Revealing the Potency of Growth Factors in Bovine Colostrum
<p>Growth factors in bovine colostrum [<a href="#B2-nutrients-16-02359" class="html-bibr">2</a>,<a href="#B9-nutrients-16-02359" class="html-bibr">9</a>].</p> "> Figure 2
<p>The molecular mechanism of the contribution of growth factors found in bovine colostrum to wound healing. Growth factors found in bovine colostrum stimulate the Ras/MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways through receptor binding, promoting the proliferation and differentiation of cells in the affected area. Consequently, the wound-healing process is accelerated [<a href="#B25-nutrients-16-02359" class="html-bibr">25</a>,<a href="#B26-nutrients-16-02359" class="html-bibr">26</a>]. (p85: regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, p110: catalytic subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, PTEN: phosphatase and tensin homolog, Akt: protein kinase B, PIP2: phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate, PIP3: phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate, TSC: tuberous sclerosis complex, Rheb: Ras homolog enriched in brain, mTORC1: mechanistic target of rapamycin complex, LKB1: liver kinase B1, AMPK1: AMP-activated protein kinase, GRB2: growth factor receptor-bound protein 2, SOS: Son of Sevenless, Ras: rat sarcoma, Raf: rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma, MEK: mitogen-activated protein kinase, ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase).</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Growth Factor | Concentration in BC (ng/mL) | Concentration in Bovine Milk(ng/mL) | Properties | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
EGF | 324.2 | 155 (pasteurized milk) | Cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation | [10,11] |
IGF-1 | 870 | 150 | Cell growth and proliferation | [6,12] |
IGF-2 | 206 | 2–6 | Regulates cell proliferation and survival | [12,13,14] |
TGF-β | 100.7 | 4.3 (pasteurized milk) | Pro-inflammatory mediator, stimulating the activation and migration of immune cells and wound healing | [15,16] |
TGF-α | 200 | - | Cell proliferation, differentiation, and development | [17,18] |
PDGF | - | - | Cell migration, proliferation, and survival | [19] |
2. Exploring the Growth Factors: Types and Molecular Mechanisms
2.1. Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)
2.2. Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β)
2.3. Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF)
2.4. Insulin-Like Growth Factors (IGFs)
3. Clinical Trials and Effects of Growth Factors on Various Diseases
3.1. Wound Healing
3.2. Gastrointestinal Health
3.3. Cancer
3.4. Bone and Muscle Health
3.5. Neurological and Mental Health
3.6. Eye Health
4. Growth Factors as Health Products
5. Conclusions and Future Outlook
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Target Group | Study Design | Dose and Duration | Effect | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Trained men | Pre-post-intervention study with repeated measures | 60 g bovine colostrum Total: 4 weeks | BC does not affect blood IGF-1 or IGF binding protein-3 levels. | [66] |
Human keratinocytes | Prospective experimental study | Not specified | BC supplementation induces mitogenic and motogenic effects on human keratinocytes, promoting cell proliferation and migration. | [67] |
Guinea pigs | Prospective experimental study | Daily application of liquid formulation or gel formulation of the IM fraction on wounds Total: 23 days | Colostrum-derived whey immune fraction (IM fraction) inhibits collagen gel contraction in vitro, delays wound closure in full-thickness wounds, and minimizes residual scar formation in scar tissues. | [68] |
Individuals with skin diseases | Cellular and molecular approaches on keratinocytes | Not specified | Promotes keratinocyte differentiation. | [69] |
Human fibroblasts in vitro | Experimental study | BC at three concentrations (0.125%, 0.25%, 0.50%) for 8 weeks | Liposomal BC protects against telomere length erosion in fibroblasts under normal and oxidative stress conditions. | [70] |
Keratinocyte cells in vitro | Experimental study | Fermented colostrum whey at concentrations of 100–400 μg/mL for observed effects | BC increased AQP-3 expression and cell proliferation via JNK and p38 MAPK activation. | [71] |
Individuals with wounds | Pre-post-intervention study | Not specified | Enhanced wound healing properties. | [72] |
Keratinocytes, melanocytes, and fibroblasts | Experimental study | Not specified | Effect of colostrum-derived exosomes: Prevented UV-induced damage, reduced melanin production, suppressed matrix metalloproteinase expression, increased cell proliferation, enhanced collagen production. | [73] |
Patients with acne scars | Retrospective study | Fractional laser treatment: 120 days; recombinant bovine basic fibroblast growth factor(rbFGF): 300 IU/cm2 Total: 7 days | Improved skin barrier function, reduced lactic acid-induced stinging, enhanced stratum corneum integrity. | [74] |
Fibroblasts, immortalized keratinocytes, Human vein umbilical endothelial cells | Experimental study | Rigemed D (BC containing 20 different growth factors and exosomes) doses: 1%, 1.5%, and 2% v/v; duration not specified | Rigemed D supplementation promotes cell proliferation, migration, and regeneration; exhibits antioxidant effects; and enhances angiogenesis | [75] |
Critically ill, mechanically ventilated patients | Randomized controlled trial | 30 g of bovine colostrum daily for 10 days | Increased serum levels of IGF-1; reduced incidence of diarrhea. | [76] |
Rabbit flexor tendon cell populations | Experimental study | IGF-1: 10, 50, and 100 ng/mL PDGF-BB: 1, 10, and 50 ng/mL bFGF: 0.5, 1, and 5 ng/mL Duration not specified | Maximized tenocyte proliferation. | [77] |
Injured rats | Prospective experimental study | 0, 10, 100, or 1000 ng PDGF isoform B Total: 7 days | PDGF supplementation enhances tendon healing. | [78] |
Epithelial and fibroblastic cells | Experimental study | 2.5 mg/mL bovine milk for 48 h | Mitogenic extract from bovine milk promotes growth of mesodermal-derived cells. | [79] |
Sheep fetuses with growth restriction | Randomized controlled trial in sheep | IGF-1: 360 μg Total: 128 days | Intrauterine administration of IGF-1 significantly increased fetal growth rate. | [80] |
Meniscus | Experimental study | 50 ng/mL bFGF and TGF-β3 Total: 8 weeks. | bFGF and TGF-β3 improved integration strength of meniscus repair constructs and electrospun PCL scaffolds. TGF-β3 increased proteoglycan content in the explants. | [81] |
Tendon tissue | Experimental study | PDGF-BB and IGF-1 supplementation. Dose and duration not specified. | Enhanced cell attachment, alignment, viability, and metabolic activity. | [82] |
Patients with skin burns | Prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial | EGF: 10 μg Total: 1.5 days | Accelerated rate of epidermal regeneration. | [83] |
Patients with chronic wounds | Prospective, open-label, crossover trial | EGF: 10 μg Total: 6 months | Stimulation of wound healing. | [84] |
Diabetic neuropathic or ischemic patients with high amputation risk | Non-controlled pilot study | EGF: 25 μg Total: 8 weeks | Reduction in diabetic lower limb amputation. | [85] |
Hospitalized patients | Randomized, double-blind, within-patient, left/right, controlled trial | EGF: 10 μg in 0.1% silver sulfadiazine cream | Reduction of healing time of skin lesions in patients with pemphigus vulgaris. | [86] |
Diabetic patients | Pilot study | Heberprot-P (EGF Based): 75 μg. | Exploration of clinical effects up to complete wound closure | [87] |
Pediatric patients | Prospective clinical trial | EGF: 100 μg/kg Total: 6 weeks. | Improved carbohydrate absorption, increased tolerance to enteral feeds, reduced infection rates. | [88] |
Mice with sarcopenia | Experimental study | 12 µg pro-IGF-2/day Total: 7 days | pro-IGF-2 improves muscle regeneration by promoting satellite cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and inhibiting adipogenesis of PDGFRα+ cells | [65] |
Format | Growth Factor | Effect | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Gel | EGF | Wound healing | [99] |
Injection | EGF | Wound healing | [99] |
Capsule | EGF | Wound healing | [99] |
Injection | IGF-1 | Growth disorders | [100] |
Gel | PDGF | Bone repair and regenerative procedures | [101] |
Topical Gel | EGF | Diabetic foot ulcer | [102] |
Topical Gel | PDGF | Chronic wound healing (diabetic) | [103] |
Collagen | TGF-β1 | Anti-aging | [104] |
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Yalçıntaş, Y.M.; Duman, H.; López, J.M.M.; Portocarrero, A.C.M.; Lombardo, M.; Khallouki, F.; Koch, W.; Bordiga, M.; El-Seedi, H.; Raposo, A.; et al. Revealing the Potency of Growth Factors in Bovine Colostrum. Nutrients 2024, 16, 2359. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16142359
Yalçıntaş YM, Duman H, López JMM, Portocarrero ACM, Lombardo M, Khallouki F, Koch W, Bordiga M, El-Seedi H, Raposo A, et al. Revealing the Potency of Growth Factors in Bovine Colostrum. Nutrients. 2024; 16(14):2359. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16142359
Chicago/Turabian StyleYalçıntaş, Yalçın Mert, Hatice Duman, Jose M. Miranda López, Alicia C. Mondragón Portocarrero, Mauro Lombardo, Farid Khallouki, Wojciech Koch, Matteo Bordiga, Hesham El-Seedi, António Raposo, and et al. 2024. "Revealing the Potency of Growth Factors in Bovine Colostrum" Nutrients 16, no. 14: 2359. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16142359