Nutrients

27 pages, 3220 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Post-Diagnosis Dietary Patterns among Cancer Survivors in Relation to All-Cause Mortality and Cancer-Specific Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies

by Maria-Eleni Spei, Ioannis Bellos, Evangelia Samoli and Vassiliki Benetou

Nutrients 2023, 15(17), 3860; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173860 - 4 Sep 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2674

Abstract

The role of overall diet on longevity among cancer survivors (CS) needs further elucidation. We performed a systematic review of the literature and a meta-analysis of related cohort studies published up to October 2022 investigating post-diagnosis a priori (diet quality indices) and a [...] Read more.

The role of overall diet on longevity among cancer survivors (CS) needs further elucidation. We performed a systematic review of the literature and a meta-analysis of related cohort studies published up to October 2022 investigating post-diagnosis a priori (diet quality indices) and a posteriori (data-driven) dietary patterns (DPs) in relation to all-cause and cancer-specific mortality. Pooled hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using random-effects meta-analyses comparing highest versus lowest categories of adherence to DPs. We assessed heterogeneity and risk of bias in the selected studies. A total of 19 cohort studies with 38,846 adult CS, some assessing various DPs, were included in the meta-analyses. Higher adherence to a priori DPs was associated with lower all-cause mortality by 22% (HR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.73–0.83, I² = 22.6%) among all CS, by 22% (HR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.73–0.84, I² = 0%) among breast CS and by 27% (HR = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.62–0.86, I² = 41.4%) among colorectal CS. Higher adherence to a “prudent/healthy” DP was associated with lower all-cause mortality (HR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.64–0.97 I² = 49.3%), whereas higher adherence to a “western/unhealthy” DP was associated with increased all-cause mortality (HR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.26–1.74, I² = 0%) among all CS. Results for cancer-specific mortality were less clear. In conclusion, higher adherence to a “healthy” DP, either a priori or a posteriori, was inversely associated with all-cause mortality among CS. A “healthy” overall diet after cancer diagnosis could protect and promote longevity and well-being. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition for Cancer Survivors II)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
Flow chart of the literature search process. Full article ">Figure 2
Forest plot showing the association between highest versus lowest adherence to a priori dietary patterns with all-cause mortality by cancer site and overall, among cancer survivors. Abbreviations: CHFP-2007: Chinese Food Pagoda-2007, CHFP-2016: Chinese Food Pagoda-2016, MDS: Mediterranean Diet Score, HEI-2015: Healthy Eating Index-2015, HEI-2005: Healthy Eating Index-2005, HEI-2010: Healthy Eating Index-2010, aMED, altMed: alternate Mediterranean Diet Score, MMDS: Modified Mediterranean Diet Score, HNFI: Healthy Nordic Food Index, RFS: Recommended Food Score, DASH: Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, EDIP: Empirical dietary inflammatory pattern, ACS: American Cancer Society, DQIR: Diet Quality Index-Revised, AHEI: Alternate Healthy Eating Index, AHEI-2010: Alternate Healthy Eating Index-2010, DGI: Australian Dietary Guideline Index. Full article ">Figure 3
Forest plot showing the association between highest versus lowest adherence to “prudent/healthy” dietary patterns with all-cause mortality by cancer site and overall, among cancer survivors. Full article ">Figure 4
Forest plot showing the association between highest versus lowest adherence to “western/unhealthy” dietary patterns with all-cause mortality by cancer site and overall, among cancer survivors. Full article ">

24 pages, 930 KiB

Open AccessReview

Folate and Its Significance in Depressive Disorders and Suicidality: A Comprehensive Narrative Review

by Timur Liwinski and Undine E. Lang

Nutrients 2023, 15(17), 3859; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173859 - 4 Sep 2023

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5420

Abstract

Depressive disorders pose significant challenges to global public health, necessitating effective prevention and management strategies. Notably, the occurrence of suicide frequently coincides with depressive episodes. Suicide is as a paramount global health concern that demands efficacious preventive strategies. Current psychiatric approaches heavily rely [...] Read more.

Depressive disorders pose significant challenges to global public health, necessitating effective prevention and management strategies. Notably, the occurrence of suicide frequently coincides with depressive episodes. Suicide is as a paramount global health concern that demands efficacious preventive strategies. Current psychiatric approaches heavily rely on pharmacological interventions but have had limited success in addressing the global burden of mental health issues. Suboptimal nutrition, with its impact on the neuroendocrine system, has been implicated in the underlying pathology of depressive disorders. Folate, a group of water-soluble compounds, plays a crucial role in various central nervous system functions. Depressed individuals often exhibit low levels of serum and red blood cell folate. Multiple studies and systematic reviews have investigated the efficacy of folic acid and its derivative, L-methylfolate, which can cross the blood–brain barrier, as stand-alone or adjunct therapies for depression. Although findings have been mixed, the available evidence generally supports the use of these compounds in depressed individuals. Recent studies have established links between the one-carbon cycle, folate–homocysteine balance, immune system function, glutamate excitation via NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors, and gut microbiome eubiosis in mood regulation. These findings provide insights into the complex neurobiological mechanisms underlying the effects of folate and related compounds in depression. Through a comprehensive review of the existing literature, this study aims to advance our understanding of the therapeutic potential of folic acid and related compounds in depression treatment. It also seeks to explore their role in addressing suicidal tendencies and shed light on the neurobiological mechanisms involved, leveraging the latest discoveries in depression research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Folate and Other B Vitamins in Brain Health and Disease—2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
Mechanisms of homocysteine-induced neurotoxicity. The figure depicts the various mechanisms involved in the neurotoxic effects of elevated homocysteine levels. Multiple factors, including nutritive folate deficiency, diseases, aging, and MTHFR C677T polymorphism, can contribute to hyperhomocysteinemia. Elevated homocysteine levels disrupt the delicate balance of key biochemical processes within the central nervous system. The cascade of events triggered by hyperhomocysteinemia includes a decrease in S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) levels and an increase in S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) levels. This imbalance leads to heightened oxidative stress due to elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The resulting oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction contribute to neurotoxicity. The neurotoxic effects of elevated homocysteine levels are implicated in the development of depressive illness. The disrupted biochemical pathways and increased oxidative stress ultimately contribute to the pathogenesis of depressive symptoms. The figure has been modified based on [<a href="#B78-nutrients-15-03859" class="html-bibr">78</a>]. Full article ">Figure 2
Pathophysiology of inflammation-induced depression linked to folate deficiency. The figure illustrates the cascade of events involved in inflammation-induced depression associated with folate deficiency. Inflammatory stimuli trigger the production of proinflammatory cytokines, which activate various enzymatic processes. One such process is the conversion of tryptophan to kynurenine catalyzed by indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO). Cytokine signaling to the brain stimulates microglia activation, resulting in the production of inflammatory mediators. Simultaneously, kynurenine is transported into the brain where it is further metabolized into neurotoxic compounds, including quinolinic acid. Activated microglia also release glutamate, a key excitatory neurotransmitter. Both glutamate and quinolinic acid contribute to the enhancement of glutamatergic neurotransmission, ultimately leading to the development of depressive symptoms. Full article ">

11 pages, 429 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Risk of Malnutrition in Adults Who Have Undergone Sleeve Gastrectomy: A Retrospective Study

by Wan-Chun Liao, Tsae-Jyy Wang, Chieh-Yu Liu, Tsang-Pai Liu, Shu-Yuan Liang and Ko-Shih Chang

Nutrients 2023, 15(17), 3858; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173858 - 4 Sep 2023

Viewed by 1642

Abstract

Sleeve gastrectomy achieves long-term weight control by reducing gastric volume. However, postoperative gastrointestinal symptoms and insufficient nutritional intake are likely to occur, which are not conducive to physical health. A retrospective study aimed to investigate changes in nutritional status and associated factors in [...] Read more.

Sleeve gastrectomy achieves long-term weight control by reducing gastric volume. However, postoperative gastrointestinal symptoms and insufficient nutritional intake are likely to occur, which are not conducive to physical health. A retrospective study aimed to investigate changes in nutritional status and associated factors in patients after sleeve gastrectomy. Data were collected from the medical records of patients who underwent sleeve gastrectomy at a teaching hospital in Taiwan. Data from 120 patients who met the eligibility criteria were included in the analysis. The results show that sleeve gastrectomy has a strong weight loss effect. Within 12 months, the average body mass index of the patients decreased by 13.47 kg/m². The number of morbidly obese patients decreased from 62 (51.7%) to 3 (2.5%). However, surgery is also associated with gastrointestinal symptoms and the threat of malnutrition. The number of patients with moderate to severe nutritional risk increased from 4 (3.3%) before surgery to 24 (20%) at 12-month follow-up. Likewise, the number of patients with anemia increased from 11 (9.2%) to 29 (24.17%). Gender, constipation, and diarrhea affected postoperative nutritional status. These findings suggest that patients after sleeve gastrectomy are at risk of malnutrition and require regular monitoring. Special attention should be given to women and patients with constipation or diarrhea, as they are at a particularly high risk of malnutrition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enteral/Parenteral Nutrition and Infections)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 1288 KiB

Open AccessReview

Fatty Acids Profile and the Relevance of Membranes as the Target of Nutrition-Based Strategies in Atopic Dermatitis: A Narrative Review

by Anna Olejnik, Justyna Gornowicz-Porowska, Dorota Jenerowicz, Adriana Polańska, Małgorzata Dobrzyńska, Juliusz Przysławski, Anna Sansone and Carla Ferreri

Nutrients 2023, 15(17), 3857; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173857 - 4 Sep 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2491

Abstract

Recently, the prevalence of atopic dermatitis has increased drastically, especially in urban populations. This multifactorial skin disease is caused by complex interactions between various factors including genetics, environment, lifestyle, and diet. In eczema, apart from using an elimination diet, the adequate content of [...] Read more.

Recently, the prevalence of atopic dermatitis has increased drastically, especially in urban populations. This multifactorial skin disease is caused by complex interactions between various factors including genetics, environment, lifestyle, and diet. In eczema, apart from using an elimination diet, the adequate content of fatty acids from foods (saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids) plays an important role as an immunomodulatory agent. Different aspects regarding atopic dermatitis include connections between lipid metabolism in atopic dermatitis, with the importance of the MUFA levels, as well as of the omega-6/omega-3 balance that affects the formation of long-chain (C20 eicosanoic and C22 docosaenoic) fatty acids and bioactive lipids from them (such as prostaglandins). Impair/repair of the functioning of epidermal barrier is influenced by these fatty acid levels. The purpose of this review is to drive attention to membrane fatty acid composition and its involvement as the target of fatty acid supplementation. The membrane-targeted strategy indicates the future direction for dermatological research regarding the use of nutritional synergies, in particular using red blood cell fatty acid profiles as a tool for checking the effects of supplementations to reach the target and influence the inflammatory/anti-inflammatory balance of lipid mediators. This knowledge gives the opportunity to develop personalized strategies to create a healthy balance by nutrition with an anti-inflammatory outcome in skin disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Immunology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 1506 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Outcome-Specific Efficacy of Different Probiotic Strains and Mixtures in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis

by Peiwei Xie, Mei Luo, Xuehong Deng, Jiahui Fan and Lishou Xiong

Nutrients 2023, 15(17), 3856; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173856 - 4 Sep 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5618

Abstract

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common gastrointestinal disease. The efficacy of different probiotics in treating IBS remains controversial. This network meta-analysis aimed to compare and rank the outcome-specific efficacy of different probiotic strains or combinations in adults with IBS. We searched the [...] Read more.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common gastrointestinal disease. The efficacy of different probiotics in treating IBS remains controversial. This network meta-analysis aimed to compare and rank the outcome-specific efficacy of different probiotic strains or combinations in adults with IBS. We searched the literature up to June 2023. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated the efficacy of probiotics in IBS were included. A frequentist framework was used to perform this study. In total, 9253 participants from 81 RCTs were included in the study. Four probiotic strains and five mixtures were significantly superior to placebo in improving IBS Symptom Severity Scale, among which Lactobacillus acidophilus DDS-1 ranked first (surface under the cumulative ranking, SUCRA, 92.9%). A mixture containing five probiotics (SUCRA, 100%) ranked first in improving the IBS-Quality of life. Bacillus coagulans MTCC 5856 (SUCRA, 96.9%) and Bacillus coagulans Unique IS2 (SUCRA, 92.6%) were among the most effective probiotics for improving abdominal pain. Three probiotic strains and two mixtures were effective in alleviating abdominal bloating. Four probiotic strains and a mixture were significantly superior to placebo in reducing the bowel movement frequency in diarrhea-predominant IBS (IBS-D). Bacillus coagulans MTCC 5856 (SUCRA, 99.6%) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-3856 (SUCRA, 89.7%) were among the most effective probiotics for improving the Bristol stool form scale of IBS-D. Only some probiotics are effective for particular outcomes in IBS patients. This study provided the first ranking of outcome-specific efficacy of different probiotic strains and combinations in IBS. Further studies are needed to confirm these results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Prebiotics and Probiotics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 3441 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Antioxidant Potential of Talisia esculenta Using In Vitro and In Vivo Approaches

by Maria Lúcia da Silva Cordeiro, Verônica Giuliani de Queiroz Aquino-Martins, Ariana Pereira da Silva, Georggia Fatima Silva Naliato, Elielson Rodrigo Silveira, Raquel Cordeiro Theodoro, Deborah Yara Alves Cursino da Santos, Hugo Alexandre Oliveira Rocha and Katia Castanho Scortecci

Nutrients 2023, 15(17), 3855; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173855 - 4 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1644

Abstract

Medicinal plants, such as Talisia esculenta, are rich in antioxidant biomolecules, which are used in the treatment and prevention of many diseases. The antioxidant potential of T. esculenta extracts obtained from leaves and fruit peels was investigated using biochemical and 3T3 cell [...] Read more.

Medicinal plants, such as Talisia esculenta, are rich in antioxidant biomolecules, which are used in the treatment and prevention of many diseases. The antioxidant potential of T. esculenta extracts obtained from leaves and fruit peels was investigated using biochemical and 3T3 cell line assays as well as in vivo assays using an organism model Tenebrio molitor. Four extracts were tested: hydroethanolic extracts from leaves (HF) and from fruit peels (HC), and infusion extracts from leaves (IF) and from fruit peels (IC). The biochemical assays demonstrated an antioxidant capacity verified by TAC, reducing power, DPPH, and copper chelating assays. None of the extracts exhibited cytotoxicity against 3T3 cells, instead offering a protection against CuSO₄-induced oxidative stress. The antioxidant activity observed in the extracts, including their role as free radical scavengers, copper chelators, and stress protectors, was further confirmed by T. molitor assays. The CLAE-DAD analysis detected phenolic compounds, including gallic acid, rutin, and quercitrin, as the main constituents of the samples. This study highlights that leaf and fruit peels extracts of T. esculenta could be effective protectors against ROS and copper-induced stress in cellular and invertebrate models, and they should be considered as coadjutants in the treatment and prevention of diseases related to oxidative stress and for the development of natural nutraceutical products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemicals and Human Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 1166 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Advances in Nutraceuticals for the Treatment of Sarcopenic Obesity

by Young-Chan Kim, Sang-Woo Ki, Hannah Kim, Sumin Kang, Hayoon Kim and Gwang-woong Go

Nutrients 2023, 15(17), 3854; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173854 - 4 Sep 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4098

Abstract

Sarcopenic obesity, low muscle mass, and high body fat are growing health concerns in the aging population. This review highlights the need for standardized criteria and explores nutraceuticals as potential therapeutic agents. Sarcopenic obesity is associated with insulin resistance, inflammation, hormonal changes, and [...] Read more.

Sarcopenic obesity, low muscle mass, and high body fat are growing health concerns in the aging population. This review highlights the need for standardized criteria and explores nutraceuticals as potential therapeutic agents. Sarcopenic obesity is associated with insulin resistance, inflammation, hormonal changes, and reduced physical activity. These factors lead to impaired muscle activity, intramuscular fat accumulation, and reduced protein synthesis, resulting in muscle catabolism and increased fat mass. Myostatin and irisin are myokines that regulate muscle synthesis and energy expenditure, respectively. Nutritional supplementation with vitamin D and calcium is recommended for increasing muscle mass and reducing body fat content. Testosterone therapy decreases fat mass and improves muscle strength. Vitamin K, specifically menaquinone-4 (MK-4), improves mitochondrial function and reduces muscle damage. Irisin is a hormone secreted during exercise that enhances oxidative metabolism, prevents insulin resistance and obesity, and improves bone quality. Low-glycemic-index diets and green cardamom are potential methods for managing sarcopenic obesity. In conclusion, along with exercise and dietary support, nutraceuticals, such as vitamin D, calcium, vitamin K, and natural agonists of irisin or testosterone, can serve as promising future therapeutic alternatives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Preventing and Managing Sarcopenia in Older Adults through Physical Activity, Exercise and Nutrition Interventions and Approaches)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 569 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Postpartum Depression Is Associated with Maternal Sociodemographic and Anthropometric Characteristics, Perinatal Outcomes, Breastfeeding Practices, and Mediterranean Diet Adherence

by Sousana K. Papadopoulou, Eleni Pavlidou, Antonios Dakanalis, Georgios Antasouras, Theofanis Vorvolakos, Maria Mentzelou, Aspasia Serdari, Aimilia-Lynn Pandi, Maria Spanoudaki, Olga Alexatou, Exakousti-Petroula Aggelakou and Constantinos Giaginis

Nutrients 2023, 15(17), 3853; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173853 - 4 Sep 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3540

Abstract

Postpartum depression, with a prevalence ranging between 14% and 25% worldwide, has been considered an urgent health concern that negatively affects both mothers’ and their infants’ health. Postpartum depression may negatively affect maternal sociodemographic and anthropometric parameters and lifestyle factors. Nutrition has recently [...] Read more.

Postpartum depression, with a prevalence ranging between 14% and 25% worldwide, has been considered an urgent health concern that negatively affects both mothers’ and their infants’ health. Postpartum depression may negatively affect maternal sociodemographic and anthropometric parameters and lifestyle factors. Nutrition has recently been identified as a crucial factor for the management and co-treatment of postpartum depression. This survey aims to determine the possible association of postpartum depression with mothers’ socio-demographic and anthropometric characteristics, perinatal outcomes, breastfeeding practices, and Mediterranean diet (MD) adherence. Methods: This is a cross-sectional survey, which was performed on 3941 women during the postpartum period. Postpartum depression was assessed by the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Anthropometric parameters and perinatal outcomes were retrieved from mothers’ medical records. Sociodemographic data and breastfeeding practices were recorded by face-to-face interviews between enrolled mothers and trained personnel. Mediterranean diet adherence was assessed by MedDietScore. Both univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression were applied for analyzing our data. Results. Postpartum depression was significantly associated with lower educational level, Greek nationality, higher prevalence of multiparity and overweight/obesity postpartum, higher incidence of caesarean section and not breastfeeding, and lower levels of MD adherence. In multivariate analysis, postpartum depression was independently associated with mothers’ educational level, postpartum BMI status, type of delivery, breastfeeding practices, and MD adherence after adjusting for multiple confounding factors. Conclusions: This study has provided evidence that elevated MD compliance was related to a decreased risk of postpartum depression. Additionally, postpartum depression was associated with multiple sociodemographic and anthropometric parameters, perinatal outcomes, and breastfeeding practices. Future well-designed, prospective studies with high-quality methodology should be performed to obtain conclusive results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional & Lifestyle Psychiatry: The Role of Nutrition and Lifestyle in the Onset, Prevention and Management of Mental Disorders)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 3003 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improvements of Age-Related Cognitive Decline in Mice by Lactobacillus helveticus WHH1889, a Novel Strain with Psychobiotic Properties

by Kan Gao, Cailing Chen, Xueqin Ke, Qiuling Fan, Haifeng Wang, Yanjun Li and Su Chen

Nutrients 2023, 15(17), 3852; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173852 - 3 Sep 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1994

Abstract

A gradual decline in cognitive function occurs with age. Accumulating evidence suggests that certain probiotic strains exert beneficial effects on age-related cognitive decline. Our previous study revealed that Lactobacillus helveticus WHH1889 attenuated symptoms of anxiety and depression in depressed mice via shaping the [...] Read more.

A gradual decline in cognitive function occurs with age. Accumulating evidence suggests that certain probiotic strains exert beneficial effects on age-related cognitive decline. Our previous study revealed that Lactobacillus helveticus WHH1889 attenuated symptoms of anxiety and depression in depressed mice via shaping the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) metabolism and gut microbial community, indicating the psychobiotic potential of WHH1889. In the present study, the effects of WHH1889 on age-related cognitive decline were investigated. WHH1889 was orally administrated (1 × 10⁹ CFU/day) for twelve weeks in aged mice, and their cognitive behaviors, neurochemical factors, cognitive-related gene expressions, neuroinflammation, and serum tryptophan pathway-targeted metabolic profiling, as well as gut microbiome composition were assessed. WHH1889 demonstrated improvement of the cognitive behaviors via the novel object recognition test (NORT), the active shuttle avoidance test (ASAT), the Y-maze test, and the passive avoidance test (PAT). The hippocampal neuronal loss; the declined concentrations of BDNF, 5-HT, and 5-HTP; the decreased gene expressions of neurodegeneration biomarkers; and the increased production of hippocampal inflammatory cytokines in aged mice were restored by WHH1889. In addition, WHH1889 increased the 5-HT/5HTP levels and decreased the serum levels of tryptophan-derived metabolites (e.g., kynurenine, xanthurenic acid, 3-hydroxykynurenine, and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid). Furthermore, WHH1889 was revealed to shape the gut microbiota community by reversing the relative abundances of Bacteroidota and Firmicutes. The present findings suggest that L. helveticus WHH1889 exerted cognitive improving effects on aged mice, which was associated with the modulation of 5-HT and 5-HTP metabolism and gut microbial composition. The supplementation of WHH1889 may therefore be a promising therapeutic agent for age-related cognitive deficits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
The timeline of the experiment in mice. All mice were acclimatized for one week, and then mice were administered with WHH1889 or saline for a total period of 12 weeks (n = 8). Mice were subjected to behavioral tests during the last four weeks of the experiment. Full article ">Figure 2
The changes in the cognitive behaviors in aged mice after WHH1889 administration. (A) Body weight. (B) The recognition index and (C) discrimination index in the novel object recognition test (NORT). (D) The active escape times (frequency) in the active shuttle avoidance test (ASAT). (E) The number of total arm entries and (F) spontaneous alternations in the Y-maze test. (G) The latency time in passive avoidance test (PAT). Results are expressed as medians ± 95% CI, n = 8. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001. Full article ">Figure 3
The alterations in the levels of neurochemical parameters, gene expressions, and neuroinflammation in aged mice after WHH1889 administration. (A) Levels of mature BDNF (mBDNF) in the hippocampus. (B) Levels of 5-HT in the hippocampus. (C) Levels of 5-HTP in the hippocampus. (D) The gene expressions of Tph2 in the hippocampus. The gene expressions of Sirt1 (E), FoxO3 (F), PSD95 (G), and Spinophilin (H) in the hippocampus. The levels of IL-1β (I), IL-6 (J), and TNF-α (K) in the hippocampus. Results are expressed as medians ± 95% CI, n = 8. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001. Regarding the concentrations of mBDNF, 5-HT, and 5-HTP in the hippocampus, the units “ng/g” and “µg/g” indicate nanograms or micrograms per gram of fresh tissue, respectively. Full article ">Figure 4
(A) The significantly changed metabolites in the serum tryptophan metabolism revealed by the targeted metabolomics analysis (n = 8). The concentrations of tryptophan metabolites were normalized using Z values; the red cell indicates a higher level, and the blue cell indicates a lower level. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001 vs. control group; # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, ### p < 0.001, #### p < 0.0001 vs. aged group. (B) Levels of 5-HTP in the colon. (C) The gene expressions of Tph1 in the colon. Results are expressed as medians ± 95% CI, n = 8. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001. Regarding the concentration of 5-HTP in the colon, the unit “ng/g” indicates nanograms per gram of fresh tissue. Full article ">Figure 5
The alterations in the gut microbiome composition in aged mice after WHH1889 administration. (A) The composition of gut microbiome at the phylum level. (B) The Shannon indices of the gut microbial community. (C) The gut microbial β diversity was revealed by the Bray–Curtis distance-based PCoA. PERMANOVA analysis was performed at the feature level. p < 0.05 indicates the significant difference between/within groups. The significant changes in the abundance of phyla Firmicutes (D), Bacteroidota (E), and Desulfobacterota (F). Results are expressed as medians ± 95% CI, n = 8. * p < 0.05, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001. Full article ">Figure 6
Top 20 significantly changed gut microbial genera in aged mice after WHH1889 administration. The differential alterations at the genus level were revealed using LefSe analysis with an LDA score > 3.0 and q value < 0.05. Results were normalized into Z values; red cells suggest higher abundance, and blue cells suggest lower abundance. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 vs. control group; # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, ### p < 0.001 vs. aged group. Full article ">Figure 7
A summary diagram of the cognitive-improving effects of WHH1889 on aged mice. Increased factors are marked with red arrows, and decreased factors are marked with blue arrows. Full article ">

15 pages, 302 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Orthorexia and Orthorexia Nervosa: A Comprehensive Examination of Prevalence, Risk Factors, Diagnosis, and Treatment

by Omer Horovitz and Marios Argyrides

Nutrients 2023, 15(17), 3851; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173851 - 3 Sep 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4697

Abstract

Orthorexia nervosa is an emerging and controversial eating disorder characterized by an obsessive preoccupation with healthy eating and an extreme fixation on food purity. Despite growing public interest in orthorexia, its classification as a distinct eating disorder remains a subject of ongoing debate [...] Read more.

Orthorexia nervosa is an emerging and controversial eating disorder characterized by an obsessive preoccupation with healthy eating and an extreme fixation on food purity. Despite growing public interest in orthorexia, its classification as a distinct eating disorder remains a subject of ongoing debate in the mental health community. This paper comprehensively reviews the current literature on orthorexia nervosa, exploring the prevalence rates, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment options. The paper offers an overview of orthorexia and its historical context and explores the challenges and considerations in diagnosing orthorexia and orthorexia nervosa. Specifically, the distinction between “orthorexia” and “orthorexia nervosa” is a debated issue in eating disorder research due to a lack of clear diagnostic criteria, making it challenging to accurately differentiate between an obsession with healthy eating and a more severe form with potential distress and impairment. Given the absence of formal diagnostic criteria, developing valid and reliable assessment tools is crucial to accurately identify and treat individuals experiencing these disorders. The paper’s final section covers the existing treatment approaches for orthorexia nervosa. Overall, the paper highlights the complex and multifaceted nature of orthorexia nervosa. This review contributes to the ongoing discourse surrounding orthorexia and provides valuable insights for clinicians, researchers, and stakeholders in the mental health and eating disorders fields. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional & Lifestyle Psychiatry: The Role of Nutrition and Lifestyle in the Onset, Prevention and Management of Mental Disorders)

17 pages, 827 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Interactions between Polygenetic Variants and Lifestyle Factors in Hypothyroidism: A Hospital-Based Cohort Study

by Da Sol Kim and Sunmin Park

Nutrients 2023, 15(17), 3850; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173850 - 3 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2204

Abstract

Hypothyroidism is a prevalent endocrine disorder and is associated with a variety of metabolic disturbances. This study aimed to investigate the polygenic variants associated with hypothyroidism risk and the interaction of polygenic risk scores (PRS) with dietary patterns in influencing disease risk in [...] Read more.

Hypothyroidism is a prevalent endocrine disorder and is associated with a variety of metabolic disturbances. This study aimed to investigate the polygenic variants associated with hypothyroidism risk and the interaction of polygenic risk scores (PRS) with dietary patterns in influencing disease risk in 56,664 participants aged >40 in a hospital-based cohort. The participants were classified as having hypothyroidism (n = 870) diagnosed by a physician and no hypothyroidism (n = 55,794). Genetic variants associated with hypothyroidism were identified using a genome-wide association study (GWAS). Genetic variants interacting with each other were selected using a generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction analysis, and the PRS generated was evaluated for interaction with lifestyle parameters. Coffee, alcohol, meat intake, and a Korean balanced diet were inversely associated with hypothyroidism risk, as were selenium, copper, and manganese intakes. White blood cell (WBC) counts and serum alkaline phosphatase and triglyceride concentrations were positively associated with hypothyroidism risk, as were osteoporosis and thyroid cancer. The GMDR analysis generated a three-single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) model comprising dual oxidase-1 (DUOX1)_rs1648314; thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR)_rs75664963; and major histocompatibility complex, class-II, DQ Alpha-1 (HLA-DQA1)_rs17426593. The PRS derived from the three- and seven-SNP models were associated with a 2.11- and 2.32-fold increase in hypothyroidism risk, respectively. Furthermore, the PRS from the three-SNP model showed interactions with WBC counts, wherein the positive association with hypothyroidism risk was more pronounced in participants with low WBC counts than those with high WBC counts (≥4 × 10⁹ /L). Dietary patterns, such as the plant-based diet (PBD) and the Western-style diet (WSD), along with smoking status, exhibited interactions with the PRS, influencing hypothyroidism risk. In participants with a high PRS, those in the high-PBD, low-WSD, and smoker groups had a higher proportion of hypothyroidism than those in the low-PBD, high-WSD, and non-smoker groups. In conclusion, genetic variants related to immunity and thyroid hormone secretion were linked to hypothyroidism risk, and their PRS interacted with PBD and WSD intake and smoking status. These results contribute to a better understanding of hypothyroidism and its prevention strategies for precision medicine intervention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Gene Interaction)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
Flow chart to generate the polygenic risk score system influencing hypothyroidism risk. Full article ">Figure 2
Adjusted odds ratio (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the polygenic risk scores (PRS) of three- and seven-single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) models generated for assessing SNP–SNP interactions associated with hypothyroidism risk. The best generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction analysis (GMDR) models with three-SNPs and seven-SNPs were calculated by summing the number of risk alleles of six and seven SNPs. The calculated PRS were divided into three categories (0–3, 4–5, and ≥6; 0–5, 6–8, and ≥9), the low-PRS, medium-PRS, and high-PRS groups, for the three-SNP and seven-SNP models, respectively. The adjusted OR was analyzed by logistic regression with covariates, including age, gender, residence areas, income, education, energy intake, smoking status, physical activity, alcohol intake, and the survey year. The reference group was the low-PRS in logistic regression. Red and blue boxes indicate the adjusted ORs for the three and seven SNPs, respectively, and the lines through red and blue boxes indicate 95% CIs. Full article ">Figure 3
The proportion of individuals with hypothyroidism with the polygenic risk scores (PRS) of the three-single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) model according to white blood cell (WBC) counts, diets, and smoking status. (A). WBC (cutoff: 4.0 × 109 /L); (B). Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration (Cutoff: 0.5 mg/dL); (C). Carbohydrate intake (Cutoff: 70th energy percentile); (D). Korean balanced diet (KBD, Cutoff: 33rd percentile); (E). Plant-based diet (PBD, Cutoff: 33rd percentile); (F). Western-style diet (WSD, Cutoff: 33rd percentile); (G). Smoking status; Low-PRS (0–3), Medium-PRS (4–5), and High-PRS (≥6) in the six-SNP model. Full article ">

13 pages, 2988 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antihypertensive and Vasorelaxant Effects of Citric Acid and Lemon Juice in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats: In Vivo and Ex Vivo Studies

by Kozo Nakamura, Yumiko Suzuki, Kazuma Goto, Shohei Yamaguchi and Masanori Hiramitsu

Nutrients 2023, 15(17), 3849; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173849 - 3 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4514

Abstract

Hypertension is a key risk factor for heart, brain, and kidney disease development. Fruit consumption has been associated with a decrease in blood pressure. Lemon juice, which contains antihypertensive compounds, may exert antihypertensive effects. However, no research has verified the antihypertensive effects of [...] Read more.

Hypertension is a key risk factor for heart, brain, and kidney disease development. Fruit consumption has been associated with a decrease in blood pressure. Lemon juice, which contains antihypertensive compounds, may exert antihypertensive effects. However, no research has verified the antihypertensive effects of citric acid, the most abundant ingredient in lemon juice. In the present study, we demonstrated the antihypertensive effects of citric acid and lemon juice by performing single oral administration tests and the aortic ring assay using spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Single oral doses of both agents markedly reduced the systolic and diastolic blood pressures in the SHRs. In addition, both these agents relaxed the thoracic aorta from the SHRs; however, these effects were notably attenuated by the removal of the aortic endothelium. Orally administered citric acid was rapidly absorbed and metabolized in vivo. Among the functional compounds in lemon juice, citric acid was identified as the primary antihypertensive component. Although more detailed studies are required to validate our findings, the novel functional attributes of citric acid can achieve the normalization of blood pressure when it is consumed via diet. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Foods and Hypertension)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
SBP (a) and DBP (b) trends in SHRs after a single oral administration of citric acid and lemon juice. Each plot represents the mean ± S.E. (n = 6); * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, compared with control; the indicated p values were obtained from the Dunnett’s tests. SBP: systolic blood pressure, DBP: diastolic blood pressure; SHR: spontaneous hypertensive rat, B.W.: body weight. Full article ">Figure 2
Citric acid concentration trends in the blood after a single oral administration of citric acid to the SHRs. Each plot represents the mean ± S.E. (n = 3); * p < 0.05, compared with control; the indicated p values were obtained from the Student’s t-test. SHR: spontaneous hypertensive rat. Full article ">Figure 3
Concentration–vasorelaxation curves of thoracic aorta from SHRs after treatment with citric acid and lemon juice. Each plot represents the mean ± S.E. (n = 6); * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 vs. treatment with citric acid in the endothelium-intact aorta, ## p < 0.01 vs. treatment with lemon juice in the endothelium-intact aorta; the indicated p values were obtained from the Tukey-Kramer tests; SHR: spontaneous hypertensive rat. Full article ">Figure 4
Concentration–vasorelaxation curves of KCl-contracted thoracic aorta from SHRs by treatment with citric acid and lemon juice in endothelium-intact and endothelium-removed aortae. Each plot represents the mean ± S.E. (n = 6); SHR: spontaneous hypertensive rat, KCl: potassium chloride. Full article ">Figure 5
SBP trends (a) in SHRs after a single oral administration of AFR-lemon juice or pure water as control (control: n = 6, AFR-lemon juice: n = 4), and concentration–vasorelaxation curves (b) of endothelium-intact thoracic aorta from SHRs after treatment with AFR-lemon juice (n = 3). “AFR-lemon juice concentration (%)” in (b) mean the citric acid concentration when adding the same amount of lemon juice as the added AFR-lemon juice. Each plot represents the mean ± S.E.; AFR: acid-flavonoid-reduced; SBP: systolic blood pressure; SHR: spontaneous hypertensive rat. Full article ">

18 pages, 1192 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Efficacy of Boswellia serrata Extract and/or an Omega-3-Based Product for Improving Pain and Function in People Older Than 40 Years with Persistent Knee Pain: A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Clinical Trial

by Silvia Pérez-Piñero, Juan Carlos Muñoz-Carrillo, Desirée Victoria-Montesinos, Ana María García-Muñoz, Luis Andreu-Caravaca, Mario Gómez, Melanie Schölzel, Ana I. García-Guillén and Francisco Javier López-Román

Nutrients 2023, 15(17), 3848; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173848 - 3 Sep 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4886

Abstract

A single-center, randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial with four arms was conducted in healthy subjects with persistent knee discomfort (pain intensity on 1–10 cm visual analog scale (VAS) > 3) aged 40 years and older treated with a dietary supplement for 8 weeks. [...] Read more.

A single-center, randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial with four arms was conducted in healthy subjects with persistent knee discomfort (pain intensity on 1–10 cm visual analog scale (VAS) > 3) aged 40 years and older treated with a dietary supplement for 8 weeks. The study groups were Boswellia serrata extract (n = 29), an omega-3-based product (AvailOm^® 50 High EPA) (n = 31), Boswellia + AvailOm^® (n = 30), and placebo (n = 30). The intake of Boswellia + AvailOm^® improved the quality of life (QoL) (WOMAC index) and some variables of muscle strength. Statistically significant differences between the AvailOm^® and the placebo groups in the decrease of pain intensity were found. Weekly VAS scores showed a significant decrease in pain perception when comparing the AvailOm^® product to the placebo, with the lowest VAS scores at week 8. Consumption of Boswellia improved sleep latency. The time to perform the Up and Go test decreased after the intake of AvailOm^®. There was an increase in the omega-3 fatty acids, with the greatest increase in the Boswellia + AvailOm^® group. AvailOm^® was safe and effective in reducing pain and improving the QoL and functionality of subjects over 40 years with persistent knee pain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Supplements for Chronic Pain and Inflammatory Diseases)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 965 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Short-Term Acceptability of Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Foods in Two Provinces of Lao People’s Democratic Republic

by Iacopo Aiello, Sengchanh Kounnavong, Hari Vinathan, Khamseng Philavong, Chanthaly Luangphaxay, Somphone Soukhavong, Janneke Blomberg and Frank T. Wieringa

Nutrients 2023, 15(17), 3847; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173847 - 3 Sep 2023

Viewed by 1550

Abstract

Background: In Lao PDR, acute malnutrition remains a public health problem, with around 9% of children under 5 being affected. Outpatient treatment of severe acute malnutrition requires ready-to-use therapeutic foods (RUTFs), but concerns have been raised about the acceptability of globally available products. [...] Read more.

Background: In Lao PDR, acute malnutrition remains a public health problem, with around 9% of children under 5 being affected. Outpatient treatment of severe acute malnutrition requires ready-to-use therapeutic foods (RUTFs), but concerns have been raised about the acceptability of globally available products. Culturally acceptable RUTFs could be locally developed, but data are lacking on RUTF preferences in Lao PDR. Methods: In a crossover-designed study, four different RUTFs were tested for short-term acceptability and organoleptic qualities (two globally available: peanut-based, which is the current standard, and wheat–milk-based RUTFs; two regionally produced: a mung-bean-based and a fish–rice-based RUTF). Organoleptic properties were evaluated by 83 caretaker–child pair participants through a taste test and a 30 min consumption test. Short-term acceptability was assessed through a 3-day intake test. The study sites were in Phongsaly (North Laos) and Attapeu (South Laos). Focus group discussions were conducted at the beginning and the end of the study. Results: The mung bean RUTF was the favorite among caretakers, with an acceptability percentage of 96.2%, and scored better (p-value < 0.05) for all organoleptic variables than the other three RUTFs. Overall, 3 days after receiving take-home rations, the mean percentage of consumption was above 80% for all the RUTFs, with the mung bean product being the most consumed. Conclusions: The regionally produced mung bean RUTF was the most accepted, whereas the other regionally produced fish-based RUTF was the least accepted, showing the complexity of finding culturally acceptable solutions to fight malnutrition. For Lao PDR, a mung-bean-based RUTF seems the way forward, even if the current standard peanut-based RUTF appeared to be acceptable, albeit not the most preferred. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 1916 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Lactobacillaceae Probiotics on Colonic Microbiota and Metabolite Production in Cystic Fibrosis: A Comparative In Vitro Study

by Andrea Asensio-Grau, Joaquim Calvo-Lerma, Miguel Ferriz-Jordán, Jorge García-Hernández, Ana Heredia and Ana Andrés

Nutrients 2023, 15(17), 3846; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173846 - 3 Sep 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1687

Abstract

Cystic Fibrosis-related gut dysbiosis (CFRGD) has become a recognised complication in children with this condition, and current evidence remains insufficient to guide the selection of probiotic strains for supplementation treatments. The aim of this study was to characterise the effect of three probiotic [...] Read more.

Cystic Fibrosis-related gut dysbiosis (CFRGD) has become a recognised complication in children with this condition, and current evidence remains insufficient to guide the selection of probiotic strains for supplementation treatments. The aim of this study was to characterise the effect of three probiotic strains on CFRGD by means of a dynamic in vitro simulation of the colonic fermentation (SHIME^®). The configuration of the system included three bioreactors colonised with the faecal inoculum of a child with cystic fibrosis. For 20 days, each bioreactor was supplied daily with either Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103 TM), Limosilactobacillus reuteri (DSM 17938) or Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (DSM 22266). The baseline microbiota was characterised by a high abundance of Prevotella, Faecalibacterium and Acidaminococcus genera. After 20 days of supplementation, L. rhamnosus and L. plantarum reduced Prevotella significantly, and the three strains led to increased Faecalibacterium and Bifidobacterium and decreased Acidaminococcus, with some of these changes being maintained 10 days after ceasing supplementation. The metabolic activity remained unaltered in terms of short-chain fatty acids, but branched-chain fatty acids showed a significant decrease, especially with L. plantarum. Additionally, ammonia decreased at 20 days of supplementation, and lactate continuously increased with the three strains. The effects on colonic microbiota of L. rhamnosus, L. reuteri or L. plantarum were established, including increased beneficial bacteria, such as Faecalibacterium, and beneficial metabolites such as lactate; and on the other hand, a reduction in pathogenic genera, including Prevotella or Acidaminococcus and branched-chain fatty acids, overall supported their use as probiotics in the context of CFRGD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Prebiotics and Probiotics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
Relative abundance of bacteria at genera taxonomic level in the colonic environments supplemented with (a) L. rhamnosus, (b) L. reuteri and (c) L. plantarum at four time points of the experiment: baseline (B), 10 days of supplementation treatment (T10), 20 days of supplementation treatment (T20) and 10 days of post-treatment (PT). (d) statistically significant differences between study periods (lower case letters) and probiotic strains (capital letters). Full article ">Figure 2
Metabolic activity products of colonic microbiota over the study stages and treatments with L. rhamnosus, L. reuteri and L. plantarum. (a) lactate, (b) acetic acid (c) butyric acid, (d) ammonia, (e) propionic acid, (f) sum of branched chain fatty acids, BCFA, including isobutyric acid, IBA, and isovaleric acid, IVA. A–C letters refer to the homogenous groups obtained for different probiotic; a–b letters indicate the homogeneous groups in terms of experiment stage. Full article ">Figure 3
Statistically significant correlations (Pearson) between the relative abundance of bacterial genera and the concentration of metabolite products considering all the stages of the study. (a) Bifidobacterium vs. lactate. (b) Faecalibacterium vs. lactate. (c) Megasphaera vs. BCFAs. (d) Acidaminococcus vs. BCFAs. (e) Klebsiella vs. BCFAs. BCFAs, branched chain fatty acids. Full article ">

14 pages, 1915 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Taiwanese Consumer Dietary Preferences for Various Vinegar Condiments: Novel Dietary Patterns across Diverse Cultural Contexts

by Jung-Kuei Ker, Ching-Sung Lee, Yen-Cheng Chen and Ming-Chen Chiang

Nutrients 2023, 15(17), 3845; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173845 - 3 Sep 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1367

Abstract

The use of vinegar as a culinary seasoning in various global cuisines to enhance the taste characteristics and profiles of foods has been extensively documented in the culinary literature. Particularly notable is traditional Taiwanese-style thick soup, where the incorporation of vinegar plays a [...] Read more.

The use of vinegar as a culinary seasoning in various global cuisines to enhance the taste characteristics and profiles of foods has been extensively documented in the culinary literature. Particularly notable is traditional Taiwanese-style thick soup, where the incorporation of vinegar plays a fundamental role in imparting distinct flavors. In the context of this experimental investigation, the foundational base of Taiwanese-style thick soup serves as the platform for a meticulously planned sensory and dietary behavior evaluation. Our research methodology combines the use of survey questionnaires and experimental techniques, employing purposive sampling and snowball sampling methods to recruit participants. The central focus of this study is to understand consumers’ culinary preferences when presented with a choice between two contrasting types of vinegar—specifically, black vinegar and balsamic vinegar—as alternative gastronomic enhancements. This precise orchestration of data collection and systematic evaluation provides a perceptive window into participants’ culinary inclinations and food choices, resulting in a detailed and profound understanding of their taste preferences. The empirical findings stemming from this experimentation reveal notably significant differences in the sensory assessments among participants engaging in diverse culinary experiences. Notably, distinct variations are observed in terms of visual perceptions, olfactory distinctions, and overall sensory satisfaction. This study occupies a crucial position within existing research paradigms by strategically expanding the scope of sensory investigations within the realm of Taiwanese-style thick soup. This introduces an innovative aspect represented by the introduction of balsamic vinegar as a compelling alternative to the customary black vinegar. As a result, the emerging findings not only offer compelling insights into the nuanced food choice and taste preferences of consumers, but also open up new and innovative directions within the complex tapestry of Chinese gastronomy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Healthy Eating and Determinants of Food Choice)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 987 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Immunomodulatory Effect of Infectious Disease of a Breastfed Child on the Cellular Composition of Breast Milk

by Agata Tomaszewska, Alicja Jeleniewska, Klaudia Porębska, Katarzyna Królikowska, Agnieszka Rustecka, Agnieszka Lipińska-Opałka, Agata Będzichowska, Robert Zdanowski, Karolina Aleksandrowicz, Małgorzata Kloc and Bolesław Kalicki

Nutrients 2023, 15(17), 3844; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173844 - 3 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1820

Abstract

Recent studies suggest that the content of immune components in milk is influenced by the mother’s health and also by the infant she feeds. We aimed to evaluate the effect of a child’s respiratory tract infection on the cellular composition of breast milk [...] Read more.

Recent studies suggest that the content of immune components in milk is influenced by the mother’s health and also by the infant she feeds. We aimed to evaluate the effect of a child’s respiratory tract infection on the cellular composition of breast milk (neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, lymphocytes, and their subpopulations). Twenty-six breastfeeding mothers whose children were hospitalized for respiratory tract infections were enrolled in the study. The control group consisted of 23 mothers of healthy children. Regarding the children, baseline laboratory blood tests were performed, and nasal swabs were taken for the presence of RS virus. In the next step, milk samples were collected from the mothers to assess the cellular composition of the milk, including neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, lymphocytes, and their subpopulations. Significantly higher percentages of T lymphocytes (helper and cytotoxic lymphocytes) were observed in the milk of the studied mothers. There was a significantly higher percentage of milk lymphocytes in the group of affected children with confirmed RSV etiology than in children with excluded RSV etiology. A significant positive correlation was observed between the duration of infection and the percentage of milk NK cells and between milk CD19 lymphocytes and the child’s serum leukocytosis. This study may provide evidence of a link between cells in breast milk and disease in the breastfed infant. The severity of the infection, its duration, and the etiological agent of the infection may affect the cellular composition of milk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Nutrition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 619 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Flavanol-Rich Cacao Extract on the Profile of Mood State in Healthy Middle-Aged Japanese Women: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study

by Rika Murakami, Midori Natsume, Kentaro Ito, Shukuko Ebihara and Masakazu Terauchi

Nutrients 2023, 15(17), 3843; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173843 - 3 Sep 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2530

Abstract

To investigate the effects of flavanol-rich cacao extract on healthy middle-aged women’s fatigue and mood conditions, we conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in women aged 40–60 years who had reported fatigue and had shown high levels of a serum oxidative stress marker. [...] Read more.

To investigate the effects of flavanol-rich cacao extract on healthy middle-aged women’s fatigue and mood conditions, we conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in women aged 40–60 years who had reported fatigue and had shown high levels of a serum oxidative stress marker. We randomized the participants (n = 60) into equal groups receiving either a beverage containing cacao flavanols (240 mg/200 mL/day) or a placebo for 8 weeks. Before and after the 8-week treatment, we determined the participants’ Chalder fatigue scale (CFS) scores, various mood states, autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity levels, and their ANS balance. The results demonstrated that among the mood states, the indicators of negative mood (e.g., depression, fatigue, and anger) and the total mood disturbance score were significantly lower in the cacao group compared to the placebo group after the treatment (p < 0.05). The change in the index of positive mood (i.e., vigor) from baseline to 8 weeks was significantly higher in the cacao group versus the placebo group (p < 0.05). There were no significant between-group differences in the changes in the CFS score or ANS activity level. The consumption of flavanol-rich cacao extract both suppressed negative moods and promoted positive moods in healthy middle-aged women. These results suggest that cacao flavanols may be a useful food material that can improve variable mood conditions in middle-aged women and support their active lives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Interventions and Women’s Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

33 pages, 2782 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Infections and Autoimmunity—The Immune System and Vitamin D: A Systematic Review

by Sunil J. Wimalawansa

Nutrients 2023, 15(17), 3842; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173842 - 2 Sep 2023

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 7422

Abstract

Both 25-autoimmunity and(25(OH)D: calcifediol) and its active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)₂D: calcitriol), play critical roles in protecting humans from invasive pathogens, reducing risks of autoimmunity, and maintaining health. Conversely, low 25(OH)D status increases susceptibility to infections and developing autoimmunity. This systematic [...] Read more.

Both 25-autoimmunity and(25(OH)D: calcifediol) and its active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)₂D: calcitriol), play critical roles in protecting humans from invasive pathogens, reducing risks of autoimmunity, and maintaining health. Conversely, low 25(OH)D status increases susceptibility to infections and developing autoimmunity. This systematic review examines vitamin D’s mechanisms and effects on enhancing innate and acquired immunity against microbes and preventing autoimmunity. The study evaluated the quality of evidence regarding biology, physiology, and aspects of human health on vitamin D related to infections and autoimmunity in peer-reviewed journal articles published in English. The search and analyses followed PRISMA guidelines. Data strongly suggested that maintaining serum 25(OH)D concentrations of more than 50 ng/mL is associated with significant risk reduction from viral and bacterial infections, sepsis, and autoimmunity. Most adequately powered, well-designed, randomized controlled trials with sufficient duration supported substantial benefits of vitamin D. Virtually all studies that failed to conclude benefits or were ambiguous had major study design errors. Treatment of vitamin D deficiency costs less than 0.01% of the cost of investigation of worsening comorbidities associated with hypovitaminosis D. Despite cost-benefits, the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency remains high worldwide. This was clear among those who died from COVID-19 in 2020/21—most had severe vitamin D deficiency. Yet, the lack of direction from health agencies and insurance companies on using vitamin D as an adjunct therapy is astonishing. Data confirmed that keeping an individual’s serum 25(OH)D concentrations above 50 ng/mL (125 nmol/L) (and above 40 ng/mL in the population) reduces risks from community outbreaks, sepsis, and autoimmune disorders. Maintaining such concentrations in 97.5% of people is achievable through daily safe sun exposure (except in countries far from the equator during winter) or taking between 5000 and 8000 IU vitamin D supplements daily (average dose, for non-obese adults, ~70 to 90 IU/kg body weight). Those with gastrointestinal malabsorption, obesity, or on medications that increase the catabolism of vitamin D and a few other specific disorders require much higher intake. This systematic review evaluates non-classical actions of vitamin D, with particular emphasis on infection and autoimmunity related to the immune system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Immune Responses and Autoimmune Diseases)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
PRISMA flow chart. Selection path of reference to advances in knowledge of vitamin D with particular emphasis on infections, autoimmunity, and the immune system. Full article ">Figure 2
Relationships between vitamin D and a spectrum of non-skeletal diseases and disorders associated with vitamin D deficiency. The complicated relationships between beneficial 25(OH)D concentrations (sufficiency) and various organ systems in the body and diseases are depicted. Top panel (light green background)—vitamin D sufficiency: White ovals—mode of vitamin D generation/entry to the body. Yellow ovals—system dysfunction. Green ovals—endocrine functions of vitamin D (circulating 1,25(OH)2D: calcitriol) on calcium metabolism. Bottom panela (light yellow background)— vitamin D deficiency: Dark blue ovals—functional and pathophysiological relationships with tissues and organ systems. Light blue ovals—metabolic dysfunctions associated with hypovitaminosis D. Abbreviations: Ca++, calcium; FGF23, fibroblast growth factor-23; IR, insulin resistance; Mg++, magnesium; UV, ultraviolet rays. Arrows indicate increased (improved) or decreased incidence or severity (modified from Wimalawansa 2012 and 2016 [<a href="#B30-nutrients-15-03842" class="html-bibr">30</a>,<a href="#B31-nutrients-15-03842" class="html-bibr">31</a>]). Full article ">Figure 3
Major negative consequences are categorized into groups of chronic vitamin D deficiency. Full article ">Figure 4
Different diseases (and tissues) require different steady-state serum 25(OH)D concentrations to achieve improvement: the need for varied serum 25(OH)D concentrations to subdue various disease statuses is illustrated (modified from Wimalawansa, S.J. Steroid Biochemistry [<a href="#B31-nutrients-15-03842" class="html-bibr">31</a>]. Full article ">Figure 5
Illustration of the dose/25(OH)D concentrations achieved in the circulation vs. responses (clinical health benefits and potential risks). It also provides the basic pharmacodynamics of a typical nutrient, taking vitamin D as an example. When tissue sufficiency occurred, generally, there would not be additional benefits by raising the circulatory concentration by increasing the intake. However, there are exceptions in a small percentage; pharmacological doses are needed under medical guidance in less than 0.01% of the population to overcome resistance to achieve the desired clinical goals (indicated in the dashed blue line) [<a href="#B115-nutrients-15-03842" class="html-bibr">115</a>]. Full article ">

30 pages, 8240 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Non-Alcoholic Beverages and the Risk Related to Consumer Health among the Romanian Population

by Magdalena Mititelu, Carmen-Nicoleta Oancea, Sorinel Marius Neacșu, Gabriel Olteanu, Alexandru-Tiberiu Cîrțu, Lucian Hîncu, Theodora Claudia Gheonea, Tiberius Iustinian Stanciu, Ion Rogoveanu, Fallah Hashemi, Gabriela Stanciu, Corina-Bianca Ioniță-Mîndrican, Caunii Angelica, Nicoleta Măru, Sergiu Lupu and Carmen Elena Lupu

Nutrients 2023, 15(17), 3841; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173841 - 2 Sep 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2845

Abstract

The range of non-alcoholic drinks is very varied both from a compositional point of view and from a caloric and nutritional point of view. The excessive consumption of sweetened non-alcoholic beverages represents an important risk factor for health, especially when it is accompanied [...] Read more.

The range of non-alcoholic drinks is very varied both from a compositional point of view and from a caloric and nutritional point of view. The excessive consumption of sweetened non-alcoholic beverages represents an important risk factor for health, especially when it is accompanied by an unbalanced diet and a disordered lifestyle. In order to evaluate the consumption of non-alcoholic beverages correlated with the evaluation of the main lifestyle factors that can affect the state of health among Romanians, a cross-sectional observational study was carried out based on a questionnaire. The results of the study indicate that among the most consumed non-alcoholic drinks are coffee and sweetened carbonated and non-carbonated drinks, which are indicated as being responsible for the development of consumption addictions: 44% for coffee, 16.5% for sweetened or tonic carbonated drinks and 12% for sweetened non-carbonated drinks. Considering that the consumption of coffee is usually associated with sweeteners, there is a risk of excessive caffeine and caloric intake in a context where a lack of exercise predominates (59.98%) among respondents declaring that they do sports rarely or not at all, which can lead, in the long term, to the appearance of imbalances either of a psycho-emotional nature or of a metabolic nature. A significant link was found between sports activity and the environment in which they work (χ² = 51.33, p = 0.05). Respondents with a daily activity that involves movement (working outdoors, working on a construction site) are also those who usually do sports, while 60.67% of the respondents who work a lot in front of the computer declared that they do sports very rarely or not at all. Reducing the excessive consumption of sweetened drinks can be achieved through an appropriate consumption of water and fruits and by intensifying physical activity as a way of counterbalancing the excess caloric intake. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Physical Activity and Chronic Disease)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 460 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Nutritional Status and Frailty among Poor Elderly Individuals in Requena del Tapiche, Peru

by María Teresa Murillo-Llorente, Blanca Lafuente-Sarabia, Jennifer Samper de la Paz, Merita Flores-Púa, Manuel Tejeda-Adell, María Ester Legidos-García and Marcelino Perez-Bermejo

Nutrients 2023, 15(17), 3840; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173840 - 2 Sep 2023

Viewed by 1359

Abstract

Frailty is a biological syndrome that leads to a loss of physiological reserve, increasing susceptibility to adverse health events. In the Peruvian Amazon, the elderly live with hardly any economic resources, presenting a caloric deficit that is related to functional and cognitive deterioration. [...] Read more.

Frailty is a biological syndrome that leads to a loss of physiological reserve, increasing susceptibility to adverse health events. In the Peruvian Amazon, the elderly live with hardly any economic resources, presenting a caloric deficit that is related to functional and cognitive deterioration. Our objective was to identify the health needs of elderly people living in extreme poverty in Requena (Peru) by means of a geriatric assessment of the nutritional and functional spheres to design, in the future, a cooperation project appropriate to the needs detected. This is an observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional study. Sixty participants were included, and sociodemographic and functional status variables were analyzed using the MNA and Barthel scales and the Get Up and Go test. The mean age of the participants was 79 ± 6.67 (women 55% and men 45%), where 60% had frailty. A statistically significant relationship was found between the MNA scores and Barthel test. Eighty-five percent were malnourished or at risk and thirteen percent had total or moderate dependence. We conclude that the nutritional status of the elderly was deficient. The high degree of living alone in which they live forces them to maintain their independence and their walking stability is normal. The situation of frailty exceeds the national average, a situation that has repercussions for their quality of life. We found a statistically significant association between nutritional status, dependence, and frailty. The better-nourished elderly are less frail and less dependent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geriatric Nutrition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 1234 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of 12 Weeks of Vitamin D₃ Administration in Parkinson’s Patients with Deep Brain Stimulation on Kynurenine Pathway and Inflammatory Status

by Zofia Kinga Bytowska, Daria Korewo-Labelle, Konrad Kowalski, Witold Libionka, Katarzyna Przewłócka, Wojciech Kloc and Jan Jacek Kaczor

Nutrients 2023, 15(17), 3839; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173839 - 2 Sep 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1907

Abstract

The current study aimed to investigate whether a 12-week Body Mass Index (BMI)-based (the higher the BMI, the higher the dosage) vitamin D₃ administration may affect both the kynurenine pathway (KP) and the inflammatory state in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients with deep [...] Read more.

The current study aimed to investigate whether a 12-week Body Mass Index (BMI)-based (the higher the BMI, the higher the dosage) vitamin D₃ administration may affect both the kynurenine pathway (KP) and the inflammatory state in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients with deep brain stimulation (DBS) and may be useful for developing novel therapeutic targets against PD. Patients were randomly assigned to two groups: supplemented with vitamin D₃ (VitD, n = 15) and treated with vegetable oil (PL, n = 21). Administration lasted for 12 weeks. The isotope dilution method by LC-MS/MS was applied to measure KP and vitamin D metabolites. Serum concentrations of cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α were measured using ELISA kits. After administration, the serum concentration of TNF-α decreased in PD patients with DBS. Moreover, in KP: 3-hydroksykynurenine (3-HK) was increased in the PL group, picolinic acid was decreased in the PL group, and kynurenic acid tended to be higher after administration. Furthermore, a negative correlation between 3-HK and 25(OH)D₃ and 24,25(OH)₂D₃ was noticed. Our preliminary results provide further evidence regarding a key link between the KP substances, inflammation status, and metabolites of vitamin D in PD patients with DBS. These findings may reflect the neuroprotective abilities of vitamin D₃ in PD patients with DBS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Nutrition in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
Flow diagram of the study. Full article ">Figure 2
The impact of vitamin D3 administration on kynurenine pathway metabolites. (a) Changes in serum concentration of KYN. (b) Changes in serum concentration of KYNA. (c) Changes in serum concentration of 3-HK. (d) Changes in serum concentration of XANA. (e) Changes in serum concentration of PA. * p < 0.0006, *** p < 0.05, T0—before the research, T1—after 12 weeks of administration, VitD—vitamin D group, PL—placebo group, KYN—kynurenine, KYNA—kynurenic acid, 3-HK—3-hydroksykynurenine, XANA—xanthurenic acid, PA—picolinic acid, whiskers refer to standard error (SE). Full article ">Figure 3
Correlations among (a) 25(OH)D3 and 3-HK; (b) 24,25(OH)2D3 and 3-HK, and (c) TNF-α and 3-HK. (a) Spearman r = −0.2421, p < 0.05, 95% confidence interval: −0.45 to −0.004; (b) Spearman r = −0.26, p < 0.05, 95% confidence interval: −0.47 to −0.03, (c) Spearman r = 0.2530, p < 0.05, 95% confidence interval: 0.01571 to 0.4633. KYNA—kynurenic acid, 3-HK—3-hydroksykynurenine, TNF-α—tumour necrosis factor-alpha. Full article ">Figure 4
The effect of supplementation on Δ in KYNA, 3-HK, and PA between VitD and PL group. (a) Difference of Δ in KYNA. (b) Difference of Δ in 3-HK. (c) Difference of Δ in PA. ** p < 0.005, *** p < 0.05, Δ—delta, VitD—vitamin D group, PL—placebo group, KYNA—kynurenic acid, 3-HK—3-hydroksykynurenine, PA—picolinic acid, whiskers refer to standard error (SE). Full article ">Figure 5
The impact of vitamin D3 administration on inflammation markers. (a) Changes in serum concentration of IL-6. (b) Changes in serum concentration of TNF-α. ** p < 0.005, *** p < 0.05, T0—before the research, T1—after 12 weeks of administration, VitD—vitamin D group, PL—placebo group, IL-6—interleukin 6, TNF-α—tumour necrosis factor-alpha, whiskers refer to standard error (SE). Full article ">

9 pages, 268 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Can Be Used to Assess Sarcopenia in Children with Newly Diagnosed Crohn’s Disease

by Paola Blagec, Sila Sara, Ana Tripalo Batoš, Ivana Trivić Mažuranić, Ana Močić Pavić, Zrinjka Mišak and Iva Hojsak

Nutrients 2023, 15(17), 3838; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173838 - 2 Sep 2023

Viewed by 1136

Abstract

Background: This study aimed to determine the proportion of patients with sarcopenia diagnosed by MRI and compare these results to bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Methods: Children with newly diagnosed Crohn’s disease (CD) who had MRI enterography (MRE) and BIA and had at least [...] Read more.

Background: This study aimed to determine the proportion of patients with sarcopenia diagnosed by MRI and compare these results to bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Methods: Children with newly diagnosed Crohn’s disease (CD) who had MRI enterography (MRE) and BIA and had at least 12 months of follow-up were included. Total psoas muscle area (TPMA) and total paravertebral muscle (TPVM) were measured and compared to subjects’ lean mass and the lean mass body index (LMBI) was assessed by BIA. Results: 30 newly diagnosed children with CD were included (mean age 14.2 years, 53% male). Sarcopenia was found in 13 (43%) children; mean TPMA was 15.2 (1.1 SD) cm² and TPVM 30.95 (1.7 SD) cm². A highly positive correlation was shown for lean mass assessed by BIA and TPMA (0.706, p < 0.001) and TPVM (0.75, p < 0.001). Sarcopenia was more prevalent in boys (77% vs. 24%, p = 0.004), patients with the perianal disease (69% vs. 29%, p = 0.03), and children with sarcopenia were likely to receive anti-TNF (77% vs. 41%, p = 0.05). During the follow-up period, 16 (53%) children experienced a relapse. TPMA (HR 0.99, p = 0.018) and TPVM (HR 0.99, p = 0.031) values were statistically significant risk factors for relapse. Conclusion: A high proportion of patients with CD have sarcopenia at the time of the diagnosis. There is a good correlation between muscle mass assessed by MRI and BIA. Because MRI is performed in a great proportion of newly diagnosed CD patients it can also be used to assess the presence of sarcopenia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Management for Crohn's Disease)

15 pages, 2336 KiB

Open AccessReview

Consumer Interaction with Sustainability Labelling on Food Products: A Narrative Literature Review

by Brian Cook, João Costa Leite, Mike Rayner, Sandro Stoffel, Elaine van Rijn and Jan Wollgast

Nutrients 2023, 15(17), 3837; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173837 - 2 Sep 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5517

Abstract

Sustainability labelling on food products can help consumers make informed purchasing decisions and support the urgent transition to sustainable food systems. While there is a relatively robust body of evidence on health and nutrition labelling, less is known about the effectiveness of sustainability [...] Read more.

Sustainability labelling on food products can help consumers make informed purchasing decisions and support the urgent transition to sustainable food systems. While there is a relatively robust body of evidence on health and nutrition labelling, less is known about the effectiveness of sustainability labelling in facilitating sustainable food choices. This paper investigates the impact of sustainability labelling on consumer understanding, attitudes, and behaviour to support a more nuanced, detailed, and holistic understanding of the evidence. Using a narrative literature review methodology, the paper assesses studies covering environmental, social, and/or animal welfare aspects of sustainability labelling on food products. We found that consumer understanding of sustainability information is often limited, which could hinder behaviour change. While sustainability labelling can influence consumer attitudes and purchasing behaviours, evidence from real consumer settings tends to show small effect sizes. Consumers are generally willing to pay more for sustainability-labelled products, and organic labelling often leads to the highest reported willingness to pay. The review emphasises the importance of trust, suggesting a preference for labelling backed by governments or public authorities. Sustainability labelling that uses intuitively understandable cues has an increased impact, with visual aids such as traffic light colours showing promise. We conclude that further research is needed in real-world settings, using representative populations and exploring the influence of demographic factors, values, and attitudes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Policies and Education for Health Promotion)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 1311 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adaptation and Validation of the Child Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (ChEDE-Q) for Use in English among Adolescents in Urban India

by Latika Ahuja, Phillippa C. Diedrichs, Kirsty M. Garbett, Anshula Chaudhry, Farheen Hasan, Nora Uglik-Marucha, Silia Vitoratou, Megha Dhillon, Hemal Shroff and Helena Lewis-Smith

Nutrients 2023, 15(17), 3836; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173836 - 2 Sep 2023

Viewed by 1680

Abstract

Eating pathology is increasingly common among Indian adolescents. However, brief validated measures of disordered eating in Indian contexts are scarce. This study adapted and validated a culturally appropriate English language version of the Child Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (ChEDE-Q) among 385 adolescents (mean [...] Read more.

Eating pathology is increasingly common among Indian adolescents. However, brief validated measures of disordered eating in Indian contexts are scarce. This study adapted and validated a culturally appropriate English language version of the Child Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (ChEDE-Q) among 385 adolescents (mean age = 13.42 years; 47.3% girls) in urban India. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that a two-factor eight-item solution had an acceptable fit to the data across gender: an ‘Eating Concerns and Restraint’ subscale and a ‘Weight and Shape Concerns’ subscale. Further, the questionnaire can be utilised as both a unidimensional and multidimensional tool. This allows for the computation of a total score on the primary factor of ‘Child Eating Pathology’, as well as the two subscales. Internal consistency of the ‘Weight and Shape Concerns’ subscale (α = 0.825) and ‘Eating Concerns and Restraint’ subscale (α = 0.649) was satisfactory. Concurrent validity was established through medium significant correlations with measures of body image and broader mental health. The results support the use of the ChEDE-Q for assessing disordered eating among urban Indian adolescents, thus providing the research community and practitioners with a measure to investigate the nature and scale of disordered eating among adolescents in India. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Obesity)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 5617 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Nutritional Content of Meal Images in Free-Living Conditions—Automatic Assessment with goFOOD^TM

by Ioannis Papathanail, Lubnaa Abdur Rahman, Lorenzo Brigato, Natalie S. Bez, Maria F. Vasiloglou, Klazine van der Horst and Stavroula Mougiakakou

Nutrients 2023, 15(17), 3835; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173835 - 2 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2359

Abstract

A healthy diet can help to prevent or manage many important conditions and diseases, particularly obesity, malnutrition, and diabetes. Recent advancements in artificial intelligence and smartphone technologies have enabled applications to conduct automatic nutritional assessment from meal images, providing a convenient, efficient, and [...] Read more.

A healthy diet can help to prevent or manage many important conditions and diseases, particularly obesity, malnutrition, and diabetes. Recent advancements in artificial intelligence and smartphone technologies have enabled applications to conduct automatic nutritional assessment from meal images, providing a convenient, efficient, and accurate method for continuous diet evaluation. We now extend the goFOOD^TM automatic system to perform food segmentation, recognition, volume, as well as calorie and macro-nutrient estimation from single images that are captured by a smartphone. In order to assess our system’s performance, we conducted a feasibility study with 50 participants from Switzerland. We recorded their meals for one day and then dietitians carried out a 24 h recall. We retrospectively analysed the collected images to assess the nutritional content of the meals. By comparing our results with the dietitians’ estimations, we demonstrated that the newly introduced system has comparable energy and macronutrient estimation performance with the previous method; however, it only requires a single image instead of two. The system can be applied in a real-life scenarios, and it can be easily used to assess dietary intake. This system could help individuals gain a better understanding of their dietary consumption. Additionally, it could serve as a valuable resource for dietitians, and could contribute to nutritional research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mobile Health and Nutrition (2nd Edition))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 1060 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Changes in Body Mass Index and Their Associations with Psychological Distress, Worries, and Emotional Eating during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Norwegian Cohort Study

by Elaheh Javadi Arjmand, Jens Christoffer Skogen, Jørn Henrik Vold, Silvia Eiken Alpers, Erik Kristoffer Arnesen, Silje Mæland and Lars Thore Fadnes

Nutrients 2023, 15(17), 3834; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173834 - 2 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2608

Abstract

In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted obesity’s long-term rise. Some of the impacts of the pandemic were increased psychological distress, emotional eating, higher consumption of high-sugar foods and drinks, and a more sedentary lifestyle. This study examined BMI changes over time and their [...] Read more.

In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted obesity’s long-term rise. Some of the impacts of the pandemic were increased psychological distress, emotional eating, higher consumption of high-sugar foods and drinks, and a more sedentary lifestyle. This study examined BMI changes over time and their associations with psychological distress and lifestyle changes. This population-based cohort study had 24,968 baseline participants and 15,904 and 9442 one- and two-year follow-ups, respectively. Weight, height, psychological distress, high-sugar foods and drinks, physical activity, and emotional eating were assessed. These factors and BMI were examined at baseline and over time. We used mediation analyses and structural equation modeling to determine how psychological distress affects BMI. The mean BMI was 25.7 kg/m² at baseline and 26.2 kg/m² at two years. High psychological distress, daily emotional eating, and low physical activity were associated with higher BMI at baseline and higher yearly increases in BMI compared to reference levels. Emotional eating mediated 33% of the psychological distress BMI effect. Overall, BMI increased during the pandemic. Psychological distress during the pandemic was linked to weight gain partly through emotional eating. This association remained strong over time during different stages of the pandemic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Obesity)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 319 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cost of Acute Malnutrition Treatment Using a Simplified or Standard Protocol in Diffa, Niger

by Bernardette Cichon, Noemi Lopez Ejeda, Pilar Charle Cuellar, Issa Ango Hamissou, Ali Amadou Abdoul Karim, Cornelia Aton, Atté Sanoussi, Nassirou Ousmane, Ramatoulaye Hamidou Lazoumar, Abdoul Aziz Ousmane Gado, Zakou Yassi Harouna and Saul Guerrero Oteyza

Nutrients 2023, 15(17), 3833; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173833 - 1 Sep 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1585

Abstract

Evidence on the cost of acute malnutrition treatment, particularly with regards to simplified approaches, is limited. The objective of this study was to determine the cost of acute malnutrition treatment and how it is influenced by treatment protocol and programme size. We conducted [...] Read more.

Evidence on the cost of acute malnutrition treatment, particularly with regards to simplified approaches, is limited. The objective of this study was to determine the cost of acute malnutrition treatment and how it is influenced by treatment protocol and programme size. We conducted a costing study in Kabléwa and N’Guigmi, Diffa region, where children with acute malnutrition aged 6–59 months were treated either with a standard or simplified protocol, respectively. Cost data were collected from accountancy records and through key informant interviews. Programme data were extracted from health centre records. In Kabléwa, where 355 children were treated, the cost per child treated was USD 187.3 (95% CI: USD 171.4; USD 203.2). In N’Guigmi, where 889 children were treated, the cost per child treated was USD 110.2 (95% CI: USD 100.0; USD 120.3). Treatment of moderate acute malnutrition was cheaper than treatment of severe acute malnutrition. In a modelled scenario sensitivity analysis with an equal number of children in both areas, the difference in costs between the two locations was reduced from USD 77 to USD 11. Our study highlighted the significant impact of programme size and coverage on treatment costs, that cost can differ significantly between neighbouring locations, and that it can be reduced by using a simplified protocol. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

19 pages, 1800 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Health Behaviours, Attitudes and Beliefs of Women and Men during the Preconception and Interconception Periods: A Cross-Sectional Study of Adults on the Island of Ireland

by Emma H. Cassinelli, Abby McClure, Ben Cairns, Sally Griffin, Janette Walton, Michelle C. McKinley, Jayne V. Woodside and Laura McGowan

Nutrients 2023, 15(17), 3832; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173832 - 1 Sep 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1585

Abstract

Preconception health is increasingly seen as a key target for improving population health in the UK and Ireland, yet little is known about the attitudes and beliefs of adults regarding preconception care strategies. This online cross-sectional survey aimed to explore the health behaviours, [...] Read more.

Preconception health is increasingly seen as a key target for improving population health in the UK and Ireland, yet little is known about the attitudes and beliefs of adults regarding preconception care strategies. This online cross-sectional survey aimed to explore the health behaviours, attitudes and beliefs of adults of reproductive age in regard to preconception health and care. The survey was developed by reviewing the previous literature and engaging with those from the target group. It is one of the first surveys to assess the attitudes and beliefs of adults of reproductive age across the Island of Ireland regarding preconception health and care. Results from 386 individuals with a mean age of 29.9 ± 10.3 years were included. A variety of health behaviours, attitudes and beliefs were investigated, with differences being identified between women and men and between participants with or without children (i.e., in the preconception or interconception stage). The majority of respondents held beliefs that preconception care was important, but there was greater emphasis on women than men in terms of the need to engage in health-promoting preconception health behaviours. This study highlights the need to improve preconception health awareness in women and men in the preconception and interconception stage. Findings indicate that efforts to improve preparation for pregnancy among adults of childbearing age are needed, to ensure optimal engagement in preconception health behaviours, with efforts being tailored based on sex and parental status. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Maternal and Paternal Nutrition and Health across the Preconception Stages)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 2185 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index Is an Optimal Evaluation Parameter for Predicting Mortality in Adult All Ages Hemodialysis Patients: A Korean Population-Based Study

by Do Hyoung Kim, Young-Ki Lee, Hayne Cho Park, Bo Yeon Kim, Miri Lee, Gui Ok Kim, Jinseog Kim and Ajin Cho

Nutrients 2023, 15(17), 3831; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173831 - 1 Sep 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1118

Abstract

The Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI) is a nutritional screening tool used for predicting mortality in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD). This study investigated the cutoff values for the GNRI for predicting mortality in HD patients using Korean HD quality assessment data from 2015. [...] Read more.

The Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI) is a nutritional screening tool used for predicting mortality in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD). This study investigated the cutoff values for the GNRI for predicting mortality in HD patients using Korean HD quality assessment data from 2015. To identify the optimal GNRI cutoff value, we used Harrell’s C-index with multivariate Cox regression models. The highest value of C-index was identified as the cutoff value of GNRI for all-cause mortality in this population. In total, 34,933 patients were included; 90.8 of GNRI was the highest value of C-index, and it was used as a cutoff value to predict mortality; 3311 patients (9.5%) had GNRI values < 90.8, and there were 12,499 deaths during the study period. The mean follow-up period was 53.7 months. The crude mortality rates in patients with GNRI values < 90.8 and ≥ 90.8 were 160.4/1000 and 73.2/1000 person-years respectively. In the fully adjusted Cox model, patients with a GNRI < 90.8 had a 1.78 times higher risk of mortality than those with a GNRI ≥ 90.8. These findings suggest that the optimal GNRI cutoff value is 90.8 for predicting mortality in maintenance HD patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Nutrients, Volume 15, Issue 17 (September-1 2023) – 193 articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI