Investigation of High-Q Lithium Niobate-Based Double Ring Resonator Used in RF Signal Modulation
<p>(<b>a</b>) Schematic diagram of the structure of the double ring modulator, where the enlarged area is a crossing-section view of the devices. (<b>b</b>) Parameter distribution in the schematic diagram of double ring structure, including transmission coefficient (<span class="html-italic">t</span>), coupling coefficient (<span class="html-italic">k</span>), waveguide length (<span class="html-italic">L</span>), and the intensity of light field (<span class="html-italic">E</span>).</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Comparison of resonant peaks of double ring resonator and single ring resonator at the same resonant wavelength. The ring length of the single ring resonator is the same as the inner ring length of the double ring resonator.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>(<b>a</b>) The effective refractive index at different waveguide width; (<b>b</b>) the waveguide loss at different waveguide width; (<b>c</b>) the optical power ratio in lithium niobate at different waveguide width; (<b>d</b>) the waveguide loss at different bending radius; and (<b>e</b>) the transmission loss of the LN waveguide with different electrode spacing.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>(<b>a</b>) Intensity modulation of the microring resonator. The green, black and blue lines show the drift of the resonant wavelength of the material in the microring modulator due to the pockels effect due to the change in RF signal, and the red line shows the change in light intensity as the RF signal is modulated onto the light. (<b>b</b>) Mechanisms for setting the parameters of the microring resonator. The red line is the local oscillation light and the yellow line is the sideband of the modulated finished RF signal, which carries the RF information.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>The Q-factor of resonator with the ratio (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mi>k</mi> </semantics></math>) of outer ring length to inner ring length.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>(<b>a</b>) The transmissivity of the double ring resonator at different wavelengths and coupling coefficients (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mn>3</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>); (<b>b</b>) the transmissivity of the double ring resonator at different wavelengths and coupling coefficients (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>); (<b>c</b>) the transmissivity of the double ring resonator at different wavelengths and coupling coefficients (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mn>3</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>) and (<b>d</b>) the transmissivity of the double ring resonator at different wavelengths and coupling coefficients (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>). All other unchanged coupling coefficients are fixed at 0.1.</p> "> Figure 6 Cont.
<p>(<b>a</b>) The transmissivity of the double ring resonator at different wavelengths and coupling coefficients (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mn>3</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>); (<b>b</b>) the transmissivity of the double ring resonator at different wavelengths and coupling coefficients (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>); (<b>c</b>) the transmissivity of the double ring resonator at different wavelengths and coupling coefficients (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mn>3</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>) and (<b>d</b>) the transmissivity of the double ring resonator at different wavelengths and coupling coefficients (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>). All other unchanged coupling coefficients are fixed at 0.1.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>(<b>a</b>) The transmissivity of the double ring resonator at different wavelengths and the field attenuation of outer ring (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>) and (<b>b</b>) the transmissivity of the double ring resonator at different wavelengths and the field attenuation of inner ring (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>). Both are calculated at <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mn>3</mn> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.1</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math>.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>(<b>a</b>) The transmissivity of the double ring resonator at different wavelengths and the field attenuation (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>) and (<b>b</b>) the transmissivity of the double ring resonator at different wavelengths and the field attenuation of outer ring (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>). Both are calculated at <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> = <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mn>3</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> = 0.9. The resonance peak in the middle is the inner ring resonance peak, and the resonance peak on both sides is the outer ring resonance peak.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>(<b>a</b>) The transmissivity of the double ring resonator at different wavelengths and the transmission coefficient (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mn>3</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>) and (<b>b</b>) the transmissivity of the double ring resonator at different wavelengths and the transmission coefficient (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>). Both are calculated at <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> = <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> = 0.99.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Transmission characteristic curves of the single ring (green line) and the double ring (blue line) resonators at <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">ρ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mi>dB</mi> <mo>/</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math>, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mo> </mo> </mrow> </semantics></math>= 0.9, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mn>3</mn> </msub> <mo> </mo> </mrow> </semantics></math>= 0.995, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo> </mo> </mrow> </semantics></math>= 0.779.</p> "> Figure 11
<p>(<b>a</b>) The coupling coefficient of the coupling region of the straight-ring waveguide at different coupling gap and (<b>b</b>) the coupling coefficient of the coupling region of the ring–ring waveguide at different coupling gap.</p> "> Figure 12
<p>(<b>a</b>) The transmission characteristic curves of the double ring resonator at different wavelengths and applied RF signals and (<b>b</b>) the wavelength drift at different applied RF signals.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Optimization Design of the Waveguide Parameters
3.2. Modulation Mechanism of the Microring Resonator
3.3. Analysis of Double Ring Structure
3.4. Double Ring Electro-Optic Modulator
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Wu, Z.; Zhang, L.; Han, S.; Lian, D.; Wu, T.; Chu, W.; Li, H.; Guo, L.; Zhao, M.; Yang, X. Investigation of High-Q Lithium Niobate-Based Double Ring Resonator Used in RF Signal Modulation. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 4648. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13074648
Wu Z, Zhang L, Han S, Lian D, Wu T, Chu W, Li H, Guo L, Zhao M, Yang X. Investigation of High-Q Lithium Niobate-Based Double Ring Resonator Used in RF Signal Modulation. Applied Sciences. 2023; 13(7):4648. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13074648
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu, Zhenlin, Lin Zhang, Shaoshuai Han, Di Lian, Tongfei Wu, Wenjie Chu, Haoyu Li, Lei Guo, Mingshan Zhao, and Xin Yang. 2023. "Investigation of High-Q Lithium Niobate-Based Double Ring Resonator Used in RF Signal Modulation" Applied Sciences 13, no. 7: 4648. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13074648