Importance of Changes in the Copper Production Process through Mining and Metallurgical Activities on the Surface Water Quality in the Bor Area, Serbia
<p>Sources of mining and metallurgical pollution of surface water.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Water sampling locations: (<b>a</b>) locations under direct impact of mining and metallurgy activities; (<b>b</b>) all sampling locations.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Concentration of Cu ions in the realized sampling campaigns at defined locations.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Concentration of As ions in the realized sampling campaigns at defined locations.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Concentration of Ni ions in the realized sampling campaigns oat defined locations.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Concentration of Cd ions in the realized sampling campaigns at defined locations.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Concentration of Pb ions in the realized sampling campaigns at defined locations.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>The average and SD values for concentration of Cu, As, Ni, Cd and Pb ions.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>pH values at different sampling locations for each sampling campaign.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Electrical conductivity at different sampling locations for each sampling campaign.</p> "> Figure 11
<p>Comparison of concentration of As, Ni, Cd and Pb ions in different periods (2020–2024).</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sampling Procedure
- Plastic containers from a high-density polyethylene (volume of 1 L), used for general water sample collection, are rinsed several times in the river or water that will be sampled before filling with a sample.
- An unfiltered water sample is poured into a plastic bottle of 50 mL without prior washing because 2.5 mL of HNO3 conc. is present there. Exactly 50 mL of the sample is poured into a syringe, and after that, the bottle is sealed and labeled. Before use of a syringe, it should be rinsed three times with a water sample, and contents should be discharged.
- Samples are properly stored in the shipping containers to ensure samples are between 4 and 10 °C, and transported to the laboratories of the Mining and Metallurgy Institute Bor.
- All samples are properly stored from the time they arrive at the laboratory to disposal. Samples are refrigerated at 4 °C before analysis unless the method protocol indicates other storage conditions. In general, the shorter the time that elapses between sample collection and its analysis, the analytical results will be more reliable.
- For certain constituents and physical values, an immediate analysis in the field is required. On a sampling site, part of a water sample from a plastic container was poured into a vessel to measure the pH and electrical conductivity. The vessels for pH and electrical conductivity measuring were also three times rinsed with a water sample before performing the measure.
- All field measurement instruments are calibrated before starting sampling and once again after completing all of the sampling.
- At each sample location, the details relevant to the subsequent analysis and interpretation are entered in the lists for water sample collection and testing. The details in the list include all information necessary to assist in data interpretation and repeatability of sampling. Completion of the list starts in the field, during the sampling activities. The rest of the forms are completed step by step as samples are analyzed; the results will be obtained.
2.3. Physical Chemical Characterization and Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characteristics of Wastewater and Surface Water in the Bor Area (Sampling Period September 2020–June 2021)
3.1.1. Concentration of the Cu, As, Ni, Cd and Pb Ions
- Cu ions: The highest concentration of Cu ions was registered during the IV sampling campaign, and it was approximately 63 times higher than the MAV. The minimum value was registered during the III sampling campaign, and it was almost 25 times higher than the MAV.
- As ions: The highest concentration of As ions (2552.91 μg/L) was about 26 times higher than the MAV, and was registered during the I sampling campaign. The minimum value (74.4 μg/L) was registered during the III sampling campaign, and it was lower than the MAV.
- Ni ions: The highest concentration of 3020.6 µg/L was registered during the II sampling campaign, and it was about 90 times higher than the MAV. The minimum value (1740.59 μg/L) was registered during the III sampling campaign, and it was 50 times higher than the MAV.
- Cd ions: The highest concentration of 480.15 µg/L was registered during the I sampling campaign, and it was about 533 times higher than the MAV. The minimum value (355.7 μg/L) was registered during the IV sampling campaign, and it was approximately 400 times higher than the MAV.
- Pb ions: The highest concentration of 867.60 µg/L was registered during the I sampling campaign, and it was about 62 times higher than the MAV. The minimum value (231.52 μg/L) was registered during the III sampling campaign, and it was approximately 16 times higher than the MAV.
3.1.2. pH Values
3.1.3. Electrical Conductivity
3.2. Characteristics of the Bor River and Bela River (Period 2022–2024)
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Water Sample Mark | Sampling Location | GPS Coordinates | |
---|---|---|---|
Lat. N | Long. E | ||
W1 | AMD water from overburden | 44°03′46.65″ | 22°08′11.92″ |
W2 | AMD water from flotation tailing | 44°03′47.73″ | 22°07′51.92″ |
W3 | Metallurgical wastewater | 44°03′42.45″ | 22°07′53.22″ |
W4 | Bor River | 44°01′46.81″ | 22°12′29.46″ |
W5 | Krivelj River | 44°01′49.33″ | 22°12′28.92″ |
W6 | Bela River | 44°01′37.65″ | 22°13′18.56″ |
W7 | Ravna River | 44°02′39.69″ | 22°12′22.24″ |
W8 | Timok River (out of impact the mining and metallurgy activities) | 43°56′40.30″ | 22°18′54.03″ |
W9 | Veliki Timok River (after inflow of the Bela River into the Timok River) | 44°05′36.03″ | 22°34′02.60″ |
Parameters | River Category and MAVs | |
---|---|---|
III Category (after Inflowing of the Bela River into the Timok River) until the Confluence of the Veliki Timok and Danube Rivers | IV Category (from the City of Bor to the Confluence of the Bela River and Timok River (Out of Impact of the Mining and Metallurgy Activities) | |
pH | 6.5–8.5 | 6.5–8.5 |
Electrical conductivity, μS/cm | 1500 | 3000 |
Cu, mg/L | 0.5 | 1 |
As, μg/L | 50 | 100 |
Ni, μg/L | 34 | 34 |
Cd, μg/L | 0.6 | 0.9 |
Pb, μg/L | 14 | 14 |
Parameters | Sampling Location/Date | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
W4/ 20–21 | W6/ 20–21 | W4/ 07.22 | W4/ 10.22 | W4/ 10.23 | W6/ 10.23 | W4/ 11.23 | W6/ 11.23 | W4/ 03.24 | W6/ 03.24 | |
pH | 2.29 | 2.82 | 8.00 | 7.90 | 7.37 | 7.5 | 7.26 | 7.48 | 7.84 | 7.91 |
EC, (μS/cm) | 5896 | 3996 | 2180 | 1803 | 1699 | 1557 | 1467 | 1152 | 1714 | 1232 |
Cu, (mg/L) | 62.9 | 60.45 | 1.58 | 0.891 | 0.031 | 0.028 | 0.037 | 0.012 | 0.03 | 0.022 |
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Marković, R.; Marjanović, V.M.; Stevanović, Z.; Gardić, V.; Petrović, J.; Kovačević, R.; Štirbanović, Z.; Friedrich, B. Importance of Changes in the Copper Production Process through Mining and Metallurgical Activities on the Surface Water Quality in the Bor Area, Serbia. Metals 2024, 14, 649. https://doi.org/10.3390/met14060649
Marković R, Marjanović VM, Stevanović Z, Gardić V, Petrović J, Kovačević R, Štirbanović Z, Friedrich B. Importance of Changes in the Copper Production Process through Mining and Metallurgical Activities on the Surface Water Quality in the Bor Area, Serbia. Metals. 2024; 14(6):649. https://doi.org/10.3390/met14060649
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarković, Radmila, Vesna M. Marjanović, Zoran Stevanović, Vojka Gardić, Jelena Petrović, Renata Kovačević, Zoran Štirbanović, and Bernd Friedrich. 2024. "Importance of Changes in the Copper Production Process through Mining and Metallurgical Activities on the Surface Water Quality in the Bor Area, Serbia" Metals 14, no. 6: 649. https://doi.org/10.3390/met14060649