Metallogenic Mechanism of Typical Carbonate-Hosted Uranium Deposits in Guizhou (China)
<p>(<b>a</b>) The location of the study area shown in (<b>b</b>); (<b>b</b>) tectonic units and reginal of the study area, modified from [<a href="#B19-minerals-12-00585" class="html-bibr">19</a>,<a href="#B22-minerals-12-00585" class="html-bibr">22</a>]; (<b>c</b>) distribution of major carbonate-type uranium deposits in Guizhou Province.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Geological map of the Dayutang U deposit (<b>a</b>) and a schematic cross-section showing the spatial positions of the U-ore bodies (<b>b</b>). Geological map of the Dajishan U-Mo deposit (<b>c</b>) and a schematic cross-section showing the spatial positions of the U-ore bodies (<b>d</b>), modified from [<a href="#B9-minerals-12-00585" class="html-bibr">9</a>,<a href="#B23-minerals-12-00585" class="html-bibr">23</a>].</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Photos showing the macroscopic features of OM and U-ore bodies in the Dayutang and Dajishan U deposits. (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) OM-bearing U-ores filling the fractures (around limestone breccia) in limestone in the Dayutang U deposit; (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) OM-bearing U-ores filling the normal and interlayer fractures in limestone (or argillaceous siltstone) in the Dajishan U deposit; (<b>e</b>) typical specimen of OM-rich black uranium ore. OM = organic matter.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Pictures showing the microscopic characteristics of OM-bearing U-ore at the Dayutang and Dajishan U deposits. (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) Transmitted light. Uranium minerals and bitumen fill in the fractures (in limestone or argillaceous siltstone); (<b>c</b>) UV-stimulated fluorescence. The same area as photo “a”; here, bitumen does not fluoresce and exists in symbiosis with pitchblende, pyrite, and light oil, with light blue fluorescence evident around the edge of the bitumen in the Dajishan U deposit; (<b>d</b>) UV-stimulated fluorescence. Bitumen has no fluorescence and is not symbiotic with coffinite; light oil showing light blue fluorescence is evident around the edge of the bitumen in the Dayutang U deposit; (<b>e</b>) The argillaceous siltstone in the grey alteration zone around the ore body shows strong blue fluorescence in the Dajishan U deposit; (<b>f</b>,<b>g</b>) Numerous light oil and bitumen inclusions have been found in the fractures or pores of uranium ores in the Dayutang and Dajishan U deposits. Qz = quartz; Cc = calcite; Py = pyrite; OM = organic matter.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Pictures showing the distributions of U-minerals at the Dajishan (<b>a</b>–<b>f</b>) and Dayutang (<b>g</b>–<b>j</b>) U deposits. BSE pictures. (<b>a</b>) Pitchblende scattered in quartz. (<b>b</b>) Pitchblende co-exists with OM scattered in pyrite. (<b>c</b>) U-bearing sulfur molybdenum co-exists with OM and pyrite. (<b>d</b>) Blocky pitchblende filling the intergranular pores of argillaceous siltstone. (<b>d</b>,<b>e</b>) Irregularly veined and reticulated OM-baring U veins filling the fractures around breccias of carbonate, and (<b>e</b>) is the same area as <a href="#minerals-12-00585-f004" class="html-fig">Figure 4</a>a. (<b>f</b>) Sphalerite is symbiotic with pyrite containing particularly tiny U-minerals. (<b>g</b>–<b>j</b>) Blocky coffinite, irregularly veined and reticulated OM-baring U veins filling the fractures of carbonate. U=uranium; Pit=pitchblende; Cof = coffinite; Qz = quartz; Cc = calcite; Py = pyrite; Dol = dolomite; Sph = sphalerite; OM = organic matter.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>The Raman spectral (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) and EDS energy spectral (<b>e</b>,<b>f</b>) Characteristics of OM Co-existing with U-minerals in U-ores of carbonate-hosted U deposits, Guizhou. (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) Reflect light photos of the OM and pyrite in U-ore was shown the analysis location of Raman; (<b>c</b>) The Raman spectral characteristics of OM was collected in the image (<b>a</b>); (<b>d</b>) The Raman spectral characteristics of OM was collected in the image (<b>b</b>). (<b>e</b>) BSE image of the OM, pitchblende, pyrite was displayed in U-ore of Dajishan U deposit and the analysis location of the EDS. (<b>e</b>) BSE image of the OM, coffinite, pyrite was displayed in U-ore of Dayutang U deposit and the analysis location of the EDS. Qz = quartz; Py = pyrite; OM = organic matter; Pit = pitchblende; Cof = coffinite.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Microscopic pictures showing the FIs in the U-ores of carbonate-hosted U deposits, Guizhou. (<b>a</b>,<b>c</b>,<b>e</b>,<b>g</b>,<b>h</b>) Transmitted light image. (<b>b</b>) BSE image. (<b>d</b>,<b>f</b>) UV fluorescence image. (<b>a</b>) OM and liquid-rich FIs distributed along the micro-fractures in quartz debris of argillaceous siltstone U-ore. (<b>b</b>) Some tiny globular pitchblende inclusions scattered in the silicified quartz, and a black layer of OM growing around the outside of the pitchblende. (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) Hydrocarbon FIs fluorescing light blue distributed along the micro-fractures of quartz debris. (<b>e</b>,<b>f</b>) Lots of hydrocarbon FIs and some pyrite inclusions distributed through the micro-fractures of calcite with a breccia structure (carbonate) in the U-ore. (<b>h</b>) Liquid-rich FIs (vapor proportion < 10%) and pure gas FIs scattered in the cemented calcite of the carbonate-type U-ore. Pit = pitchblende; Qz = quartz; Cc = calcite; Py = pyrite; OM = organic matter. L = liquid; V = vapor.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Homogenization temperature histogram (<b>a</b>) and its relationship with salinity dispersal in the U-ore of the Dajishan U deposit (<b>b</b>).</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Characteristic trace elements change curves of mudstone from Niutitang Fm, U-ores and U-mineralization rocks from the carbonate-hosted U deposit.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>REE distribution curves of mudstone from Niutitang Fm and U-mineralization rocks from the carbonate-hosted U deposit.</p> "> Figure 11
<p>Gas chromatograms, ion mass chromatograms and Pr/<span class="html-italic">n</span>C<sub>17</sub>–Pr/<span class="html-italic">n</span>C<sub>18</sub> plot of Soxhlet extracts of U-ores from the Dajishan U deposit. (<b>a</b>) Gas chromatograms of <span class="html-italic">n</span>-alkanes of U-ores; (<b>b</b>) characteristics of terpanes of Soxhlet extracts of U-ores; (<b>c</b>) characteristics of the steranes of the Soxhlet extracts of U-ores; (<b>d</b>) Pr/<span class="html-italic">n</span>C<sub>17</sub>–Pr/<span class="html-italic">n</span>C<sub>18</sub> plot of Soxhlet extracts of U-ores. (<b>d</b>) Pr/<span class="html-italic">n</span>C<sub>17</sub> VS Ph/<span class="html-italic">n</span>C<sub>18</sub> plot of extracts in U-ores from the Dajishan U deposit.</p> "> Figure 12
<p>The conceptual model of U-mineralization and the metallogenic process of the typical carbonate-hosted U deposit in Guizhou. U = uranium minerals; Py = pyrite; Cal = calcite; Qz = quartz; Ab = feldspar. (<b>a</b>) Conceptual diagram of U-mineralization in carbonate rocks after cracking and differentiation of U-bearing hydrocarbon fluids; (<b>b</b>) Conceptual diagram of U mineralization in clastic rocks (Interlayers in carbonate rocks) after cracking and differentiation of U-bearing hydrocarbon fluids.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Geological Setting
2.1. Tectonic Background
2.2. Regional Stratigraphy and Faults
2.3. Carbonate-Type Uranium Deposits
3. Sampling, Analytical Procedures and Methods
3.1. Samples
3.2. Mineralogical Study
3.2.1. SEM and EDX Analysis
3.2.2. Fluid Inclusion Analysis
3.2.3. Raman Microprobe Spectroscopy
3.3. Quantitative Analysis of Trace Elements and REEs
3.4. Organic Matter Extraction and GC-MS Analysis
3.5. Isotopes Analysis
3.5.1. Carbon Isotope of OM
3.5.2. Sulfur Isotope of Pyrite
4. Results
4.1. Petrography of OM and U-Minerals
4.1.1. Petrography of Organic Matter
4.1.2. Petrography of Uranium Minerals
4.1.3. Energy-Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) and Raman Analysis of OM
4.2. Fluid Inclusion
4.2.1. Petrography of FIs
4.2.2. Microlaser Raman Analysis of FIs
4.2.3. Homogenization Temperature (Th) and Salinity of FIs
4.3. Trace Elements in U-Ores, Alternation Rocks and Niutitang Fm Mudstone
4.4. REEs in U-ores,alternation Rocks and Niutitang Fm Mudstone
4.5. GC-MS Analysis of OM in U-Ores
4.6. Stable Isotopes
4.6.1. C Isotope Analysis of OM from U-ores
4.6.2. Sulfur Isotope of U-Symbiotic Pyrite
5. Discussion
5.1. Nature and Sources of OM
5.2. Relationship between OM and U-Mineralization
5.3. The Metallogenic Processes and Genesis of Carbonate-Types U Deposit
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. Sample/Deposit | No. Test | Host Mineral | Distribution | Type of FIs | Raman Shift/cm−1 | Compositon |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DJS-1/Dajishan | 01 | Quartz debris | Along fractures | Solid inclusion | 1344, 1592 | Carbon |
02 | Quartz debris | Along fractures | Solid inclusion | 1344, 1592 | Carbon | |
03 | Quartz debris | Along fractures | Pure gas FI | 2916 | CH4 | |
04 | Quartz debris | Along fractures | Pure gas FI | 2911, 3020 | CH4 | |
DJS-7/Dajishan | 01 | Quartz debris | Along fractures | Solid inclusion | 339, 376 | Pyrite |
02 | Quartz debris | Along fractures | Solid inclusion | 1340, 1602 | Carbon | |
03 | Quartz debris | Along fractures | Solid inclusion | 1350, 1582 | Carbon | |
DJS-4/Dajishan | 01 | Cementation calcite | Clusters | Solid inclusion | 1307, 1558 | Carbon |
02 | Cementation calcite | Clusters | Solid inclusion | 1350, 1602 | Carbon | |
03 | Cementation calcite | Clusters | Solid inclusion | 1322, 1547 | Carbon | |
04 | Cementation calcite | Clusters | Gas-liquid FI | 2916 | CH4 | |
102-1/Dayutang | 01 | Cementation calcite | Clusters | Pure gas FI | 2916 | CH4 |
102-2/Dayutang | 01 | Veined calcite | Clusters | Solid inclusion | 339, 376 | Pyrite |
02 | Cementation calcite | Clusters | Solid inclusion | 1322, 1547 | Carbon |
Sample No./Lithology | Host Mineral | Distribution | Symbiosis | Number of FIs | Th/°C | Freezing Point/°C | Salinity/Wt%. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DJS-7-1/Argillaceous siltstone U-ore | Quartz debris | Along fractures | OM, Pyrite | 17 | 77–148 | −3.2–−6.7 | 5.26–10.11 |
DJS-7-2/Argillaceous siltstone U-ore | Quartz debris | Along fractures | OM | 14 | 80–143 | −2.3–−7.0 | 3.87–10.49 |
DJS-4-1/Broken Carbonate U-ore | Cementation calcite | Clusters | OM | 15 | 103–157 | −4.6–−10.2 | 7.45–14.15 |
DJS-4-2/Broken Carbonate U-ore | Cementation calcite | Clusters | OM | 8 | 104–167 | −5.7–−6.8 | 8.81–10.24 |
DJS-1-1/Argillaceous siltstone U-ore | Quartz debris | Clusters | OM, Pyrite | 3 | 132–137 | −4.5–−4.6 | 7.17–7.31 |
Quartz debris | Along fractures | OM, Pyrite | 15 | 72–171 | −4.5–−10.1 | 7.17–14.04 | |
DJS-1-2/Argillaceous siltstone U-ore | Quartz debris | Along fractures | OM, Pyrite | 12 | 97–145 | −5.0–−16.9 | 7.86–20.15 |
Sample No. | Source | Sample Property | V | Cr | Co | Ni | Cu | Zn | Mo | Cd | Re | Tl | U |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DJS-1 | Dajishan U-deposit | U-ore | 197 | 159 | 7.19 | 7.45 | 67.5 | 167 | 1004 | 2.6 | 0.062 | 1.97 | 615 |
DJS-2 | U-ore | 319 | 425 | 19.7 | 11.6 | 107 | 114 | 662 | 1.93 | 0.033 | 0.518 | 385 | |
PD-14-1 | U-ore | 418 | 442 | 81.6 | 440 | 109 | 208 | 11136 | 29.1 | 12.7 | 335 | 3724 | |
PD-14-2 | Alternation rock | 504 | 648 | 2.08 | 6.33 | 44.2 | 95.9 | 1240 | 0.319 | 0.009 | 0.326 | 8.45 | |
PD-14-3 | Alternation rock | 386 | 550 | 11.4 | 37.1 | 78.1 | 84 | 348 | 1.33 | 0.169 | 11 | 22.2 | |
NTT-01 | Niutitang Fm | Mudstone | 4446 | 123 | 9.49 | 184 | 60.8 | 182 | 107 | 3.39 | 0.158 | 4.95 | 47.6 |
8610-1 | Dayutang U-deposit | Alternation rock | 34.8 | 3.37 | 30.9 | 46 | 0.874 | 6.19 | 2.9 | 0.03 | 0.005 | 0.208 | 18.8 |
8610-2 | U-ore | 97.8 | 5.09 | 17.9 | 54.4 | 1.94 | 7.08 | 70.8 | 0.261 | 0.017 | 2.28 | 6242 | |
8610-3 | U-ore | 58.1 | 6.47 | 22.9 | 50.5 | 2.48 | 5.29 | 5.83 | 0.055 | 0.003 | 0.69 | 735 | |
102-1 | U-ore | 178 | 57 | 113 | 87.3 | 11.3 | 63.5 | 51.1 | 1.61 | 0.922 | 3.44 | 68.5 | |
102-2 | Alternation rock | 46.2 | 10.2 | 42.3 | 58.9 | 4.39 | 8.22 | 1.19 | 0.061 | 0.283 | 0.108 | 10.5 |
Sample No. | La | Ce | Pr | Nd | Sm | Eu | Gd | Tb | Dy | Ho | Er | Tm | Yb | Lu | ∑REE | ∑LREE | ∑HREE | LR/HR | (La/Yb)N | δEu |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DJS-1 | 22 | 28.8 | 3.64 | 15.5 | 2.58 | 0.591 | 2.54 | 0.433 | 2.68 | 0.549 | 1.86 | 0.314 | 2.14 | 0.346 | 83.973 | 75.651 | 8.32 | 9.09 | 6.93 | 0.23 |
DJS-2 | 38.9 | 60.2 | 6.49 | 26.9 | 4.35 | 0.915 | 4.14 | 0.768 | 4.77 | 0.887 | 3.5 | 0.517 | 3.6 | 0.578 | 156.515 | 141.895 | 14.62 | 9.71 | 7.29 | 0.22 |
NTT-01 | 27.7 | 39.8 | 5.97 | 23.6 | 4.03 | 0.893 | 4.2 | 0.787 | 4.01 | 0.886 | 2.74 | 0.466 | 2.92 | 0.436 | 118.438 | 106.193 | 12.25 | 8.67 | 6.40 | 0.22 |
NTT-02 | 31.5 | 31.4 | 4.42 | 17.9 | 3.15 | 0.727 | 3.93 | 0.753 | 3.93 | 0.904 | 2.5 | 0.366 | 1.97 | 0.273 | 103.723 | 93.027 | 10.70 | 8.70 | 10.78 | 0.21 |
8610-1 | 2.24 | 3.85 | 0.428 | 1.7 | 0.301 | 0.069 | 0.33 | 0.057 | 0.28 | 0.054 | 0.153 | 0.022 | 0.137 | 0.02 | 9.641 | 8.918 | 0.72 | 12.33 | 11.02 | 0.22 |
8610-2 | 5.77 | 11.1 | 1.34 | 5.22 | 1.04 | 0.245 | 1.03 | 0.197 | 0.963 | 0.189 | 0.502 | 0.073 | 0.442 | 0.058 | 28.169 | 25.745 | 2.42 | 10.62 | 8.80 | 0.24 |
8610-3 | 3.4 | 6.29 | 0.751 | 3.1 | 0.622 | 0.148 | 0.633 | 0.128 | 0.614 | 0.12 | 0.333 | 0.051 | 0.287 | 0.042 | 16.519 | 14.944 | 1.58 | 9.49 | 7.99 | 0.24 |
102-1 | 1.89 | 2.08 | 0.42 | 1.79 | 0.388 | 0.098 | 0.415 | 0.088 | 0.432 | 0.096 | 0.278 | 0.042 | 0.255 | 0.035 | 8.307 | 7.081 | 1.23 | 5.78 | 5.00 | 0.24 |
102-2 | 3.42 | 6.56 | 0.851 | 3.49 | 0.678 | 0.135 | 0.705 | 0.147 | 0.712 | 0.148 | 0.4 | 0.06 | 0.349 | 0.054 | 17.709 | 15.839 | 1.87 | 8.47 | 6.61 | 0.20 |
Sample No. | Cont Bitm-A */% | Sa-HC/% | Ar-HC/% | Non-HC/% | Bt/% | Main C-peak | Sa/Ar | Pr/Ph | OEP | Pr/nC17 | Ph/nC18 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DJS-01 | 0.3615 | 44.12 | 5.88 | 38.24 | 11.76 | nC18 | 7.5 | 0.765 | 0.878 | 0.272 | 0.386 |
DJS-07 | 0.0966 | 42.86 | 7.14 | 42.86 | 7.14 | nC17 | 6.0 | 0.853 | 1.076 | 0.300 | 0.382 |
DJS-09 | 0.0043 | 20.00 | 3.53 | 22.35 | 41.18 | nC16 | 5.7 | 0.931 | 1.02 | 0.512 | 1.927 |
Sample No. | Deposit | Sample Properties | δ13C V-PDB (‰) |
---|---|---|---|
DJS01 | Dajishan | Dark, argillaceous siltstone U-ore | −28.1 |
DJS07 | Dajishan | Dark, argillaceous siltstone U-ore | −28.8 |
DJS09 | Dajishan | Grey, broken Carbonate U-ore | −27.3 |
102-1 | Dayutang | Grey, broken Carbonate U-ore | −28.6 |
102-2 | Dayutang | Grey, broken Carbonate U-ore | −27.2 |
No. Sample | Deposit | Mineral | δ34SV-CTD(‰) |
---|---|---|---|
DJS-1-Py1 | Dajishan | Pyrite | −28.3 |
DJS-1-Py1 | Dajishan | Pyrite | −28.5 |
DJS-7-Py1 | Dajishan | Pyrite | −28.9 |
DJS-9-Py1 | Dajishan | Pyrite | −29.5 |
PD-14-Py1 | Dajishan | Pyrite | −22.9 |
PD-14-Py2 | Dajishan | Pyrite | −22.2 |
PD-14-Py3 | Dajishan | Pyrite | −14.3 |
PD-14-Py4 | Dajishan | Pyrite | −1.6 |
8610-Py1 | Dayutang | Pyrite | −18.6 |
8610-Py2 | Dayutang | Pyrite | −10.3 |
8610-Py3 | Dayutang | Pyrite | −3.2 |
102-2-Py1 | Dayutang | Pyrite | −10.3 |
102-2-Py2 | Dayutang | Pyrite | −8.6 |
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Qiu, L.-F.; Wu, Y.; Wang, Q.; Wu, L.-F.; He, Z.-B.; Peng, S.; Fan, Y.-F. Metallogenic Mechanism of Typical Carbonate-Hosted Uranium Deposits in Guizhou (China). Minerals 2022, 12, 585. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12050585
Qiu L-F, Wu Y, Wang Q, Wu L-F, He Z-B, Peng S, Fan Y-F. Metallogenic Mechanism of Typical Carbonate-Hosted Uranium Deposits in Guizhou (China). Minerals. 2022; 12(5):585. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12050585
Chicago/Turabian StyleQiu, Lin-Fei, Yu Wu, Qiong Wang, Lin-Feng Wu, Zhong-Bo He, Song Peng, and Yun-Fei Fan. 2022. "Metallogenic Mechanism of Typical Carbonate-Hosted Uranium Deposits in Guizhou (China)" Minerals 12, no. 5: 585. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12050585