Geosciences

27 pages, 8502 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatiotemporal Variability Analysis of Rainfall and Water Quality: Insights from Trend Analysis and Wavelet Coherence Approach

by Syeda Zehan Farzana, Dev Raj Paudyal, Sreeni Chadalavada and Md Jahangir Alam

Geosciences 2024, 14(8), 225; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14080225 - 21 Aug 2024

Viewed by 397

Abstract

An understanding of the trend and relationship between rainfall patterns and water quality dynamics can provide valuable guidelines for the effective management of water resources. The aim of this study was to reveal the synchronous trends in rainfall and water quality and to [...] Read more.

An understanding of the trend and relationship between rainfall patterns and water quality dynamics can provide valuable guidelines for the effective management of water resources. The aim of this study was to reveal the synchronous trends in rainfall and water quality and to explore the potential connection between seasonal variation in rainfall volume and the water quality index. This study scrutinised the seasonal temporal trends of rainfall and water quality parameters of three water supply reservoirs in the Toowoomba region of Australia by applying the modified Mann–Kendall (MMK) test and innovative trend analysis (ITA) methods from data collected over 22 years (2002–2022). The models showed a significant increasing trend of rainfall in two rainfall stations during autumn season. The water quality parameters, such as PO₄³⁻, exhibited a significant decreasing trend in all seasons in three reservoirs. On the other hand, the water quality index (WQI) showed a decreasing trend in the Cooby and Cressbrook reservoirs, excepting the Perseverance reservoir, which exhibited an increasing trend. In addition to the detection of trends, this study investigated the potential correlation between seasonal variation of rainfall volume and the water quality index using the wavelet transform coherence (WTC) method. The data of twelve rainfall stations were brought into this analysis. The WTC analysis displayed an apparent correlation between the water quality index and rainfall pattern for 70% of the rainfall stations across 8–16 periods. The highest coherency was noticed in 8–16 periods from 2002–2022, as observed at both the Cooby Creek rainfall station and in the WQI of the Cooby reservoir. This evaluation revealed the intertwined dynamics of rainfall patterns and water quality, providing a deeper understanding of their interdependence and implications, which might be useful for environmental and hydrological management practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Climate)

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23 pages, 11373 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Origins of the Hydrogen Sulphide (H₂S) Gas in the Triassic Montney Formation, British Columbia, Canada

by Gareth Chalmers, Pablo Lacerda Silva, Amanda Bustin, Andrea Sanlorenzo and Marc Bustin

Geosciences 2024, 14(8), 224; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14080224 - 21 Aug 2024

Viewed by 405

Abstract

The inexplicable distribution of souring wells (presence of H₂S gas) of the unconventional Montney Formation hydrocarbon resource (British Columbia; BC) is investigated by analysing sulphur and oxygen isotopes, coupled with XRD mineralogy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX). [...] Read more.

The inexplicable distribution of souring wells (presence of H₂S gas) of the unconventional Montney Formation hydrocarbon resource (British Columbia; BC) is investigated by analysing sulphur and oxygen isotopes, coupled with XRD mineralogy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX). The sulphur isotopic analysis indicates that the sulphur isotopic range for Triassic anhydrite (δ34S 8.9 to 20.98‰ VCDT) is the same as the H₂S sulphur that is produced from the Montney Formation (δ34S 9.3 to 20.9‰ VCDT). The anhydrite in the Triassic rocks is the likely source of the sulphur in the H₂S produced in the Montney Formation. The deeper Devonian sources are enriched in ³⁴S and are not the likely source for sulphur (δ34S 17.1 and 34‰ VCDT). This is contradictory to studies on Montney Formation producers in Alberta, with heavier (³⁴S-enriched) sulphur isotopic signatures in H₂S gas of all souring Montney Formation producers. These studies conclude that deep-seated faults and fractures have provided conduits for sulphate and/or H₂S gas to migrate from deeper sulphur sources in the Devonian strata. There are several wells that show a slightly heavier (³⁴S-enriched) isotopic signature (δ34S 18 to 20‰ VCDT) within the Montney Formation H₂S gas producing within close proximity to the deformation front. This variation may be due to such deep-seated faults that acted as a conduit for Devonian sulphur to migrate into the Montney Formation. Our geological model suggests the sulphate-rich fluids have migrated from the Charlie Lake Formation prior to hydrocarbon generation in the Montney Formation (BC). Sulphate has concentrated in discrete zones due to precipitation in conduits like fracture and fault systems. The model fits the observation of multi-well pads containing both sour- and sweet-producing wells indicating that the souring is occurring in very narrow and discrete zones with the Montney Formation (BC). Government agencies and operators in British Columbia should map the anhydrite-rich portions of the Charlie Lake Formation, together with the structural elements from three-dimensional seismic to reduce the risk of encountering unexpected souring. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geochemistry)

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19 pages, 17463 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact Assessment of Digital Elevation Model (DEM) Resolution on Drainage System Extraction and the Evaluation of Mass Movement Hazards in the Upper Catchment

by Ahmad Qasim Akbar, Yasuhiro Mitani, Ryunosuke Nakanishi, Ibrahim Djamaluddin and Takumi Sugahara

Geosciences 2024, 14(8), 223; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14080223 - 21 Aug 2024

Viewed by 388

Abstract

Worldwide, landslides claim many lives each year, with an average of 162.6 deaths reported in Japan from 1945 to 2019. There is growing concern about a potential increase in this number due to climate change. The primary source of shallow and rapid landslides [...] Read more.

Worldwide, landslides claim many lives each year, with an average of 162.6 deaths reported in Japan from 1945 to 2019. There is growing concern about a potential increase in this number due to climate change. The primary source of shallow and rapid landslides within watersheds is the 0-order basins, which are located above the 1^st order drainage system. These active geomorphological locations govern the frequency of mass movement. Despite the recognition of their importance, little attention has been paid to the role of 0-order basins in initiating landslides. Drainage systems can be extracted using the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) in GIS software. However, the effect of DEM resolution on the extraction of 1^st order basins remains unexplained. This research develops an algorithm to assess the impact of DEM resolution on the extraction of first-order basins, channel head points, and the identification of approximate 0-order basins. The study includes algorithms to evaluate the correlation between DEM resolution and 1^st order drainage system extraction using fuzzy classification techniques for approximate 0-order basins. The algorithm was applied in Toho Village, Fukuoka, Japan, defining the most appropriate DEM and stream definition threshold with an 86.48% accuracy and ±30 m error margin for channel head points. Critical slip surfaces were identified inside the 0-order basins and validated with a landslide inventory map with a 91% accuracy. The developed algorithms support hazard management and land use planning, providing valuable tools for sustainable development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Natural Hazards)

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19 pages, 11916 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Investigations in Urban Areas Affected by Gravity-Driven Deformations

by Nicola Angelo Famiglietti, Pietro Miele, Bruno Massa, Antonino Memmolo, Raffaele Moschillo, Luigi Zarrilli and Annamaria Vicari

Geosciences 2024, 14(8), 222; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14080222 - 20 Aug 2024

Viewed by 891

Abstract

The 1980 Ms 6.9 Irpinia earthquake was responsible for the activation or reactivation of numerous gravitative deformations mainly hosted by clayey lithotypes, affecting wide areas of Benevento Province and the Sele and Ofanto R. Valleys. The case of Calitri offers valuable insights into [...] Read more.

The 1980 Ms 6.9 Irpinia earthquake was responsible for the activation or reactivation of numerous gravitative deformations mainly hosted by clayey lithotypes, affecting wide areas of Benevento Province and the Sele and Ofanto R. Valleys. The case of Calitri offers valuable insights into a methodological approach to studying mass movements affecting human settlements. Post-earthquake investigations in Calitri involved extensive geognostic boreholes and in situ surveys, providing substantial data for lithological characterization and landslide modeling. Additionally, over the past two decades, satellite-based techniques have supported the mapping and characterization of ground deformations in this area, improving our understanding of spatiotemporal evolution. Despite these efforts, a detailed subsurface comprehensionof the tectono-stratigraphy and geometriesof gravity-induced deformation remains incomplete. This study aims to enhance our knowledge of gravity-driven deformations affecting urban areas by using deep-penetrating GroundPenetrating Radar (GPR) surveys to identify landslide-related structures, rupture surfaces, and lithological characterization of the involved lithotypes. The integration of GPR surveys with classical morphotectonic analysis led to the delineation of the main subsurface discontinuities (stratigraphy, tectonics, and gravity-related), correlating them with available geognostic data. This approach provided non-invasive, detailed insights into subsurface features and stands out as one of the rare case studies in Italy that employed the GPR method for landslide investigations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Techniques and Applications)

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15 pages, 4796 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Risk Assessment of Nephrotoxic Metals in Soil and Water in Areas with High Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease in Panama

by Benedicto Valdés-Rodríguez, Virginia Montero-Campos, Matthew G. Siebecker, Amanda Jo Zimmerman, Mauricio Vega-Araya, Sharon P. Ulate Chacón and Dalys Rovira

Geosciences 2024, 14(8), 221; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14080221 - 20 Aug 2024

Viewed by 463

Abstract

Mesoamerican nephropathy (MeN) is a non-traditional chronic kidney disease in some areas of Mesoamerica. The health risk from nephrotoxic metals, such as arsenic (As), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), vanadium (V), cadmium (Cd), rubidium (Rb), chromium (Cr), and nickel (Ni), was assessed in drinking [...] Read more.

Mesoamerican nephropathy (MeN) is a non-traditional chronic kidney disease in some areas of Mesoamerica. The health risk from nephrotoxic metals, such as arsenic (As), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), vanadium (V), cadmium (Cd), rubidium (Rb), chromium (Cr), and nickel (Ni), was assessed in drinking water and soils. These metals, even at low concentrations, have the capacity to induce epigenetic damage and a nephrotoxic effect. The quantification of metals in soils was made through X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrophotometry (ICP-OES), while the quantification of metals in water was carried out through inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) and atomic absorption (AA) spectrometry. The levels of As, Hg, Cd, and V in water were within the permissible limits, whereas Pb was found to be double and triple the value recommended by the World Health Organization. The non-carcinogenic risk from As in soil was evaluated using the Hazard Index (HI), and the route of ingestion was found to be the most important route. The results indicate that consuming water or ingesting soil particles with Pb and As poses a health risk to humans. Therefore, these findings identify the presence of toxicants in an exposure scenario and justify further research into these metals in people and the analysis of exposure routes. Full article

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Map of the study area soil (red circle, ●) and water (blue triangle ▲) sample collection sites in Coclé, Panama: MASL, meters above sea level. Full article ">Figure 2
Nephrotoxic metals by districts in Coclé. (A) concentration of As; (B) concentration of Pb; (C) concentration of Cr; (D) concentration of V; (E) concentration of Rb; (F) concentration of Ni. Blue circles represent the average value for the series of data. The red dashed line indicates the 95th percentile of metal reported in soils (Smith et al., 2019) [<a href="#B36-geosciences-14-00221" class="html-bibr">36</a>]. The solid red line indicates the guide value of the chemical elements in the continental crust (Taylor, 1964) [<a href="#B38-geosciences-14-00221" class="html-bibr">38</a>]. Full article ">Figure 3
Geographical distribution of nephrotoxic metals in soils in Coclé. Represents the spatial distribution of metals as interpolated through ArcGIS: (A) distribution of As; (B) distribution of Pb; (C) distribution of Cr; (D) distribution of V; (E) distribution of Rb; (F) distribution of Ni. All results are expressed in mg kg−1. Full article ">Figure 4
Geographical distribution morbidity to CKD and metals concentrations in Coclé, Panama. Data Source: Prevalence of CKD: Ministry of Panama Health [<a href="#B20-geosciences-14-00221" class="html-bibr">20</a>], metals concentration: Environmental Soil Chemistry Lab Texas Tech University, USA. Map created by ArGis Software (version 10.8.2). Full article ">

23 pages, 2549 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Machine Learning-Driven Approach to Uncover the Influencing Factors Resulting in Soil Mass Displacement

by Apostolos Parasyris, Lina Stankovic and Vladimir Stankovic

Geosciences 2024, 14(8), 220; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14080220 - 18 Aug 2024

Viewed by 439

Abstract

For most landslides, several destabilising processes act simultaneously, leading to relative sliding along the soil or rock mass surface over time. A number of machine learning approaches have been proposed recently for accurate relative and cumulative landside displacement prediction, but researchers have limited [...] Read more.

For most landslides, several destabilising processes act simultaneously, leading to relative sliding along the soil or rock mass surface over time. A number of machine learning approaches have been proposed recently for accurate relative and cumulative landside displacement prediction, but researchers have limited their studies to only a few indicators of displacement. Determining which influencing factors are the most important in predicting different stages of failure is an ongoing challenge due to the many influencing factors and their inter-relationships. In this study, we take a data-driven approach to explore correlations between various influencing factors triggering slope movement to perform dimensionality reduction, then feature selection and extraction to identify which measured factors have the strongest influence in predicting slope movements via a supervised regression approach. Further, through hierarchical clustering of the aforementioned selected features, we identify distinct types of displacement. By selecting only the most effective measurands, this in turn informs the subset of sensors needed for deployment on slopes prone to failure to predict imminent failures. Visualisation of the important features garnered from correlation analysis and feature selection in relation to displacement show that no one feature can be effectively used in isolation to predict and characterise types of displacement. In particular, analysis of 18 different sensors on the active and heavily instrumented Hollin Hill Landslide Observatory in the north west UK, which is several hundred metres wide and extends two hundred metres downslope, indicates that precipitation, atmospheric pressure and soil moisture should be considered jointly to provide accurate landslide prediction. Additionally, we show that the above features from Random Forest-embedded feature selection and Variational Inflation Factor features (Soil heat flux, Net radiation, Wind Speed and Precipitation) are effective in characterising intermittent and explosive displacement. Full article

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21 pages, 20051 KiB

Open AccessReview

Makran Subduction Zone: A Review and Synthesis

by Peyman Namdarsehat, Wojciech Milczarek, Seyed-Hani Motavalli-Anbaran and Matin Khaledzadeh

Geosciences 2024, 14(8), 219; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14080219 - 18 Aug 2024

Viewed by 697

Abstract

This review synthesizes existing research to elucidate the factors driving the distinct tectonic behaviors in the western and eastern Makran subduction zone, focusing on seismic activity, uplift rate, convergence rate, coupling, and subduction angle. The literature identifies the asymmetry in pressure and the [...] Read more.

This review synthesizes existing research to elucidate the factors driving the distinct tectonic behaviors in the western and eastern Makran subduction zone, focusing on seismic activity, uplift rate, convergence rate, coupling, and subduction angle. The literature identifies the asymmetry in pressure and the variation in subduction angles between the western and eastern parts of the Makran as key factors in defining the region’s tectonic patterns. The western region has a steeper subduction angle, resulting in lower pressure, reduced coupling, and decreased seismic activity. This disparity arises from different interactions between the subducted and overriding plates. This article offers an overview of the Makran subduction zone, identifies some knowledge gaps, and suggests directions for future research to improve our understanding of this complex geological region. The review highlights the need for more comprehensive GPS stations and targeted studies on subduction dip angles to better understand the region’s tectonic dynamics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Earthquake Geology of Plate Margins and Plate Interiors: Integrating Classical Methods with New Approaches)

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32 pages, 83957 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stealth Metasomatism in Granulites from Ivrea (NW Italy): Hydration of the (Variscan) Lower Crust by Melt Flow

by Stylianos Karastergios, Simona Ferrando, Barbara E. Kunz and Maria Luce Frezzotti

Geosciences 2024, 14(8), 218; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14080218 - 16 Aug 2024

Viewed by 378

Abstract

Granulites and associated dykes from the less well-studied southern Ivrea–Verbano Zone (around Ivrea town) are characterized by combining field, macro, micro and chemical (major and trace-element mineral composition) data to identify chemical and rheological variations in the lower crust that could be relevant [...] Read more.

Granulites and associated dykes from the less well-studied southern Ivrea–Verbano Zone (around Ivrea town) are characterized by combining field, macro, micro and chemical (major and trace-element mineral composition) data to identify chemical and rheological variations in the lower crust that could be relevant for geodynamic implications. The Ivrea granulites are similar to those in the Lower Mafic Complex of the central Ivrea–Verbano Zone. The mafic lithologies experienced stealth metasomatism (pargasitic amphibole and An-rich plagioclase) that occurred, at suprasolidus conditions, by a pervasive reactive porous flow of mantle-derived orogenic (hydrous) basaltic melts infiltrated along, relatively few, deformation-assisted channels. The chemical composition of the metasomatic melts is similar to that of melts infiltrating the central and northern Ivrea–Verbano Zone. This widespread metasomatism, inducing a massive regional hydration of the lowermost Southalpine mafic crust, promoted a plastic behavior in the lowermost part of the crust during the Early Mesozoic and, ultimately, the Triassic extension of the Variscan crust and the beginning of the Alpine cycle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geochemistry)

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18 pages, 18205 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Interpreting Soft-Sediment Deformation Structures: Insights into Earthquake History and Depositional Processes in the Dead Sea, Jordan

by Bety S. Al-Saqarat, Mahmoud Abbas, Mu’ayyad Al Hseinat, Tala Amer Qutishat, Duha Shammar and Ehab AlShamaileh

Geosciences 2024, 14(8), 217; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14080217 - 16 Aug 2024

Viewed by 570

Abstract

Soft-sediment deformation structures (SSDSs) typically form in unconsolidated sedimentary deposits before lithification. Understanding these structures involves evaluating their characteristics, genesis timing, and the dynamics of sediment deformation. SSDSs are essential for deciphering ancient environments, reconstructing depositional processes, and discerning past prevailing conditions. In [...] Read more.

Soft-sediment deformation structures (SSDSs) typically form in unconsolidated sedimentary deposits before lithification. Understanding these structures involves evaluating their characteristics, genesis timing, and the dynamics of sediment deformation. SSDSs are essential for deciphering ancient environments, reconstructing depositional processes, and discerning past prevailing conditions. In the Dead Sea region, SSDSs are abundant and well preserved due to unique geological and environmental factors, including rapid sedimentation rates and seismic activity. Influenced by the Dead Sea Transform Fault, the area offers insights into tectonic activity and historical earthquakes predating modern instrumentation. This study extensively examines SSDSs along the Dead Sea area in Jordan, focusing on sediments near the Lisan Peninsula, where the prominent Lisan Formation (71–12 ka) exposes numerous deformations. Mineralogical and geochemical analyses using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) were applied on deformed and undeformed layers to test the potential trigger of seismite formation in the Dead Sea area. The XRD and XRF results reveal Aragonite and Halite as the predominant compounds. Field observations, coupled with mineralogical and geochemical data, suggest tectonic activity as the primary driver of SSDSs formation in the Dead Sea region. Other contributing factors, such as high salinity, arid climate, and depositional settings, may also have influenced their formation. These structures offer valuable insights into the region’s geological history, environmental conditions, and tectonic evolution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sedimentology, Stratigraphy and Palaeontology)

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9 pages, 4907 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

A Report of the Observed Intensity and Structural Damage during the Mw 5.3 Earthquake in Santo Domingo (Province of Chiriquí, Panamá) on 8 July 2024

by Luis A. Pinzón, Yessica Vargas and Diego A. Hidalgo-Leiva

Geosciences 2024, 14(8), 216; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14080216 - 15 Aug 2024

Viewed by 409

Abstract

On 8 July 2024, a magnitude 5.3 earthquake struck the province of Chiriquí in Panama, primarily impacting areas characterized by informal settlements and low-income neighborhoods. The earthquake was recorded by both the Panama Accelerographic Network and the Costa Rican Strong Motion Network, with [...] Read more.

On 8 July 2024, a magnitude 5.3 earthquake struck the province of Chiriquí in Panama, primarily impacting areas characterized by informal settlements and low-income neighborhoods. The earthquake was recorded by both the Panama Accelerographic Network and the Costa Rican Strong Motion Network, with accelerations exceeding 150 cm/s². The National Civil Protection System (SINAPROC) reported damage to 24 residences and public infrastructure, including hospitals and schools. Despite the material damage, no fatalities were reported. The Ministry of Housing and Land Management (MIVIOT), the Ministry of Education (MEDUCA), and the Ministry of Social Development (MIDES) also participated in the assessment and response efforts. This report presents the measurements and damage observed during the event. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Natural Hazards)

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25 pages, 27110 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Geomechanics and Geology of Marine Terraces of the Crotone Basin, Calabria (Italy)

by Gloria Campilongo, Maurizio Ponte, Francesco Muto, Salvatore Critelli, Filippo Catanzariti and Davide Milone

Geosciences 2024, 14(8), 215; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14080215 - 13 Aug 2024

Viewed by 432

Abstract

This study investigates the geomechanical behavior of five terrace orders in the Crotone Basin. The purpose is to understand the physical–mechanical parameters of these terraces to determine whether rock or soil mechanics principles should be applied for stability analysis. Samples were collected from [...] Read more.

This study investigates the geomechanical behavior of five terrace orders in the Crotone Basin. The purpose is to understand the physical–mechanical parameters of these terraces to determine whether rock or soil mechanics principles should be applied for stability analysis. Samples were collected from each terrace following an extensive field survey. Laboratory analyses were conducted to measure pulse velocities, uniaxial unconfined compressive strength, and compressive strength with truncated conical platens. The findings revealed key physical–mechanical parameters of the rocks, which are crucial for stability assessments. The Crotone Basin, known for its mineral resources such as hydrocarbons and rock salts, has been studied geologically since before the 1950s, but there is a lack of geomechanical data in existing literature. Therefore, the results presented here are novel and provide a basis for future studies on the instability of rocky slopes composed of similar soft rock types. These results will aid in accurate geological–geotechnical model reconstructions. While the findings can be applied to similar cases, it is important to note that each analysis site, despite showing similar phenomena, is unique and requires individual investigation. Full article

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45 pages, 18921 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reconstructing Impact of the 1867 Ionian Sea (Western Greece) Earthquake by Focusing on New Contemporary and Modern Sources for Building Damage, Environmental and Health Effects

by Spyridon Mavroulis, Maria Mavrouli, Efthymios Lekkas and Panayotis Carydis

Geosciences 2024, 14(8), 214; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14080214 - 11 Aug 2024

Viewed by 661

Abstract

The 4 February 1867 Cephalonia (Western Greece) earthquake is the largest in the Ionian Islands and one of the largest in the Eastern Mediterranean. However, it remained one of the least studied historical events. For reconstructing this earthquake, we reevaluated existing knowledge and [...] Read more.

The 4 February 1867 Cephalonia (Western Greece) earthquake is the largest in the Ionian Islands and one of the largest in the Eastern Mediterranean. However, it remained one of the least studied historical events. For reconstructing this earthquake, we reevaluated existing knowledge and used new contemporary and modern sources, including scientific and local writers’ reports and books, local and national journals, newspapers, and ecclesiastical chronicles. The extracted information covered the earthquake parameters, population impact, building damage, and earthquake environmental effects (EEEs). The earthquake parameters included the origin time and duration of the main shock, epicenter location, precursors, aftershocks, and characteristics of the earthquake ground motion. The population impact involved direct and indirect health effects and population change. Building data highlighted the dominant building types and the types, grades, and distribution of damage. The EEEs included ground cracks, landslides, liquefaction, hydrological anomalies, and mild sea disturbances. Field surveys were also conducted for validation. The quantitative and qualitative information enabled the application of seismic intensity scales (EMS-98, ESI-07). The study concluded that since the affected areas were mainly composed of post-alpine deposits and secondarily of clay–clastic alpine formations with poor geotechnical properties, they were highly susceptible to failure. Effects and maximum intensities occurred in highly susceptible areas with a rich inventory. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Natural Hazards)

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22 pages, 7039 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mineralogical and Engineering Properties of Soils Derived from In Situ Weathering of Tuff in Central Java, Indonesia

by I Gde Budi Indrawan, Daniel Tamado, Mifthahul Abrar and I Wayan Warmada

Geosciences 2024, 14(8), 213; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14080213 - 10 Aug 2024

Viewed by 650

Abstract

This paper presents the results of borehole investigations and laboratory tests carried out to characterize the soils derived from in situ weathering of tuff in Central Java, Indonesia. The 70 m thick weathering profile of the Quaternary tuff consisted of residual soil and [...] Read more.

This paper presents the results of borehole investigations and laboratory tests carried out to characterize the soils derived from in situ weathering of tuff in Central Java, Indonesia. The 70 m thick weathering profile of the Quaternary tuff consisted of residual soil and completely to highly decomposed rocks. The relatively low dry unit weight and cohesion but high water content, porosity, plastic and liquid limits, and angle of internal friction of the soils in the present study were related to the dominance of halloysite clay minerals. The established relationships to predict soil shear strength parameters from the soil plasticity index and standard penetration test (SPT) N-values were examined, and linear and non-linear relationships for soils derived from in situ weathering of tuff were proposed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil-Structure Interactions in Underground Construction)

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12 pages, 3253 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Neural Network-Based Climate Prediction for the 21st Century Using the Finnish Multi-Millennial Tree-Ring Chronology

by Elena A. Kasatkina, Oleg I. Shumilov and Mauri Timonen

Geosciences 2024, 14(8), 212; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14080212 - 8 Aug 2024

Viewed by 550

Abstract

The sun’s activity role in climate change has become a topic of debate. According to data from the IPCC, the global average temperature has shown an increasing trend since 1850, with an average increase of 0.06 °C/decade. Our analysis of summer temperature records [...] Read more.

The sun’s activity role in climate change has become a topic of debate. According to data from the IPCC, the global average temperature has shown an increasing trend since 1850, with an average increase of 0.06 °C/decade. Our analysis of summer temperature records from five weather stations in northern Fennoscandia (65°–70.4° N) revealed an increasing trend, with a range of 0.09 °C/decade to 0.15 °C/decade. However, due to the short duration of instrumental records, it is not possible to accurately assess and predict climate changes on centennial and millennial timescales. In this study, we used the Finnish super-long (~7600 years) tree-ring chronology to create a climate prediction for the 21st century. We applied a method that combines a long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network with the continuous wavelet transform and wavelet filtering in order to make climate change predictions. This approach revealed a significant decrease in tree-ring growth over the near term (2063–2073). The predicted decrease in tree-ring growth (and regional temperature) is thought to be a result of a new grand solar minimum, which may lead to Little Ice Age-like climatic conditions. This result is significant for understanding current climate processes and assessing potential environmental and socio-economic risks on a global and regional level, including in the area of the Arctic shipping routes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Statistical Modelling in Climate Change)

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Map showing sample collection sites with subfossil pines [<a href="#B32-geosciences-14-00212" class="html-bibr">32</a>] (triangles) and weather stations (black circles): 1—Vardo, 2—Teriberka, 3—Murmansk, 4—Sodankyla, 5—Kem. The blue dashed line indicates the Arctic circle. Full article ">Figure 2
Mean summer (JJA) temperatures across northern Fennoscandia: (a) Murmansk, (b) Teriberka, (c) Kem, (d) Sodankyla, (e) Vardo. Red lines denote trends calculated using the nonparametric Kendall–Theil robust line regression method [<a href="#B50-geosciences-14-00212" class="html-bibr">50</a>]. The numbers indicate the increasing rate (°C/decade), with the 95% confidence interval in square brackets. Full article ">Figure 3
A block diagram of the developed LSTM network for climate change prediction. Full article ">Figure 4
(a) Finnish super-long tree-ring chronology (FLTR) [<a href="#B32-geosciences-14-00212" class="html-bibr">32</a>], (b) corresponding continuous wavelet transform (CWT), and (c) wavelet-filtered chronology over the 300–400-year band (blue) with predicted values using the LSTM (red). The 95% confidence level against red noise is shown as a black contour. Full article ">Figure 5
Comparison of the measured (blue) and predicted by the LSTM (red) time series of the FLTR over the testing period (1398–2003 A.D.) (a) and the difference between predicted and measured FLTR values (b). Full article ">

28 pages, 15379 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vegetation, Climate and Habitability in the Marseille Basin (SE France) circa 1 Ma

by Valérie Andrieu, Pierre Rochette, François Fournier, François Demory, Mary Robles, Odile Peyron, Séverine Fauquette, Eliane Charrat, Pierre Magniez, Belinda Gambin and Samuel Benoît De Coignac

Geosciences 2024, 14(8), 211; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14080211 - 7 Aug 2024

Viewed by 655

Abstract

The environment of the Marseille basin in the Early Pleistocene was reconstructed through a multiproxy study of fluvial tufa deposits. Palaeomagnetic measurements revealed the Jaramillo subchron and dated the tufa to within the 0.8–1.5 Ma interval, probably between 0.9 and1.2 Ma. Sedimentological studies [...] Read more.

The environment of the Marseille basin in the Early Pleistocene was reconstructed through a multiproxy study of fluvial tufa deposits. Palaeomagnetic measurements revealed the Jaramillo subchron and dated the tufa to within the 0.8–1.5 Ma interval, probably between 0.9 and1.2 Ma. Sedimentological studies show varied depositional environments comprising natural dams formed by accumulations of plants promoting the development of upstream water bodies. The very negative δ¹³C values indicate that the Marseille tufa is not travertine sensu stricto but tufa deposited by local cold-water rivers. Palynological analyses indicate a semi-forested, diverse, mosaic vegetation landscape dominated by a Mediterranean pine and oak forest. Along the streams, the riparian forest was diverse and included Juglans, Castanea, Platanus and Vitis. The potential diet reconstructed from pollen was varied. The most surprising discovery was the presence of proto-cereals, which could potentially enrich the diet with carbohydrates. The identification of spores of coprophilous fungi seems to indicate the presence in situ of large herbivore herds. It is possible that, as in Anatolia, the disturbance of ecosystems by large herbivores was responsible for the genetic mutation of Poaceae and the appearance of proto-cereals. Climatic reconstructions indicate a slightly cooler and wetter climate than the present. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Palaeogeographic and Palaeoclimatic Changes Recorded by Microfossils)

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17 pages, 7084 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Asbestos Hazard in Serpentinite Rocks: Influence of Mineralogical and Structural Characteristics on Fiber Potential Release

by Lorenzo Marzini, Marco Iannini, Giovanna Giorgetti, Filippo Bonciani, Paolo Conti, Riccardo Salvini and Cecilia Viti

Geosciences 2024, 14(8), 210; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14080210 - 5 Aug 2024

Viewed by 606

Abstract

Naturally occurring asbestos (NOA) represents a matter of social and environmental concern due to its potential release in the atmosphere during rock excavation and grinding in quarry and road tunnel activities. In most cases, NOA occurs in serpentinites, i.e., rocks deriving from low-grade [...] Read more.

Naturally occurring asbestos (NOA) represents a matter of social and environmental concern due to its potential release in the atmosphere during rock excavation and grinding in quarry and road tunnel activities. In most cases, NOA occurs in serpentinites, i.e., rocks deriving from low-grade metamorphic hydration of mantle peridotites. The potential release of asbestos fibers from serpentinite outcrops depends on several features, such as serpentinization degree, rock deformation, weathering, and abundance of fibrous veins. In this study, we selected a set of serpentinite samples from a representative outcrop in Tuscany (Italy), and we analyzed them by Optical, Scanning, and Transmission Electron Microscopies. The samples were treated by grinding tests following the Italian guidelines Decrees 14/5/96 and 152/2006 for the determination of the Release Index (RI), i.e., the fiber amount released through controlled crushing tests. The fine-grained powder released during the tests was analyzed by quantitative Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to determine the variety and the amount of released fibers and to assess the potential hazard of the different serpentinite samples. Results indicate that the amount of released fibers is mostly related to serpentinite deformation, with the highest RI values for cataclastic and foliated samples, typically characterized by widespread occurrence of fibrous veins. Conversely, massive pseudomorphic serpentinite revealed a very low RI, even if their actual chrysotile content is up to 20–25%. Based on our original findings from the RI results, a preliminary investigation of the outcrop at the mesoscale would be of primary importance to obtain a reliable hazard assessment of NOA sites, allowing the primary distinction among the different serpentinites lithotypes and the effective fiber release. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Natural Hazards)

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33 pages, 18761 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Earthquake Precursors: The Physics, Identification, and Application

by Sergey Pulinets and Victor Manuel Velasco Herrera

Geosciences 2024, 14(8), 209; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14080209 - 5 Aug 2024

Viewed by 870

Abstract

The paper presents the author’s vision of the problem of earthquake hazards from the physical point of view. The first part is concerned with the processes of precursor’s generation. These processes are a part of the complex system of the lithosphere–atmosphere–ionosphere–magnetosphere coupling, which [...] Read more.

The paper presents the author’s vision of the problem of earthquake hazards from the physical point of view. The first part is concerned with the processes of precursor’s generation. These processes are a part of the complex system of the lithosphere–atmosphere–ionosphere–magnetosphere coupling, which is characteristic of many other natural phenomena, where air ionization, atmospheric thermodynamic instability, and the Global Electric Circuit are involved in the processes of the geosphere’s interaction. The second part of the paper is concentrated on the reliable precursor’s identification. The specific features helping to identify precursors are separated into two groups: the absolute signatures such as the precursor’s locality or equatorial anomaly crests generation in conditions of absence of natural east-directed electric field and the conditional signatures due to the physical uniqueness mechanism of their generation, or necessity of the presence of additional precursors as multiple consequences of air ionization demonstrating the precursor’s synergy. The last part of the paper is devoted to the possible practical applications of the described precursors for purposes of the short-term earthquake forecast. A change in the paradigm of the earthquake forecast is proposed. The problem should be placed into the same category as weather forecasting or space weather forecasting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling during Earthquake Preparation: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives)

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16 pages, 14559 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Heavy Minerals Distribution and Provenance in Modern Beach and Fluvial Sands of the Betic Cordillera, Southern Spain

by Anna Chiara Tangari, Daniele Cirillo, Raffaella De Luca, Domenico Miriello, Elena Pugliese and Emilia Le Pera

Geosciences 2024, 14(8), 208; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14080208 - 5 Aug 2024

Viewed by 954

Abstract

This study uses heavy detrital minerals to determine actualistic fluvial and beach sand provenance across the Betic Cordillera (Spain), along the coast from Almeria to Marbella. The Betic Cordillera, primarily composed of metamorphic rocks to the east, supply an assemblage dominated by almandine [...] Read more.

This study uses heavy detrital minerals to determine actualistic fluvial and beach sand provenance across the Betic Cordillera (Spain), along the coast from Almeria to Marbella. The Betic Cordillera, primarily composed of metamorphic rocks to the east, supply an assemblage dominated by almandine and graphite, with a longshore dispersal from Almeria to Malaga. Buergerite and hypersthene indicate the provenance of calcalkaline lavas east of Cabo de Gata. The western part of the Betic Cordillera, which comprises the Ronda Peridotite Complex, supplies a chromite and diopside assemblage, with a dispersal from Marbella to Algeciras. Considering these mineralogical suites, the effects of source rock compositions and weathering are evaluated. The heavy mineral species mirror the mineralogy of the source rocks of local outcrops and wider source terranes. The fluvial heavy mineral suites do not differ significantly from those in the beaches except for some unstable species. Unstable species such as olivine, pyroxene, and amphibole do not show evidence of loss because of elevated topography and semiarid climate, which do not affect heavy minerals. This contribution also evaluates the potential of some heavy detrital species as ideal pathfinders in searching for diamonds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tectonic Evolution and Paleogeography of Plate Boundaries)

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22 pages, 9040 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermally Induced Moisture Flow in a Silty Sand under a 1-D Thermal Gradient

by Nice Kaneza, Aashish Pokhrel, Laureano R. Hoyos and Xinbao Yu

Geosciences 2024, 14(8), 207; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14080207 - 2 Aug 2024

Viewed by 526

Abstract

Thermally induced moisture flow in unsaturated soils involves complex coupled thermal–hydro processes with the moisture flow in both the vapor and liquid phases. The accurate measurement of the moisture flow in unsaturated sands remains a challenging task due to low moisture migration, the [...] Read more.

Thermally induced moisture flow in unsaturated soils involves complex coupled thermal–hydro processes with the moisture flow in both the vapor and liquid phases. The accurate measurement of the moisture flow in unsaturated sands remains a challenging task due to low moisture migration, the temperature effect on moisture sensors, and the gravity effect on moisture flow. This study aims to accurately measure transient moisture flow, heat transfer, and thermal conductivity in a silty sand with 35% non-plastic fines in a closed heat cell with a controlled 1-D temperature gradient. The heat cell consists of two temperature-controlled heat exchanger plates, heat flux sensors, moisture sensors, thermocouples, and thermal conductivity sensors. The soil moisture sensors were calibrated in the test soil at room temperature and then at elevated incremental temperatures. Soil samples compacted at various initial moisture contents were tested under a constant 1-D temperature gradient of 4 °C/cm. Soil moisture redistribution, temperature, and thermal conductivity profiles were determined from the test results. Transient temperature responses indicated that a lower initial moisture content led to a higher temperature drop after reaching the peak, or a more concaved temperature profile in a steady state due to enhanced moisture migration driven by the temperature gradients. Dry soils exhibited uniform thermal properties, while moist soils showed varying thermal conductivity profiles. A critical moisture content was identified when the maximum moisture migration occurred. Thermal conductivity in soils increased with the distance from the heat source due to thermally induced moisture migration. These findings provide valuable insights into coupled moisture–heat flow dynamics in unsaturated sands. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical Characterization and Modelling of Unsaturated Soils)

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20 pages, 4575 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Zircons from Eclogite-Associated Rocks of the Marun–Keu Complex, the Polar Urals: Trace Elements and U–Pb Dating

by Laysan Salimgaraeva, Aleksey Berezin, Sergey Sergeev, Nikolai Gubanov, Ekaterina Stetskaya and Sergey Skublov

Geosciences 2024, 14(8), 206; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14080206 - 2 Aug 2024

Viewed by 508

Abstract

The Marun–Keu complex plays a significant role in our understanding of the geological evolution of the Ural orogen; however, it remains poorly understood. This study aims to provide insights into the complex’s age, protolith composition, rock formation conditions, and its position in the [...] Read more.

The Marun–Keu complex plays a significant role in our understanding of the geological evolution of the Ural orogen; however, it remains poorly understood. This study aims to provide insights into the complex’s age, protolith composition, rock formation conditions, and its position in the geological history. The zircons from the host granitic gneiss are characterized by magmatic cores with an age of 473 Ma and metamorphic rims with an age of approximately 370 Ma. We suggest that the metamorphic rims were formed during eclogite metamorphism and that the metagranitoids hosting the eclogites experienced eclogite metamorphism simultaneously with the basic and ultrabasic rocks that are common in this area. Heterogeneous zircons were also isolated from the selvage of a pegmatite vein, in which four domains are distinguished, two to three of which can be identified within single grains, as follows: (1) igneous cores with an age of approximately 470 Ma and the geochemical characteristics of zircon crystallized in basic rocks; (2) zircons recrystallized during eclogite metamorphism with geochemical characteristics intermediate between those of the magmatic cores and true eclogitic zircon; (3) pegmatitic zircon, exhibiting the most sharply differentiated REE spectra of all four domains, characterized by a prominent positive Ce anomaly and a weakly expressed negative Eu anomaly; and (4) eclogitic zircon, observed in the form of veins and rims, superimposed in relation to the other three domains. The age of the latter three domains is within the error range and is estimated to be approximately 370 Ma. This indicates that the processes of eclogite metamorphism and the formation of pegmatites occurred at approximately the same time in the studied area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geochemistry)

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18 pages, 5242 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Contributions of Tectonics, Hydrochemistry and Stable Isotopes to the Water Resource Management of a Thermal–Mineral Aquifer: The Case Study of Kyllini, Northwest Peloponnese

by Vasiliki Stavropoulou, Anastasia Pyrgaki, Eleni Zagana, Christos Pouliaris and Nerantzis Kazakis

Geosciences 2024, 14(8), 205; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14080205 - 2 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1289

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the intricate relationship between geological structures, water chemistry, and isotopic composition in order to gain a deeper understanding of the origins and recharge mechanisms of thermal–mineral waters in the Kyllini region. The research integrates tectonic analysis, hydrochemical data, [...] Read more.

This study aims to investigate the intricate relationship between geological structures, water chemistry, and isotopic composition in order to gain a deeper understanding of the origins and recharge mechanisms of thermal–mineral waters in the Kyllini region. The research integrates tectonic analysis, hydrochemical data, and stable isotope measurements to delineate recharge zones and trace the origin of these unique water sources. The methods used for delineation are the geological and tectonic study of the area, as well as hydrochemical and isotopic data analysis. The findings highlight that tectonic activity creates preferential flow paths and consequently influences the hydrogeological framework, facilitating deep circulation and the upwelling of thermal waters. Monthly analyses of groundwater samples from the Kyllini thermal spring were conducted over one hydrological year (2019–2020) and compared with data from the area collected in 2009. The hydrochemical profiles of major and minor ions reveal distinct signatures corresponding to various water–rock interactions, while stable isotope analysis provides insights into the climatic conditions and altitudes of recharge areas. Hydrochemical analyses reveal the composition of thermal–mineral waters, aiding in the identification of potential sources and their evolution. The conceptualization of Kyllini contributes to the deeper understanding of the intricate interplay between tectonics, hydrochemistry, and stable isotopes. During a hydrological year, the water type of Kyllini’s spring groundwater remains the same (Na-Cl-HCO₃), presenting only slight alterations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Hydrogeology)

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Geological map of the broader area. Full article ">Figure 2
Geological cross section of the broader area (modified by EAGME). Full article ">Figure 3
(a) Piper diagram and scatter plots of (b) Cl-Na, (c) Cl-Ca, (d) Cl-SO4, and (e) Cl-Mg/Ca. The black lines represent the concentration–dilution line of seawater. Full article ">Figure 4
(a) Shoeller diagram of samples. Fresh waters are depicted with blue and green color lines and thermo-mineral waters with red, pink, and maroon color lines and scatter plots; (b) B-Cl; (c) T(wa)-Li (T(wa) is temperature of water). Full article ">Figure 5
Radial diagram showing spatial trends in water composition (major anions and cations) of Kyllini Spring water in (a) 2009 and (b) 2020. Full article ">Figure 6
(a) Diagram of stable isotopes d18O (‰) and dD (‰) with Global Meteoric Water Line and Eastern Mediterranean Meteoric Water Line and (b) diagram of altitude (m) and d18O (‰) of water samples. Full article ">Figure 7
Frequency of saturation indices of (a) quartz, (b) calcite, (c) dolomite, and (d) barite. Full article ">

29 pages, 19572 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Morphology, Internal Architecture, Facies Model, and Emplacement Mechanisms of Lava Flows from the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) of the Hartford and Deerfield Basins (USA)

by Abdelhak Moumou, Nasrrddine Youbi, Hind El Hachimi, Khalil El Kadiri, José Madeira, João Mata, Isma Amri and Abdelkarim Ait Baha

Geosciences 2024, 14(8), 204; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14080204 - 31 Jul 2024

Viewed by 450

Abstract

The morphology, internal architecture, and emplacement mechanisms of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) lava flows of the Hartford and Deerfield basins (USA) are presented. The Talcott, Holyoke, and Hampden formations within the Hartford basin constitute distinct basaltic units, each exhibiting chemical, mineralogical, [...] Read more.

The morphology, internal architecture, and emplacement mechanisms of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) lava flows of the Hartford and Deerfield basins (USA) are presented. The Talcott, Holyoke, and Hampden formations within the Hartford basin constitute distinct basaltic units, each exhibiting chemical, mineralogical, and structural differences corresponding to flow fields. Each flow field was the result of several sustained eruptions that produced both inflated pahoehoe flows and subaquatic extrusions: 1–5 eruptions in the Talcott formation and 1–2 in Holyoke and Hampden basalts, where simple flows are dominant. The Deerfield basin displays the Deerfield basalt unit, characterized by pillow lavas and sheet lobes, aligning chemically and mineralogically with the Holyoke basalt unit. Overall, the studied flow fields are composed of thick, simple pahoehoe flows that display the entire range of pahoehoe morphology, including inflated lobes. The three-partite structure of sheet lobes, vertical distribution of vesicles, and segregation structures are typical. The characteristics of the volcanic pile suggest slow emplacement during sustained eruptive episodes and are compatible with a continental basaltic succession facies model. The studied CAMP basalts of the eastern United States are correlated with the well-exposed examples on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean (Canada, Portugal, and Morocco). Full article

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13 pages, 10183 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tectonic Inversion and Deformation Differences in the Transition from Ionian Basin to Apulian Platform: The Example from Ionian Islands, Greece

by Avraam Zelilidis, Nicolina Bourli, Elena Zoumpouli and Angelos G. Maravelis

Geosciences 2024, 14(8), 203; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14080203 - 31 Jul 2024

Viewed by 465

Abstract

The studied areas (the Ionian Islands: Paxoi, Lefkas, Kefalonia, and Zakynthos), are situated at the western ends of the Ionian Basin in contact with the Apulian Platform and named as Apulian Platform Margins. The proposed model is based on fieldwork, previously published data, [...] Read more.

The studied areas (the Ionian Islands: Paxoi, Lefkas, Kefalonia, and Zakynthos), are situated at the western ends of the Ionian Basin in contact with the Apulian Platform and named as Apulian Platform Margins. The proposed model is based on fieldwork, previously published data, and balanced geologic cross-sections. Late Jurassic to Early Eocene NNW–SSE extension, followed by Middle Eocene to Middle Miocene (NNW–SSE compression, characterizes the Ionian basin). The space availability, the distance of the Ionian Thrust from the Kefalonia transform fault and the altitude between the Apulian Platform and the Ionian Basin that was produced during the extensional regime were the main factors for the produced structures due to inversion tectonics. In Zakynthos Island, the space availability (far from the Kefalonia Transform Fault), and the reactivation of normal bounding faults formed an open geometry anticline (Vrachionas anticline) and a foreland basin (Kalamaki thrust foreland basin). In Kefalonia Island, the space from the Kefalonia Transform Fault was limited, and the tectonic inversion formed anticline geometries (Aenos Mountain), nappes (within the Aenos Mountain) and small foreland basins (Argostoli gulf), all within the margins. In Lefkas Island, the lack of space, very close to the Kefalonia Transform Fault, led to the movement of the Ionian Basin over the margins, attempting to overthrust the Apulian Platform. Because the obstacle between the basin and the platform was very large, the moving part of the Ionian Basin strongly deformed producing nappes and anticlines in the external part of the Ionian Basin, and a very narrow foreland basin (Ionian Thrust foreland basin). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Studies in Structural Geology: The Role of Tectonics on Applied Geology Αspects)

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24 pages, 26872 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Opening and Post-Rift Evolution of Alpine Tethys Passive Margins: Insights from 1D Numerical Modeling of the Jurassic Mikulov Formation in the Vienna Basin Region, Austria

by Darko Spahić, Eun Young Lee, Aleksandra Šajnović and Rastimir Stepić

Geosciences 2024, 14(8), 202; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14080202 - 30 Jul 2024

Viewed by 598

Abstract

This study employed 1D numerical pseudo models to examine the Upper Jurassic carbonate succession, focusing on the Mikulov Formation in the Vienna Basin region. It addresses the protracted and complex history of the Jurassic source rock play, revealing a transition from rapid syn-rift [...] Read more.

This study employed 1D numerical pseudo models to examine the Upper Jurassic carbonate succession, focusing on the Mikulov Formation in the Vienna Basin region. It addresses the protracted and complex history of the Jurassic source rock play, revealing a transition from rapid syn-rift (>200 m/Ma) to slower post-rift sedimentation/subsidence of the overlying layers during extensional deformation (up to 120 m/Ma with a thickness of 1300 m). This provides valuable insights into the rift-to-drift stage of the central Alpine Tethys margin. The Mikulov marls exhibit characteristics of a post-rift passive margin with slow sedimentation rates. However, a crustal stretching analysis using syn-rift heat flow sensitivity suggested that thermal extension of the basement alone cannot fully explain the mid-Jurassic syn-rift stage in this segment of the Alpine Tethys. The sensitivity analysis showed that the mid-late Jurassic differential syn-rift sequences were exposed to slightly cooler temperatures than the crustal stretching model predicted. Heat flow values below 120 mW/m² aligned with measurements from deeply settled Mesozoic successions, suggesting cold but short gravity-driven subsidence. This may account for the relatively low thermal maturation of the primary source rock interval identified by the time-chart analysis, despite the complex tectonic history and considerable sedimentary burial. The post-Mesozoic changes in the compaction trend are possibly linked to the compressional thrusting of the Alpine foreland and postdating listric faulting across the Vienna Basin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal Evolution of Sedimentary Basins: From Temperature Analysis to Applications)

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14 pages, 2308 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Petrophysical and Mechanical Properties of the Piromafo Stone Used in the Built Heritage of Apulia (SE Italy): A Comprehensive Laboratory Study

by Gioacchino Francesco Andriani

Geosciences 2024, 14(8), 201; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14080201 - 29 Jul 2024

Viewed by 479

Abstract

Many historic buildings and monuments on the Salento Peninsula (Apulia, southern Italy) were built from locally quarried Miocene calcarenites belonging to the Pietra Leccese Formation (Late Burdigalian–early Messinian). The main facies consists of a homogeneous and porous biomicrite, pale yellow in colour and [...] Read more.

Many historic buildings and monuments on the Salento Peninsula (Apulia, southern Italy) were built from locally quarried Miocene calcarenites belonging to the Pietra Leccese Formation (Late Burdigalian–early Messinian). The main facies consists of a homogeneous and porous biomicrite, pale yellow in colour and fine- to medium-grained, very rich in planktonic Foraminifera and massive or thick-bedded in outcrop. Additionally, there are other facies, among which Piromafo stands out for its aesthetic appearance, enhanced by its greenish-brown or greenish-grey colours. Piromafo occurs in the upper part of the Pietra Leccese Fm. and is represented by a fine- to medium-grained glauconitic and phosphatic biomicrite with macrofossils, especially Bivalves and Gastropods. Despite its important historical use as a building and ornamental material, especially in Roman and Baroque architecture, a research gap exists in the scientific literature describing the properties of the stone and their correlation. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to present a wide range of properties useful in explaining the in situ behaviour and damage susceptibility of the stone in monuments and buildings, but also to assist in selecting preservation treatments and strategies. An overall assessment of the main petrophysical and mechanical properties, especially for restoration/conservation purposes, was performed using both standard and unconventional techniques. Starting with rock fabric inspection, particular attention was given to the relationship between the pore size distribution and the hydraulic and thermal properties of the material. Unconfined compressive strength, flexural strength, and indirect tensile strength were also estimated. The findings reveal a significant correlation between the pore size distribution and the hydraulic and thermal properties of Piromafo, impacting its durability and suitability for use in conservation. Specifically, the thermal properties, influenced by the mineral composition and fabric, indicate the potential for using Piromafo as an effective refractory and insulation material, which justifies the origin of its name and confirms what is already stated in the specific literature. Additionally, correlations were proposed among the various mechanical parameters evaluated, including the Schmidt hammer rebound values with compressive strength and tangent modulus. The mechanical analysis shows that the material possesses adequate properties for structural applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geoheritage, Geoparks and Geotourism)

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The Roman Pier of San Cataldo (2nd century A.D.) in Lecce, Adriatic coast of Apulia (SE Italy). Full article ">Figure 2
The geographic location of the main extraction areas of the Piromafo variety: (1) Cursi, Melpignano, Martano, Zollino, and Poggiardo; (2) Vernole, Vanze, Strudà, Acaya, and Pisignano; (3) Novoli and Surbo. Full article ">Figure 3
The Mesoscopic appearances of the Piromafo specimens, respectively, from Strudà-Acaja (a) and Cursi-Melpignano (b). The length of view field for each photo is 5.4 cm. Full article ">Figure 4
Microphotographs in plane polarized light from thin sections of the Piromafo: microscopic appearances of samples, respectively, from Strudà-Acaja (a) and Cursi-Melpignano (b). The length of view field for each photo is 2 mm. Full article ">Figure 5
Cumulative intrusion/extrusion curves as a function of pore diameter measured by Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry (MIP) for two samples from the two extraction areas: (1) Cursi-Melpignano; (2) Strudà-Acaja. Full article ">Figure 6
Pore size distribution obtained from a combination of the MIP (Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry) results and image and textural analysis, according to the method proposed by Andriani and Walsh [<a href="#B31-geosciences-14-00201" class="html-bibr">31</a>] and Andriani et al. [<a href="#B34-geosciences-14-00201" class="html-bibr">34</a>]. (a) Strudà-Acaja. (b) Cursi-Melpignano. Full article ">Figure 7
Capillary water absorption experimental device (a) and results (b): (1) Cursi-Melpignano; (2) Strudà-Acaja. Full article ">Figure 8
Typical stress–strain curves obtained for servo-controlled uniaxial compression tests on dry samples of the Piromafo variety: (1) Cursi-Melpignano; (2) Strudà-Acaja. Full article ">

24 pages, 24217 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating the Impact of DEM Spatial Resolution on 3D Rockfall Simulation in GIS Environment

by Maria P. Kakavas, Paolo Frattini, Alberto Previati and Konstantinos G. Nikolakopoulos

Geosciences 2024, 14(8), 200; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14080200 - 29 Jul 2024

Viewed by 542

Abstract

Rockfalls are natural geological phenomena characterized by the abrupt detachment and freefall descent of rock fragments from steep slopes. These events exhibit considerable variability in scale, velocity, and trajectory, influenced by the geological composition of the slope, the topography, and other environmental conditions. [...] Read more.

Rockfalls are natural geological phenomena characterized by the abrupt detachment and freefall descent of rock fragments from steep slopes. These events exhibit considerable variability in scale, velocity, and trajectory, influenced by the geological composition of the slope, the topography, and other environmental conditions. By employing advanced modeling techniques and terrain analysis, researchers aim to predict and control rockfall hazards to prevent casualties and protect properties in areas at risk. In this study, two rockfall events in the villages of Myloi and Platiana of Ilia prefecture were examined. The research was conducted by means of HY-STONE software, which performs 3D numerical modeling of the motion of non-interacting blocks. To perform this modeling, input files require the processing of base maps and datasets in a GIS environment. Stochastic modeling and 3D descriptions of slope topography, based on Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) without spatial resolution limitations, ensure multiscale analysis capabilities. Considering this capability, seven freely available DEMs, derived from various sources, were applied in HY-STONE with the scope of performing a large number of multiparametric analyses and selecting the most appropriate and efficient DEM for the software requirements. All the necessary data for the multiparametric analyses were generated within a GIS environment, utilizing either the same restitution coefficients and rolling friction coefficient or varying ones. The results indicate that finer-resolution DEMs capture detailed terrain features, enabling the precise identification of rockfall source areas and an accurate depiction of the kinetic energy distribution. Further, the results show that a correct application of the model to different DEMs requires a specific parametrization to account for the different roughness of the models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Earth Observation by GNSS and GIS Techniques)

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24 pages, 3959 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Perspective of Using Neural Networks and Machine Learning Algorithms for Modelling and Forecasting the Quality Parameters of Coking Coal—A Case Study

by Artur Dyczko

Geosciences 2024, 14(8), 199; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14080199 - 26 Jul 2024

Viewed by 434

Abstract

The quality of coking coal is vital in steelmaking, impacting final product quality and process efficiency. Conventional forecasting methods often rely on empirical models and expert judgment, which may lack accuracy and scalability. Previous research has explored various methods for forecasting coking coal [...] Read more.

The quality of coking coal is vital in steelmaking, impacting final product quality and process efficiency. Conventional forecasting methods often rely on empirical models and expert judgment, which may lack accuracy and scalability. Previous research has explored various methods for forecasting coking coal quality parameters, yet these conventional methods frequently fall short in terms of accuracy and adaptability to different mining conditions. Existing forecasting techniques for coking coal quality are limited in their precision and scalability, necessitating the development of more accurate and efficient methods. This study aims to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of forecasting coking coal quality parameters by employing neural networks and artificial intelligence algorithms, specifically in the context of Knurow and Szczyglowice mines. The research involves gathering historical data on various coking coal quality parameters, including a proximate and ultimate analysis, to train and test neural network models using the Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH). Real-world data from Knurow and Szczyglowice mines’ coal production facilities form the basis of this case study. The integration of neural networks and artificial intelligence techniques significantly improves the accuracy of predicting key quality parameters such as ash content, sulfur content, volatile matter, and calorific value. This study also examines the impact of these quality indicators on operational costs and highlights the importance of final indicators like the Coke Reactivity Index (CRI) and Coke Strength after Reaction (CSR) in expanding industrial reserve concepts. Model performance is evaluated using metrics such as mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), and coefficient of determination (R²). The findings demonstrate the effectiveness of these advanced techniques in enhancing predictive modeling in the mining industry, optimizing production processes, and improving overall operational efficiency. Additionally, this research offers insights into the practical implementation of advanced analytics tools for predictive maintenance and decision-making support within the mining sector. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Environmental Geology and Engineering)

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31 pages, 13800 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Debris Flow Protective Barriers Using the Coupled Eulerian Lagrangian Method

by Shiyin Sha, Ashley P. Dyson, Gholamreza Kefayati and Ali Tolooiyan

Geosciences 2024, 14(8), 198; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14080198 - 26 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 463

Abstract

Protective structures play a vital role in mitigating the risks associated with debris flows, yet assessing their performance poses crucial challenges for their real-world effectiveness. This study proposes a comprehensive procedure for evaluating the performance of protective structures exposed to impacts from media [...] Read more.

Protective structures play a vital role in mitigating the risks associated with debris flows, yet assessing their performance poses crucial challenges for their real-world effectiveness. This study proposes a comprehensive procedure for evaluating the performance of protective structures exposed to impacts from media transported by large debris flow events. The method combines numerical modelling with site conditions for existing structures along the Hobart Rivulet in Tasmania, Australia. The Coupled Eulerian Lagrangian (CEL) model was validated by comparing simulation results with experimental data, demonstrating high agreement. Utilising three-dimensional modelling of debris flow–boulder interactions over the Hobart Rivulet terrain, boulder velocities were estimated for subsequent finite element analyses. Importantly, a model of interaction between boulders and I-beam posts was established, facilitating a comparative assessment of five distinct I-beam barrier systems defined as Type A to E, which are currently in use at the site. Simulation results reveal larger boulders display a slower increase in their velocities over the 3D terrain. Introducing a key metric, the failure ratio, enable a mechanism for comparative assessments of these barrier systems. Notably, the Type E barriers demonstrate superior performance due to fewer weak points within the structure. The combined CEL and FE assessments allow for multiple aspects of the interactions between debris flows, boulders, and structures to be considered, including structural failure and deformability, to enhance the understanding of debris flow risk mitigation in Tasmania. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Natural Hazards)

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17 pages, 4646 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Unique Conditions Model for Landslide Susceptibility Mapping

by Florimond De Smedt and Prabin Kayastha

Geosciences 2024, 14(8), 197; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14080197 - 24 Jul 2024

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Abstract

Several methods and approaches have been proposed to assess landslide susceptibility. The likelihood of landslides occurring can be determined by applying statistical models to historical landslides, taking into account controlling factors. Popular methods for predicting the probability of landslides are weights-of-evidence and logistic [...] Read more.

Several methods and approaches have been proposed to assess landslide susceptibility. The likelihood of landslides occurring can be determined by applying statistical models to historical landslides, taking into account controlling factors. Popular methods for predicting the probability of landslides are weights-of-evidence and logistic regression. We discuss the assumptions and interpretations of these methods, the relationships between them, and their strengths and weaknesses in case of categorical factors. Of particular interest is the conditional independence of the controlling factors and its effect on model bias. To avoid lack of conditional independence of factors and model bias, we present a unique conditions model that is always unbiased. To illustrate the theoretical developments, a practical application is given using observed landslides and geo-environmental factors from a previous study. The unique conditions model appears superior to the other models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Landslide Monitoring and Mapping II)

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12 pages, 6717 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification and Verification of the Movement of the Hidden Active Fault Using Electrical Resistivity Tomography and Excavation

by Rungroj Arjwech, Sutatcha Hongsresawat, Suriyachai Chaisuriya, Jetsadarat Rattanawannee, Pitsanupong Kanjanapayont and Winit Youngme

Geosciences 2024, 14(8), 196; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14080196 - 24 Jul 2024

Viewed by 456

Abstract

Identifying the movement of the branches of the hidden Thakhek fault in Thailand is challenging due to the absence of evident landforms indicating an active fault. In this study, we analyzed a digital elevation model (DEM) to identify potential landforms. A 2D Electrical [...] Read more.

Identifying the movement of the branches of the hidden Thakhek fault in Thailand is challenging due to the absence of evident landforms indicating an active fault. In this study, we analyzed a digital elevation model (DEM) to identify potential landforms. A 2D Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) survey was conducted to locate the hidden Thakhek fault. The results reveal vivid images of resistivity contrast, interpreted as two reverse faults, with mudstone exhibiting low resistivity in the middle, flanked by thick sediment layers with higher resistivity. Three trenches were excavated perpendicular to the two interpreted reverse faults. The displacement of reverse faulting appears to have shifted mudstone over Quaternary sediments, with vertical offsets revealed in trenches NWY-1, NWY-2, and NWY-3. This movement could be identified as a positive flower structure. Additionally, lakes are identified as a negative flower structure along the traces. These features result from strike-slip strains under a locally appropriate compressional and extensional environment in a shearing strike-slip fault. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Geomorphological Processes of Continental Landscapes in Tectonically Active Areas)

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Figure 1
Interpretation of the Thakhek fault using DEM, showing major faults extending from Laos into Thailand. The TB1 and TB2 traces are inferred to branch from the main strike-slip fault, extending into Northeast Thailand with a general NW–SE orientation. The locations of Figures 3 and 5 are indicated on TB1 trace [<a href="#B9-geosciences-14-00196" class="html-bibr">9</a>]. Full article ">Figure 2
Geologic map of study area in Northeast Thailand and western Laos with the indicated locations of Figure 5a and a cross-section presenting interpreted faults (modified from [<a href="#B2-geosciences-14-00196" class="html-bibr">2</a>]). Full article ">Figure 3
Two-dimensional ERT tomogram of profile BK01 (a) displaying resistivity tomography based on the L1–norm (robust) inversion method. The images show mudstone (low resistivity) flanked by coarse-grained sediment layers (high resistivity). Profile BK02 (b) displays a sharp contact between mudstone and sediment layers. Full article ">Figure 4
Two-dimensional ERT tomogram of profile BK03 displaying resistivity tomography based on the L1–norm (robust) inversion method. The image shows coarse-grained sediment layers (high resistivity) flanked by mudstone (low resistivity). Full article ">Figure 5
Photographs displaying the deployment of the 2D ERT profiles BK02 (a) and BK03 (b). An overview of the trench locations (c) and exposed walls of the NWY-1, with an inset showing the size of gravel compared to a water bottle (d), and NWY-2 (e) trenches. The inset photo in (e) shows a close-up view of the contact between mudstone and sediments, depicting the grain size distribution of unconsolidated sediments, while (f) shows the exposed walls of the NWY-3. Full article ">Figure 6
Photographs of the trench walls in NWY-1 (a) and NWY-2 (c), along with the stratigraphy of NWY-1 (b) and NWY-2 (d) trenches. Thrust faulting results in a main strike slip movement characterized by as a positive flower structure and antiform (e). Full article ">Figure 7
Photograph of the trench wall in NWY-3 (a) along with the stratigraphy (b). Full article ">

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Geosciences, Volume 14, Issue 8 (August 2024) – 30 articles

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