | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Congo red, Naphthol green B, Rhodamine B and Methylene blue | 0.1; 0.5; 1.0; 2.0; 5.0; 10.0; 50.0; 100.0; 200.0 | Cellulose aerogel | 0.028–14.483; 0.013–7.698; 0.020–8.768; 0.024–13.538 | Liuge et al., 2024 [20] |
Methyl orange | 200.0 | Cellulose aerogel | 1013.11 | Qiu et al., 2023 [24] |
Acid green 25 and Crystal violet | 70.0 | Graphene oxide-doped silica aerogel | 20.25; 41.46 | Sharma et al., 2023 [25] |
Methyl orange | 20.0 | Cellulose/polyethyleneimine composite aerogel | 980.39 | Guo et al., 2024 [26] |
Model | Parameters | Determination Coefficient |
---|---|---|
Congo red | ||
Linearized Langmuir model | qm = 14.684 mg/g KL = 0.099 L/mg | R2 = 0.95 |
Nonlinear Langmuir model | qm = 14.589 mg/g KL = 0.083 L/mg | R2 = 0.95 |
Linearized Freundlich model | n = 1.447 Kf = 0.955 mg/g | R2 = 0.70 |
Nonlinear Freundlich model | n = 2.213 Kf = 1.892 mg/g | R2 = 0.95 |
Naphthol green B | ||
Linearized Langmuir model | qm = 9.833 mg/g KL = 0.041 L/mg | R2 = 0.99 |
Nonlinear Langmuir model | qm = 11.655 mg/g KL = 0.026 L/mg | R2 = 0.99 |
Linearized Freundlich model | n = 1.245 Kf = 0.326 mg/g | R2 = 0.91 |
Nonlinear Freundlich model | n = 1.653 Kf = 0.597 mg/g | R2 = 0.99 |
Rhodamine B | ||
Linearized Langmuir model | qm = 10.320 mg/g KL = 0.037 L/mg | R2 = 0.98 |
Nonlinear Langmuir model | qm = 11.627 mg/g KL = 0.023 L/mg | R2 = 0.99 |
Linearized Freundlich model | n = 1.326 Kf = 0.323 mg/g | R2 = 0.84 |
Nonlinear Freundlich model | n = 1.872 Kf = 0.691 mg/g | R2 = 0.99 |
Methylene blue | ||
Linearized Langmuir model | qm = 15.798 mg/g KL = 0.052 L/mg | R2 = 0.98 |
Nonlinear Langmuir model | qm = 16.739 mg/g KL = 0.039 L/mg | R2 = 0.99 |
Linearized Freundlich model | n = 1.318 Kf = 0.620 mg/g | R2 = 0.77 |
Nonlinear Freundlich model | n = 1.984 Kf = 1.407 mg/g | R2 = 0.98 |
qe,exp | Pseudo-First-Order Model (Linear Form) | Pseudo-First-Order Model (Nonlinear Form) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
qe,calc | ARE | qe,calc | ARE | |||||
2.14 | 1.91 | 0.11 | <0 | 15.43% | 2.02 | 0.32 | 0.37 | 5.49% |
qe,exp | Pseudo-Second-Order Model (Linear Form) | Pseudo-Second-Order Model (Nonlinear Form) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
qe,calc | ARE | qe,calc | ARE | |||||
2.14 | 2.24 | 0.14 | 0.54 | 2.96% | 2.14 | 0.27 | 0.75 | 3.53% |
qe,exp | Pseudo-First-Order Model (Linear Form) | Pseudo-First-Order Model (Nonlinear Form) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
qe,calc | ARE | qe,calc | ARE | |||||
0.87 | 0.37 | 0.05 | <0 | 67.98% | 0.81 | 0.14 | 0.93 | 3.32% |
qe,exp | Pseudo-Second-Order Model (Linear Form) | Pseudo-Second-Order Model (Nonlinear Form) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
qe,calc | ARE | qe,calc | ARE | |||||
0.87 | 0.91 | 0.22 | 0.91 | 4.35% | 0.93 | 0.21 | 0.91 | 4.27% |
qe,exp | Pseudo-First-Order Model (Linear Form) | Pseudo-First-Order Model (Nonlinear Form) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
qe,calc | ARE | qe,calc | ARE | |||||
1.23 | 0.71 | 0.03 | <0 | 59.70% | 0.99 | 0.13 | 0.87 | 5.46% |
qe,exp | Pseudo-Second-Order Model (Linear Form) | Pseudo-Second-Order Model (Nonlinear Form) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
qe,calc | ARE | qe,calc | ARE | |||||
1.23 | 1.18 | 0.11 | 0.89 | 4.83% | 1.15 | 0.14 | 0.90 | 5.04% |
qe,exp | Pseudo-First-Order Model (Linear Form) | Pseudo-First-Order Model (Nonlinear Form) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
qe,calc | ARE | qe,calc | ARE | |||||
0.94 | 0.104 | 0.038 | <0 | 92.9% | 0.906 | 0.533 | 0.60 | 1.41% |
qe,exp | Pseudo-Second-Order Model (Linear Form) | Pseudo-Second-Order Model (Nonlinear Form) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
qe,calc | ARE | qe,calc | ARE | |||||
0.94 | 0.938 | 1.208 | 0.43 | 1.24% | 0.924 | 2.187 | 0.86 | 0.84% |
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Liugė, M.; Paliulis, D.; Leonavičienė, T. Application of Three-Dimensional Porous Aerogel as Adsorbent for Removal of Textile Dyes from Water. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 4274. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14104274
Liugė M, Paliulis D, Leonavičienė T. Application of Three-Dimensional Porous Aerogel as Adsorbent for Removal of Textile Dyes from Water. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(10):4274. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14104274
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiugė, Monika, Dainius Paliulis, and Teresė Leonavičienė. 2024. "Application of Three-Dimensional Porous Aerogel as Adsorbent for Removal of Textile Dyes from Water" Applied Sciences 14, no. 10: 4274. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14104274