Long-Term Supplementation with Beta Serum Concentrate (BSC), a Complex of Milk Lipids, during Post-Natal Brain Development Improves Memory in Rats
<p>Effects of BSC supplementation with beta serum concentrate (BSC) on body weight;.two-way ANOVA analysis. The data are presented as mean ± SEM, <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 16.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Performances in the dark–light boxes tests. (<b>A</b>) The time spent in and (<b>B</b>) the number entries to the light box with (closed bars, BSC) and without (open bars, BG) the supplementation. The data are presented as mean ± SEM, <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 16.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Performances in the Morris water maze tests performance during 7 days of acquisition trials, which were evaluated by analyzing (<b>A</b>) the latency, and (<b>B</b>) the distance travelled to the platform, and (<b>C</b>) the swimming speed and (<b>D</b>, <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05) day 1 acquisition trials. The data are presented as mean ± SEM, <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 16, BG = blank gel.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>MWM performance in testing trials evaluated at 24, 48, and 72 h after the acquisition tests. The memory retention was analyzed using the latency to (<b>A</b>) and the path efficacy to the targeted quadrant (<b>B</b>) the targeted quadrant and the initial heading error from the platform zoon (<b>C</b>). The data are presented as mean ± SEM, <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 16, BG = blank gel, <b>*</b> <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.01.</p> "> Figure 4 Cont.
<p>MWM performance in testing trials evaluated at 24, 48, and 72 h after the acquisition tests. The memory retention was analyzed using the latency to (<b>A</b>) and the path efficacy to the targeted quadrant (<b>B</b>) the targeted quadrant and the initial heading error from the platform zoon (<b>C</b>). The data are presented as mean ± SEM, <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 16, BG = blank gel, <b>*</b> <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.01.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>The time spent in (<b>A</b>) and the number of entries to (<b>B</b>) the open arms of Elevated Plus Maze were similar between the groups with (closed bars) and without (open bars) the supplementation. The data are presented as mean ± SEM, <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 16, BG = blank gel.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Analysis of the TH density (TH, <b>A</b>,<b>B</b>) and the ChAT -positive neurons (<b>C</b>,<b>D</b>) in the striatum and the glutamate receptor-1 density in the hippocampus (<b>E</b>,<b>F</b>). The data are presented as mean ± SEM, <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 16, BG = blank gel, <b>*</b> <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05.</p> "> Figure 6 Cont.
<p>Analysis of the TH density (TH, <b>A</b>,<b>B</b>) and the ChAT -positive neurons (<b>C</b>,<b>D</b>) in the striatum and the glutamate receptor-1 density in the hippocampus (<b>E</b>,<b>F</b>). The data are presented as mean ± SEM, <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 16, BG = blank gel, <b>*</b> <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Animal Experiments
2.2. Gelatin Formulation and Supplementation
Protein | 52.30 |
---|---|
Total fat | 36.20 |
Phospholipids | 13.67 |
Gangliosides (GD3) | 0.63 |
Lactose | 6.60 |
Minerals | 5.20 |
2.3. Behavioral Tests
2.4. Dark–Light Boxes Tests
2.5. Morris Water Maze (MWM) Tests
2.5.1. Apparatus
2.5.2. Acquisition Testing
2.5.3. Test Trial
2.6. Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) Test
2.7. Tissue Collections
2.8. Immunohistochemical Staining
2.9. Data Assessments
2.10. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Body Weight and Body Composition
BG | BSC | |
---|---|---|
Fat mass (%) | 25 ± 1.12 | 25 ± 1.08 |
Fat/lean ratio | 0.34 ± 0.02 | 0.34 ± 0.01 |
Bone mineral density (g) | 7.5 ± 0.22 | 7.3 ± 0.18 |
Body length (cm) | 40.17 ± 0.43 | 40.71 ± 0.52 |
3.2. Plasma Lipid Composition
Plasma (mmol/L) | BG | BSC |
---|---|---|
Triglyceride | 1.46 ± 0.08 | 1.33 ± 0.11 |
Low density lipoprotein cholesterol | 0.33 ± 0.02 | 0.35 ± 0.02 |
High density lipoprotein cholesterol | 1.51 ± 0.2 | 1.40 ± 0.4 |
Cholesterol | 2.07 ± 0.08 | 2.07 ± 0.05 |
3.3. Dark–Light Box Tests
3.4. Morris Water Maze Tests
3.4.1. Acquisitions
3.4.2. Test Trials
3.5. Elevated Plus Maze Tests
3.6. Immunohistochemistry
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
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Guan, J.; MacGibbon, A.; Fong, B.; Zhang, R.; Liu, K.; Rowan, A.; McJarrow, P. Long-Term Supplementation with Beta Serum Concentrate (BSC), a Complex of Milk Lipids, during Post-Natal Brain Development Improves Memory in Rats. Nutrients 2015, 7, 4526-4541. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7064526
Guan J, MacGibbon A, Fong B, Zhang R, Liu K, Rowan A, McJarrow P. Long-Term Supplementation with Beta Serum Concentrate (BSC), a Complex of Milk Lipids, during Post-Natal Brain Development Improves Memory in Rats. Nutrients. 2015; 7(6):4526-4541. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7064526
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuan, Jian, Alastair MacGibbon, Bertram Fong, Rong Zhang, Karen Liu, Angela Rowan, and Paul McJarrow. 2015. "Long-Term Supplementation with Beta Serum Concentrate (BSC), a Complex of Milk Lipids, during Post-Natal Brain Development Improves Memory in Rats" Nutrients 7, no. 6: 4526-4541. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7064526