Tracking Macular Sensitivity and Inner Retinal Thickness in Long-Term Type 1 Diabetes: A Five-Year Prospective Examination in Patients without Diabetic Retinopathy
<p>(<b>A</b>) Sensitivity points from a right eye measured by MAIA microperimeter with the 3 concentric rings (C: central, I: internal, and E: external). (<b>B</b>) The distribution of the 37 sensitivity points represented in an ETDRS grid: 1 in the center (yellow), 12 in the 1° radius (red), 12 in the 3° radius (blue), and 12 in the 5° radius (green). One degree is equivalent to a radius of 0.3 mm; 3° to a radius of 0.9 mm; and 5° to a circle with a 1.5 mm radius. The center point and the 1° sensitivity points (0.6 mm diameters) correspond to the ETDRS 1 mm diameter center ring, and the localized sensitivity points at 3 and 5° (diameters of 1.8 and 3 mm, respectively) to the 3 mm diameter parafoveal ring of the ETDRS grid. Abbreviations: S, superior; T, temporal; I, inferior; N, nasal.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>The tomographic profile obtained by Spectralis SD-OCT; the automatic segmentation was performed using its software version 6.8.1.0. The abbreviations for all layers of the automated macular segmentation provided by Spectralis SD-OCT software can be found on the right margin. Abbreviations: ILM, inner limiting membrane; RNFL, retinal nerve fiber layer; GCL, ganglion cell layer; IPL, inner plexiform layer; INL, inner nuclear layer; OPL, outer plexiform layer; ELM, external limiting membrane; PR1, photoreceptor inner segments; PR2, photoreceptor outer segments; RPE, retinal pigment epithelium; BM, Bruch membrane.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Retinal sensitivity in dB measured by the MAIA microperimeter in different MAIA areas represented in box plots. (<b>A</b>) Central ring and central point. (<b>B</b>) Internal ring. (<b>C</b>) External ring. The 2018 values are shown in green and 2023 values in blue. No values reached statistical significance. Abbreviations: MP: microperimetry; SE: superior external; TE: temporal external; IE: inferior external; NE: nasal external; SI: superior internal; TI: temporal internal; II: inferior internal; NI: nasal internal; C: central; SC: superior central; TC: temporal central; IC: inferior central; NC: nasal central; C Global: central global.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>(<b>A</b>) Scatter plot and regression lines of the best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and macular integrity in 2018 (green) and 2023 (blue). The formula of the line at both time points are presented in the figure. (<b>B</b>) The violin plot representation of the BCVA in 2018 (green) and 2023 (blue). (<b>C</b>) The violin plot representation of macular integrity (MI) in 2018 (green) and 2023 (blue).</p> "> Figure 5
<p>The mean, standard deviation (SD), and <span class="html-italic">p</span>-values of total retinal thickness, inner retinal layers (IRL) thickness, outer retinal layers (ORL) thickness, and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in μm measured by Spectralis SD-OCT and represented in the ETDRS grids from a right eye and in 2018 and in 2023. The <span class="html-italic">p</span>-values of less than 0.05 were deemed statistically significant and are shown in red and bold.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Study Protocol
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographics
3.2. Macular Sensitivity Results and Relation with BCVA
3.3. OCT Thickness Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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2018 | 2023 | ||
---|---|---|---|
DM1 Patients | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | p-Value |
HbA1c (%) | 7.59 ± 1.01 | 7.55 ± 0.90 | 0.420 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.80 ± 0.12 | 0.77 ± 0.12 | 0.382 |
Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 194.50 ± 35.63 | 195.80 ± 32.35 | 0.355 |
HDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 57.04 ± 14.04 | 57.57 ± 13.55 | 0.411 |
LDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 120.21 ± 27.65 | 121.63 ± 24.82 | 0.340 |
Microalbumin in Urine (mg) | 9.04 ± 7.85 | 6.78 ± 7.20 | 0.476 |
2018 | 2023 | ||
---|---|---|---|
DM1 Patients | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | p-Value |
BCVA (LogMAR) | −0.14 ± 0.12 | 0.03 ± 0.07 | <0.001 |
SE (D) | −0.77 ± 1.69 | −0.64 ± 1.68 | 0.179 |
AL (mm) | 23.72 ± 1.11 | 23.83 ± 1.16 | 0.226 |
IOP (mmHg) | 17.31 ± 2.68 | 16.88 ± 1.86 | 0.174 |
2018 | 2023 | ||
---|---|---|---|
MAIA Areas | Mean (dB) ± SD | Mean (dB) ± SD | p-Value |
SE | 27.94 ± 1.13 | 27.25 ± 1.87 | 0.072 |
TE | 27.61 ± 1.24 | 27.23 ± 2.03 | 0.340 |
IE | 26.96 ± 1.83 | 26.36 ± 2.19 | 0.129 |
NE | 27.88 ± 1.32 | 27.45 ± 2.34 | 0.289 |
SI | 28.39 ± 1.39 | 28.23 ± 1.84 | 0.697 |
TI | 28.44 ± 1.91 | 28.03 ± 2.37 | 0.384 |
II | 28.17 ± 1.64 | 27.64 ± 2.19 | 0.244 |
NI | 28.56 ± 1.61 | 28.67 ± 2.15 | 0.810 |
C | 27.56 ± 2.50 | 27.50 ± 2.49 | 0.893 |
SC | 29.68 ± 1.60 | 28.94 ± 2.12 | 0.062 |
TC | 29.40 ± 1.86 | 29.07 ± 2.02 | 0.415 |
IC | 28.63 ± 1.97 | 27.90 ± 2.36 | 0.078 |
NC | 29.62 ± 1.49 | 28.86 ± 2.35 | 0.121 |
C Global | 29.32 ± 1.35 | 28.73 ± 1.93 | 0.079 |
2018 | 2023 | ||
---|---|---|---|
MAIA Parameter | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | p-Value |
Macular integrity (dB) | 28.80 ± 25.58 | 42.64 ± 34.37 | 0.045 |
Average threshold (dB) | 28.43 ± 1.27 | 27.99 ± 1.87 | 0.168 |
Fixation stability P1 (%) | 90.97 ± 14.07 | 97.63 ± 3.31 | 0.313 |
Fixation stability P2 (%) | 97.84 ± 4.67 | 97.63 ± 3.31 | 0.815 |
BCEA 63 area (°2) | 1.18 ± 1.41 | 1.19 ± 1.20 | 0.965 |
BCEA 63 angle (°) | −7.10 ± 66.36 | 14.60 ± 63.49 | 0.198 |
BCEA 95 area (°2) | 2.53 ± 7.03 | 3.56 ± 3.61 | 0.408 |
BCEA 95 angle (°) | −7.87 ± 66.76 | 14.60 ± 63.49 | 0.184 |
Fixation loses (%) | 2.03 ± 6.46 | 4.53 ± 9.62 | 0.208 |
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Fernández-Espinosa, G.; Orduna-Hospital, E.; Sopeña-Pinilla, M.; Arias-Álvarez, M.; Boned-Murillo, A.; Díaz-Barreda, M.D.; Sánchez-Cano, A.; Pinilla, I. Tracking Macular Sensitivity and Inner Retinal Thickness in Long-Term Type 1 Diabetes: A Five-Year Prospective Examination in Patients without Diabetic Retinopathy. Life 2024, 14, 1152. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14091152
Fernández-Espinosa G, Orduna-Hospital E, Sopeña-Pinilla M, Arias-Álvarez M, Boned-Murillo A, Díaz-Barreda MD, Sánchez-Cano A, Pinilla I. Tracking Macular Sensitivity and Inner Retinal Thickness in Long-Term Type 1 Diabetes: A Five-Year Prospective Examination in Patients without Diabetic Retinopathy. Life. 2024; 14(9):1152. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14091152
Chicago/Turabian StyleFernández-Espinosa, Guisela, Elvira Orduna-Hospital, María Sopeña-Pinilla, Marta Arias-Álvarez, Ana Boned-Murillo, María Dolores Díaz-Barreda, Ana Sánchez-Cano, and Isabel Pinilla. 2024. "Tracking Macular Sensitivity and Inner Retinal Thickness in Long-Term Type 1 Diabetes: A Five-Year Prospective Examination in Patients without Diabetic Retinopathy" Life 14, no. 9: 1152. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14091152