[go: up one dir, main page]
Next Issue
Volume 16, January-1
Previous Issue
Volume 15, December-1
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
6.8
3.3
Journals
Sustainability
Volume 15
Issue 24
sustainability-logo

Journal Menu

► Journal Menu

Journal Browser

► Journal Browser
share announcement

Sustainability, Volume 15, Issue 24 (December-2 2023) – 415 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): The SDGs have made a significant contribution to the sustainability movement. However, have they changed the previous trend of sustainability challenges? This article aims to answer this question by statistically comparing the trends in the sustainability performance of the SDGs before and after they were launched in 2015. Data were collected for every SDG, and their trends were quantitatively assessed. It was found that most of the SDGs have not significantly improved and that most of the sustainability indicators are still performing poorly in developing countries. While this research is exploratory, it suggests that the SDGs have not significantly changed sustainability trends since they were launched in 2015. This article should serve as a wake-up call to design more suitable sustainability frameworks as the SDGs expire in 2030. View this paper
  • Issues are regarded as officially published after their release is announced to the table of contents alert mailing list.
  • You may sign up for e-mail alerts to receive table of contents of newly released issues.
  • PDF is the official format for papers published in both, html and pdf forms. To view the papers in pdf format, click on the "PDF Full-text" link, and use the free Adobe Reader to open them.
Order results
Result details
Section
Show export options expand_more Show export options expand_less
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:
24 pages, 18437 KiB  
Article
Exploring the Resilience of Public Transport Trips in the Face of Urban Violence from a Gender Perspective
by Marcus Cardoso, Tálita Santos, Luiza Gagno Azolin Tessarolo, Vicente Aprigliano, Antônio Nélson Rodrigues da Silva and Marcelino Aurélio Vieira da Silva
Sustainability 2023, 15(24), 16960; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416960 - 18 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1604
Abstract
Public transport systems that ensure safe and efficient mobility are essential to promote sustainability in cities. However, public transport is susceptible to violence. Additionally, men and women have distinct perceptions of security, which can lead to different reactions in the face of danger. [...] Read more.
Public transport systems that ensure safe and efficient mobility are essential to promote sustainability in cities. However, public transport is susceptible to violence. Additionally, men and women have distinct perceptions of security, which can lead to different reactions in the face of danger. Therefore, considering this situation from a gender perspective, the goal of this study is to assess the levels of resilience in trips made by public transport users when exposed to violence. Data were collected from 763 individuals (women: 60.8%; men: 39.2%) within the academic community of a university campus in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, through an online questionnaire. The information obtained included the participants’ socioeconomic details, security perceptions, and changes in travel patterns due to security concerns. The results of the Cronbach’s alpha test (0.842) indicated a good internal consistency within the data. Chi-squared tests of independence were applied, and calculations for effect size measures were conducted to evaluate the possible association between gender and other variables. Regarding the level of resilience of the trips made, evidence was found that the perception of safety and the behavior of public transport users are influenced by their gender. Regarding the gender of the respondents, an association was found with the resilience levels of trips. Furthermore, it was found that women are more vulnerable to violence in public transport than men, with risks of feeling unsafe during walks to or from stations and on buses being 1.1 and 1.5 times higher, respectively. Additionally, it was observed that the behavior of public transport users is significantly influenced by past victimization experiences, prompting measures for greater protection to be sought. The results of this study allow for a better understanding of how men and women feel exposed to violence when using public transport and can contribute to the creation of public policies to promote safety. Additionally, they can assist security authorities in directing and concentrating police efforts more effectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Strategies for Resilience)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Flowchart showing the steps of the methodology employed.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>City of Rio de Janeiro, conventional bus and BRT network, and Cidade Universitária neighborhood.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Historical series of criminal incidents recorded on public transport by bus (city of Rio de Janeiro and Cidade Universitária neighborhood).</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Proposed procedure for classifying the level of resilience of trips.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Flowchart showing the steps of the methodology employed in the area and with the selected population. The red boxes in steps 1, 2, and 3 indicate, respectively, the population and area, public transport system, and threat assessed in the study.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Violence reported by public transport users.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Distribution of the total and gender-specific trips according to the resilience level.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Distribution of gender-specific trips according to the resilience level. (<b>a</b>) Public transport users who have not suffered any type of violence on their trips; (<b>b</b>) public transport users who have suffered any type of violence on their trips.</p> Full article ">
18 pages, 2450 KiB  
Article
Deformation Characteristics of Combined Heavy Metals-Contaminated Soil Treated with nZVI through the Modified Slurry Consolidation Method
by Chen Fan, Yongzhan Chen, Qinxi Dong, Jing Wei and Meng Zou
Sustainability 2023, 15(24), 16959; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416959 - 18 Dec 2023
Viewed by 988
Abstract
Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) has been widely applied to remediate heavy metal-contaminated soils and water. Its in situ treatment of combined heavy metal contaminated soil, followed by backfilling or other sustainable reutilizations, attracted attention to the treated soil’s deformation characteristics. In this study, [...] Read more.
Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) has been widely applied to remediate heavy metal-contaminated soils and water. Its in situ treatment of combined heavy metal contaminated soil, followed by backfilling or other sustainable reutilizations, attracted attention to the treated soil’s deformation characteristics. In this study, soil samples were prepared using the modified slurry consolidation method to simulate the natural settling of backfilled soil and optimize the reactivity between nZVI and contaminants in soil. The deformation characteristics of natural soil, contaminated soil, and soil treated with varying dosages of nZVI (0.2%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 5%) were investigated. Moreover, the plasticity indexes and particle-size distribution of the samples were examined through Atterberg limits and laser-diffraction particle-size analysis. After a 4 d slurry consolidation process, a typical result indicated the immobilization efficiency of all three heavy metal ions achieved over 90% with 2% nZVI. The presence of three heavy metal ions decreased the Atterberg limits and increased the compression index, permeability, and consolidation coefficient of the soil. Conversely, the introduction of nZVI increased plasticity and resulted in higher permeability, stable secondary consolidation, and less swell. Microscopically, with an increase in the dosage of nZVI, the soil aggregates transformed from a weak chemical bond with insoluble precipitates/iron oxides to larger aggregates consisting of nZVI/-soil aggregates, thereby enhancing the soil skeleton. This study shows improved permeability and deformation characteristics in nZVI-treated combined heavy metal-contaminated soil, offering valuable insights for practical nanomaterials’ in-situ treatment in engineering applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Environmental Geology and Engineering)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>XRD analysis of experimental sediment soil.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Immobilization efficiency of heavy metals in soil with various dosages of nZVI and its dominant mechanisms.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Variations in (<b>a</b>) void ratio versus vertical stress curves of samples under different treatments and (<b>b</b>) variations in <span class="html-italic">C<sub>c</sub></span> and <span class="html-italic">C<sub>s</sub></span> with different nZVI dosages.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Vertical-strain variation with log scale of time of the samples: (<b>a</b>) CS, (<b>b</b>) 0.2 CTS, (<b>c</b>) 0.5 CTS (<b>d</b>) 1 CTS, (<b>e</b>) 2 CTS, and (<b>f</b>) 5 CTS.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>The creep coefficient, consolidation coefficient, and permeability of samples under various consolidation loads: (<b>a</b>) <span class="html-italic">C<sub>α</sub></span> and <span class="html-italic">C<sub>v</sub></span>, (<b>b</b>) <span class="html-italic">C<sub>α</sub></span>/<span class="html-italic">C<sub>v</sub></span>, and permeability.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Plasticity—Atterberg limits of each sample.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Particle-size distribution of samples after the slurry consolidation process.</p> Full article ">
18 pages, 1966 KiB  
Article
Creating Strategies to Mitigate the Adverse Effects of Overtourism in Rural Destinations: Experience from the Czech Republic
by Emil Drápela
Sustainability 2023, 15(24), 16958; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416958 - 18 Dec 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3473
Abstract
Overtourism is appearing more and more often in large world-famous cities and in many rural regions, where the infrastructure capacity is insufficient for large numbers of visitors. In rural communities, this creates resistance to tourism, traffic congestion, or damage to nature. Therefore, destinations [...] Read more.
Overtourism is appearing more and more often in large world-famous cities and in many rural regions, where the infrastructure capacity is insufficient for large numbers of visitors. In rural communities, this creates resistance to tourism, traffic congestion, or damage to nature. Therefore, destinations experiencing tourism growth must have a strategy to prevent and limit the harmful effects of overtourism. The article presents a methodology that first identifies manifestations of overtourism in a destination and then uses a standardized procedure to evaluate the usability of different types of strategies in a selected destination. This procedure should lead to the creation of a comprehensive plan guaranteeing the sustainable development of tourism in the destination. The use of the methodology is explained at 12 rural locations in the Czech Republic, which were selected concerning the diversity of manifestations of overtourism. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Rural Policy, Governance and Sustainable Rural Development)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Location of the analyzed sites on the map of the Czech Republic. Source: own work, map data from Esri.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Photos of selected analyzed sites: (<b>A</b>) Brtníky Icefalls–Velký Sloup Icefall, (<b>B</b>) Český Krumlov, (<b>C</b>) Kost Castle. Photos by author.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Photos of selected analyzed sites: (<b>A</b>) Kutná Hora, (<b>B</b>) Lednice-Valtice area–Lednice Chateau, (<b>C</b>) Prachov Rocks, (<b>D</b>) Pravčická Gate–state before the forest fire in 2022. Photos by author.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Diagram of the evaluation process of individual toolkit methods for the selected destination.</p> Full article ">
21 pages, 2257 KiB  
Article
Using Mixed Methods to Identify Evaluation Indicators for Green Railway Transportation Operations in China
by Weiya Chen, Yongzhuo Yu, Xiaoping Fang, Ziyue Yuan and Shiying Tong
Sustainability 2023, 15(24), 16957; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416957 - 18 Dec 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1106
Abstract
The transition of China’s railways from aggressive expansion to sustainable development has sparked widespread discussions on green railways. Previous studies have primarily focused on the fundamental aspects of green rail design and construction. However, the green operation phase, one of the most critical [...] Read more.
The transition of China’s railways from aggressive expansion to sustainable development has sparked widespread discussions on green railways. Previous studies have primarily focused on the fundamental aspects of green rail design and construction. However, the green operation phase, one of the most critical stages in the entire lifecycle of railways, has been overlooked. This study used a mixed-method approach, combining systematic review and qualitative analysis, to identify significant environmental, economic, and social evaluation indicators for green railway transportation operations. Through an examination of 123 articles and interviews with four professors in academia, two Planning and Design Institute technicians, one government staff, and one railway practitioner, this study identified 17 key indicators associated with green operations in railways. The results showed that previous studies in the environmental aspect primarily focused on noise pollution, water pollution, solid waste, ecological conservation, and the use of construction materials. In the social part, the main concern is social equality. Green railway operations have the potential to impact social equity through the movement of people and goods, which makes accessibility a preferable evaluation measure. Regarding economic indicators, the influencing factors are more complex (such as regional GDP per capita), making it difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of green railway operations directly. We suggest the inclusion of more economic-related indicators that directly correlate with green operations in railways. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Operational mileage of passenger transportation in railways from 2004 to 2022 in China.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>The conceptual framework of green operation in railways.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>(<b>a</b>) Flow of systematic review; (<b>b</b>) flow of qualitative study.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Results of screening articles.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>A three-step indicator preprocessing procedure.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Theoretical model of green railway operation.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Frequency of final indicators.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>The result of the systematic review and qualitative study.</p> Full article ">
16 pages, 2233 KiB  
Article
Coagulation Enhanced with Adsorption and Ozonation Processes in Surface Water Treatment
by Beata Karwowska and Elżbieta Sperczyńska
Sustainability 2023, 15(24), 16956; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416956 - 18 Dec 2023
Viewed by 987
Abstract
The requirements for water intended for domestic and economic purposes prompt the search for new solutions in surface water treatment technologies. In this study, the enhancement of coagulation processes by connections with adsorption and/or ozonation for surface water treatment was studied. The possibility [...] Read more.
The requirements for water intended for domestic and economic purposes prompt the search for new solutions in surface water treatment technologies. In this study, the enhancement of coagulation processes by connections with adsorption and/or ozonation for surface water treatment was studied. The possibility of a reduction in natural organic matter (NOM) content in modified surface water was analysed regarding changes in colour, turbidity, oxidisability (OXI), total and dissolved organic carbon (TOC, DOC) and absorbance at 254 nm (UV254). Additionally, the changes in copper and zinc ion content during the modified surface water treatments studied were analysed for initial metal concentrations of 0.5 or 1.0 mg/L. Studies of modified surface water were carried out with doses of medium-basicity PAX coagulant (C2) 5 mg/L and PAC 100 mg/L. During the coagulation process, the colour decreased by 86–90%, turbidity by 85–90%, OXI by 65–77%, TOC by 65–76% and UV254 absorbance by 73–84%. The enhancement of coagulation with adsorption and/or ozonation resulted in an increased efficiency of colour and turbidity removal by 2 and 4%, respectively. The highest increase in efficiencies of OXI, TOC, DOC and UV254 removal, by 12, 12, 11 and 11%, was observed for the connection of ozonation with coagulation and adsorption. The efficiency of metal ion removal from modified water observed for the single coagulation process was 58 and 55% for copper and 46 and 43% for zinc, respectively, for initial concentrations of 0.5 and 1.0 mg/L. The intensification of coagulation with ozonation and adsorption resulted in metal removal on the level of 66 and 62% for copper and 62 and 54% for zinc. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Scheme of the fourth stage of studies. C—coagulation; A—adsorption; C + A—coagulation + adsorption; O + C—ozonation + coagulation; O + C + A—ozonation + coagulation + adsorption.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Efficiency of removal of quality indicators from surface water in coagulation with various coagulants (ALS, C1, C2, C3) and various doses (2.0 mg/L, 3.0 mgL, 4.0 mg/L, 5.0 mg/L expressed as Al). UV<sub>254</sub>—absorbance at a wavelength of 254 nm; OXI—oxidisability; TOC—total organic carbon; DOC—dissolved organic carbon.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Efficiency of Zn<sup>2+</sup> ion removal during PAC adsorption process: (<b>a</b>) C<sub>0</sub> = 0.5 mg/L; (<b>b</b>) C<sub>0</sub> = 1.0 mg/L. PAC dose: 25, 50 and 100 mg/L.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Efficiency of Cu<sup>2+</sup> ion removal during PAC adsorption process: (<b>a</b>) C<sub>0</sub> = 0.5 mg/L; (<b>b</b>) C<sub>0</sub> = 1.0 mg/L. PAC dose: 25, 50 and 100 mg/L.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Increases in selected removal efficiency parameters compared to reductions in their contents after coagulation process. C + A—coagulation + adsorption; O + C—ozonation + coagulation; O + C + A—ozonation + coagulation + adsorption.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Efficiency of zinc (Zn<sup>2+</sup>) and copper (Cu<sup>2+</sup>) ion removal from the modified surface water subjected to the coagulation (C), adsorption (A), coagulation and adsorption (C + A), ozonation and coagulation (O + C) and ozonation with coagulation and adsorption (O + C + A). PAC dose: 50 mg/L; initial concentrations of heavy metal ions: 0.5 mg/L and 1.0 mg/L.</p> Full article ">
20 pages, 7287 KiB  
Article
Location of Mountain Photovoltaic Power Station Based on Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process—Taking Longyang District, Baoshan City, Yunnan Province as an Example
by Yiping Li, Jingchun Zhou and Zhanyong Feng
Sustainability 2023, 15(24), 16955; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416955 - 18 Dec 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1015
Abstract
Site selection is a key link in the early stage of constructing a photovoltaic power station and providing accurate guidance for the development of such stations. Taking Longyang District, Baoshan City, Yunnan Province, as an example, this article utilizes land-use status data from [...] Read more.
Site selection is a key link in the early stage of constructing a photovoltaic power station and providing accurate guidance for the development of such stations. Taking Longyang District, Baoshan City, Yunnan Province, as an example, this article utilizes land-use status data from the third national land survey. The study focuses on five land-use types: idle land, bare land, shrub land, forest land, and another grassland, while excluding interfering land types such as construction land, ecological conservation areas, and cultivated land. Thirteen factors including terrain, weather, environment, and neighboring resources are considered. By employing the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process, a site selection model is constructed to analyze the suitability of photovoltaic power station locations. This study emphasizes the influence of geological disaster factors when selecting environmental factors. Given the high frequency of geological disasters in mountainous areas, these factors significantly affect the safety of later-stage photovoltaic power station operations. Previous research has paid less attention to this factor. The results indicate a high level of suitability for photovoltaic site selection in Longyang District, Baoshan City, with suitable, moderately suitable, and unsuitable areas accounting for 20.09%, 34.14%, and 45.77%, respectively. Previous studies have lacked sufficient validation of site selection outcomes. In this research, validation is conducted using areas where photovoltaic power stations have already been established and are under construction within the region. The accuracy of this site selection method is found to be 92.78%. The aim is to provide a scientific reference for site selection in mountainous areas with photovoltaic power station construction needs. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Location map of Longyang District, Baoshan City.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Longyang District photovoltaic power station site selection evaluation process.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Processing chart of 13 evaluation factors in fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process. Input datasets: (<b>a</b>) Dem of longyang, (<b>b</b>) Slope derived from Dem, (<b>c</b>) Slope orientation from Dem, (<b>d</b>) Annual precipitation, (<b>e</b>) Annual average temperature, (<b>f</b>) Annual average Surface temperature, (<b>g</b>) Annual average Sunshine duration, (<b>h</b>) Distance from water, (<b>i</b>) Distance from ecological protection zone, (<b>j</b>) Distance from geological hazards, (<b>k</b>) Distance to residential areas, (<b>l</b>) Distance from highway, (<b>m</b>) Distance from substation.</p> Full article ">Figure 3 Cont.
<p>Processing chart of 13 evaluation factors in fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process. Input datasets: (<b>a</b>) Dem of longyang, (<b>b</b>) Slope derived from Dem, (<b>c</b>) Slope orientation from Dem, (<b>d</b>) Annual precipitation, (<b>e</b>) Annual average temperature, (<b>f</b>) Annual average Surface temperature, (<b>g</b>) Annual average Sunshine duration, (<b>h</b>) Distance from water, (<b>i</b>) Distance from ecological protection zone, (<b>j</b>) Distance from geological hazards, (<b>k</b>) Distance to residential areas, (<b>l</b>) Distance from highway, (<b>m</b>) Distance from substation.</p> Full article ">Figure 3 Cont.
<p>Processing chart of 13 evaluation factors in fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process. Input datasets: (<b>a</b>) Dem of longyang, (<b>b</b>) Slope derived from Dem, (<b>c</b>) Slope orientation from Dem, (<b>d</b>) Annual precipitation, (<b>e</b>) Annual average temperature, (<b>f</b>) Annual average Surface temperature, (<b>g</b>) Annual average Sunshine duration, (<b>h</b>) Distance from water, (<b>i</b>) Distance from ecological protection zone, (<b>j</b>) Distance from geological hazards, (<b>k</b>) Distance to residential areas, (<b>l</b>) Distance from highway, (<b>m</b>) Distance from substation.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Suitability level analysis of photovoltaic site selection in Longyang District, Baoshan City.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Analysis of the proportion of suitable areas in each township.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Suitability analysis of various land types.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Verification and analysis of the suitability of photovoltaic site selection in Longyang District, Baoshan City.</p> Full article ">
17 pages, 1785 KiB  
Article
Assessing the Sustainability of Palm Oil by Expert Interviews—An Application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process
by Oliver Meixner, Sonja Hackl and Rainer Haas
Sustainability 2023, 15(24), 16954; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416954 - 18 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1381
Abstract
Palm oil plays a crucial role in the food industry, industrial applications, and bioenergy, accounting for over one-third of global vegetable oil production. The production area has quadrupled, and the volume is about seven times higher today than in the early 1990s. This [...] Read more.
Palm oil plays a crucial role in the food industry, industrial applications, and bioenergy, accounting for over one-third of global vegetable oil production. The production area has quadrupled, and the volume is about seven times higher today than in the early 1990s. This significant increase is attributed to several factors, including the oil palm’s notably higher yield per hectare compared to other oilseeds, cost-effectiveness, versatility, and excellent manufacturing characteristics. Despite its economic benefits, industrial palm oil production raises substantial ecological and social concerns, such as deforestation, habitat loss, and labor issues. This study presents a comprehensive sustainability assessment that concurrently considers economic, environmental, and social aspects. Through qualitative expert interviews, various stakeholders in the supply chain evaluated the sustainability criteria of palm oil production and application using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), a decision support tool helping to analyze, structure, and solve complex decision problems. The results reveal that, on average, the experts consider environmental criteria to be of the highest importance, followed by social sustainability, while economic criteria are of lower significance. However, the approximations regarding the weighting of the criteria showed considerable variations among experts. The AHP priority index for RSPO-certified palm oil is nearly as high as the reference product “EU canola oil”; this observation is consistent with all expert judgments. This study provides an adequate approach to assessing the sustainability of agricultural supply chains, offering practical recommendations for the food industry and policymakers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>AHP model to approximate the sustainability of palm oil. Source: In accordance with Lim &amp; Biswas [<a href="#B25-sustainability-15-16954" class="html-bibr">25</a>,<a href="#B34-sustainability-15-16954" class="html-bibr">34</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Sustainability index: <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow> <mi>A</mi> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> for alternatives A1 to A3; individual judgments of E1 to E8.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Sustainability index: <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>p</mi> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> <mrow> <mi>A</mi> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> for alternatives A1 to A3; total result; and clusters (experts E1–E8).</p> Full article ">
20 pages, 3442 KiB  
Article
Multi-Objective Optimal Power Flow Calculation Considering Carbon Emission Intensity
by Gangfei Wang, Hengrui Ma, Bo Wang, Abdullah M. Alharbi, Hongxia Wang and Fuqi Ma
Sustainability 2023, 15(24), 16953; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416953 - 18 Dec 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1088
Abstract
In keeping with China’s dual carbon goals, optimal low-carbon power system dispatch has become a necessary component of the greening of the power system. However, typically, research considers only the economics of such efforts. Based on our power flow analysis of the power [...] Read more.
In keeping with China’s dual carbon goals, optimal low-carbon power system dispatch has become a necessary component of the greening of the power system. However, typically, research considers only the economics of such efforts. Based on our power flow analysis of the power grid and the correlation properties of carbon emission flow, an optimal power flow calculation model targeting the total carbon emission rate of the power system’s power generation cost, active network loss, and load and network loss was constructed. Next, the NSGA-III algorithm was used to solve the model, and the decision was to coordinate and optimize the output schemes of various types of power plants, such as wind, water, and thermal. The modified IEEE39 node simulation system was built with Matlab software (MATLAB R2020b). The results of the calculation showed that, compared to the traditional method of determining the optimal power flow, the proposed method reduced the system carbon emissions by 20% while the power generation cost increased by less than 2%, which proves the effectiveness and practicability of the proposed method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Technological Innovation on Renewable Energy Production: Simulation and Control of New Energy Power Generation Systems)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Chart of carbon emission flow in power system. The letter “G” represents the power generation end.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Modified IEEE-39 Bus System.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Comparative analysis of power plant output in Scenario 1 and Scenario 2.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Comparison of node carbon potential in Scenario 1 and Scenario 2. Note: Power injection bus: 30~39; Power consumption bus: 1,3,4,7~9,12,15,16,18,20,21,23~29,31,39.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Comparison of load carbon flow rate between Scenario 1 and Scenario 2.</p> Full article ">Figure A1
<p>Algorithm flow chart.</p> Full article ">Figure A2
<p>Scenario 1: Power plant—node carbon flow rate correlation analysis.</p> Full article ">Figure A3
<p>Scenario 2: Power plant—node carbon flow rate correlation analysis.</p> Full article ">Figure A4
<p>Scenario 1: Power plant—load carbon flow rate correlation analysis.</p> Full article ">Figure A5
<p>Scenario 2: Power plant—load carbon flow rate correlation analysis.</p> Full article ">Figure A6
<p>Pareto Optimal Front.</p> Full article ">
28 pages, 1676 KiB  
Review
Towards the Sustainable Intensification of Aquaculture: Exploring Possible Ways Forward
by Krista Laktuka, Antra Kalnbalkite, Liga Sniega, Kalvis Logins and Dace Lauka
Sustainability 2023, 15(24), 16952; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416952 - 18 Dec 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2803
Abstract
Meeting the global demand for aquatic products while maintaining sustainability is a critical challenge. This review article examines global practices of land-based aquaculture systems that could be implemented in the EU, as the EU has not yet fully realized its potential in developing [...] Read more.
Meeting the global demand for aquatic products while maintaining sustainability is a critical challenge. This review article examines global practices of land-based aquaculture systems that could be implemented in the EU, as the EU has not yet fully realized its potential in developing the aquaculture sector. Therefore, the article examines different aspects (aquaculture systems, technological solutions and improvements, and best management practices) in achieving sustainable aquaculture and emphasizes the need for innovation and cooperation in the face of increasing environmental concerns and resource constraints. There is no one-size-fits-all solution for the sustainable intensification of aquaculture. The way forward requires a combination of different and improved-upon technological solutions complemented by technological innovation and better management practices. The sustainability of aquaculture requires a broader application of the ecosystem approach to aquaculture and the promotion of energy and resource efficiency measures in aquaculture systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Bioeconomy of Sustainability)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Simplified depiction of aquatic organism cultivation technologies.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Land-based aquaculture systems (freshwater and saltwater). The blue arrows in the figure indicate a further breakdown of the above aquaculture systems. The black dotted arrows indicate the possibility of using these aquaculture systems as land-based mariculture.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>EAA development—scales (on the left), key issues across all three levels and principles (center), and three guiding principles (on the right) (adapted from Soto et al. [<a href="#B118-sustainability-15-16952" class="html-bibr">118</a>]).</p> Full article ">
31 pages, 1561 KiB  
Article
The Impact of China’s Overseas Economic and Trade Cooperation Zones on Sustainable Trade of Host Countries
by Yu Zhang, Zeyu Fu, Lei Xu and Zhenzhen Lu
Sustainability 2023, 15(24), 16951; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416951 - 18 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1395
Abstract
Under the concept of “government-guided, enterprise-led, and market-oriented” operation, the Chinese Overseas Economic and Trade Cooperation Zones (COCZs) have developed a new type of international production pattern, which has become an effective way for developing countries to integrate into the global production network [...] Read more.
Under the concept of “government-guided, enterprise-led, and market-oriented” operation, the Chinese Overseas Economic and Trade Cooperation Zones (COCZs) have developed a new type of international production pattern, which has become an effective way for developing countries to integrate into the global production network sustainably. Based on the COCZ data collected manually and country-level panel data from 1997 to 2019, this study innovatively analyzes the sustainable trade effect of COCZs with the difference-in-differences method. The research finds that the establishment of COCZs significantly boosts the import and export of the host country in a sustainable manner. Further analysis finds that COCZs can promote the sustainable trade growth of the host country in three aspects: economic, societal, and environmental. This sustainable trade effect is closely related to the institutional improvement and infrastructure construction generated by COCZs. By providing a comprehensive and rigorous analysis of the impact of COCZs on the host country’s trade performance, the paper effectively responds to the criticisms on China’s “going out” strategy, which is often based on biased assumptions and a lack of empirical evidence. It also provides policy implications for both China and the host countries to enhance the cooperation and mutual benefits of COCZs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Supply Chain Innovation and Operation Management)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Validity of DID.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Placebo test: randomly sampling.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Robustness check: generalized synthetic control.</p> Full article ">
16 pages, 5669 KiB  
Article
Lab Investigation Using a Box Model and Image Analysis of a Contaminant Back-Diffusion Process from Low-Permeability Layers
by Paolo Viotti, Antonella Luciano, Giuseppe Mancini and Fabio Tatti
Sustainability 2023, 15(24), 16950; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416950 - 18 Dec 2023
Viewed by 892
Abstract
Contaminants stored in low-permeability soils can continue to threaten the adjacent groundwater system even after the aquifer is considered remediated. The redistribution of contaminants from low-to-high-permeability aquifer zones (Back-Diffusion) can generate a long-term plume tail, commonly considered one of the main obstacles to [...] Read more.
Contaminants stored in low-permeability soils can continue to threaten the adjacent groundwater system even after the aquifer is considered remediated. The redistribution of contaminants from low-to-high-permeability aquifer zones (Back-Diffusion) can generate a long-term plume tail, commonly considered one of the main obstacles to effective groundwater remediation. In this paper, a laboratory test was performed to reproduce the redistribution process from low-permeability silt lenses (k ≈ 1 × 10−7 m/s) to high-permeability sand aquifers (k ≈ 1 × 10−3 m/s). The target of the experimental and numerical approach was finalized to verify what influence the shape and position of the lenses could have, with respect to the bulk flow, on the time necessary to complete the depletion of the dissolved substances present in the lenses. For this purpose, an image analysis procedure was used to estimate the diffusive flux of contaminants released by these low-permeability zones in different boundary conditions. The results obtained in the laboratory test were used to calibrate a numerical model implemented to simulate the Back-Diffusion process. Once calibrated, the numerical model was used to simulate further scenarios to evaluate the influence of the location and shape of the low-permeability lenses on the time necessary to diminish its contaminant content when subjected to a steady-state flow. The numerical model was also used to investigate the effect of different groundwater velocities on the depletion time of the process. The results show that the shape and position of the lens have an important impact on the time necessary to empty the lens, and an increase in the velocity field in the bulk medium (flow rate rising from 1.6 l/h to 2.5 l/h) does not correspond to diminishing total depletion times, as the process is mainly governed by diffusive transport inside the lens. This appears to be significant when the remediation approach relies on pumping technology. Future research will verify the behavior of the released plume in a strongly heterogeneous porous medium. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Groundwater Systems and Pollution)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>The experimental set-up (<b>a</b>) and the model of the reconstructed aquifer (<b>b</b>).</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Images of the Back-Diffusion process collected during the first day of the test (<b>a</b>), after six days (<b>b,</b>) and five weeks (<b>c</b>) after the start of the test.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Model calibration phase: comparison between the experimental data and those obtained via numerical simulation for the lens.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Model calibration phase: comparison between the experimental data and those obtained via numerical simulation for the layer.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>An image of the numerically obtained flow field in the tank.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>An image of the numerical simulation of the Back-Diffusion process. The yellow color represents the highest concentration, and blue represents the lowest.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Images of the Back-Diffusion process taken after 5 min (<b>a</b>), 10 min (<b>b</b>) and 15 min (<b>c</b>) from the start of the experiment when the flow field was characterized by a non-steady state.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>The trend of cumulated fluorescein mass per unit of volume measured with image analysis for each low-permeability lens.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>An image of the flow field simulated by the numerical model considering the low-permeability layer positioned in the middle part of the tank.</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>An image of the numerical simulation of the Back-Diffusion process considering the low-permeability layer positioned in the middle part of the tank. The yellow color represents the highest concentration, and blue represents the lowest.</p> Full article ">Figure 11
<p>Image of the trend of the mass of fluorescein in the layer vs. time at two different locations in the experimental tank.</p> Full article ">Figure 12
<p>The trend of fluorescein mass contained in the cylindrical lens and the parallelepiped layer located in the bulk of the porous medium. The tracer mass is normalized by the total mass contained in the low-permeability zones.</p> Full article ">Figure 13
<p>Image of the trend of the fluorescein mass in the lens vs. time.</p> Full article ">Figure 14
<p>Image of the trend of the fluorescein mass in the layer vs. time.</p> Full article ">Figure 15
<p>Trend of depletion time of the Back-Diffusion process vs. injection/extraction flow rate for the cylindrical lens and parallelepiped layer.</p> Full article ">
16 pages, 524 KiB  
Article
Choice Modeling of Laundry Detergent Data for Sustainable Consumption
by Marina Kholod, Nikita Mokrenko, Alberto Celani and Valentina Puglisi
Sustainability 2023, 15(24), 16949; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416949 - 18 Dec 2023
Viewed by 2050
Abstract
Consumer choice modeling takes center stage as we delve into understanding how personal preferences of decision makers (customers) for products influence demand at the level of the individual. The contemporary choice theory is built upon the characteristics of the decision maker, alternatives available [...] Read more.
Consumer choice modeling takes center stage as we delve into understanding how personal preferences of decision makers (customers) for products influence demand at the level of the individual. The contemporary choice theory is built upon the characteristics of the decision maker, alternatives available for the choice of the decision maker, the attributes of the available alternatives and decision rules that the decision maker uses to make a choice. The choice set in our research is represented by six major brands (products) of laundry detergents in the Japanese market. We use the panel data of the purchases of 98 households to which we apply the hierarchical probit model, facilitated by a Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation (MCMC) in order to evaluate the brand values of six brands. The applied model also allows us to evaluate the tangible and intangible brand values. These evaluated metrics help us to assess the brands based on their tangible and intangible characteristics. Moreover, consumer choice modeling also provides a framework for assessing the environmental performance of laundry detergent brands as the model uses the information on components (physical attributes) of laundry detergents. Through a comprehensive evaluation of product performance, including brand tangible estimation, we shed light on the sustainability attributes of laundry detergents, offering a roadmap for consumers and manufacturers alike to make more informed, environmentally responsible choices of laundry detergents based on their physical attributes. Knowing the estimates of the attributes for the laundry detergent products, manufacturers can modify their physical attributes, e.g., decrease the amount of the detergent needed for one wash while increasing the total weight of the laundry powder in the package. In this way, more ecology- and consumer-friendly decisions can be made by manufacturers of laundry detergents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Consumer decision-making model.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Posterior distributions of response parameters.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Posterior distributions of response parameters.</p> Full article ">
25 pages, 4729 KiB  
Article
Microalgae Production on Biogas Digestate in Sub-Alpine Region of Europe—Development of Simple Management Decision Support Tool
by Lara Resman, Maja Berden Zrimec, Vid Žitko, Borut Lazar, Robert Reinhardt, Ana Cerar and Rok Mihelič
Sustainability 2023, 15(24), 16948; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416948 - 18 Dec 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1150
Abstract
In a one-and-a-half-year study conducted in the ALS6 region in Europe (Ljubljana, Slovenia), the cultivation of microalgae in anaerobic digestate from food waste, mainly Scenedesmus dimorphus and Scenedesmus quadricauda, was investigated in three ponds (1260 L each) under a greenhouse. The effects [...] Read more.
In a one-and-a-half-year study conducted in the ALS6 region in Europe (Ljubljana, Slovenia), the cultivation of microalgae in anaerobic digestate from food waste, mainly Scenedesmus dimorphus and Scenedesmus quadricauda, was investigated in three ponds (1260 L each) under a greenhouse. The effects of changing digestate quality and quantity as well as seasonal fluctuations on the productivity of the microalgae were investigated in three stages: Learning/Design (SI), Testing (SII), and Verification/Calibration (SIII). A decision support tool (DST) was developed using easy-to-measure parameters such as pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, mineral nitrogen forms and physical, biological parameters (OD, delayed fluorescence intensity). To control optimal pond operation, we proposed the photosynthetic culture index (PCI) as an early indicator for necessary interventions. Flocculation and nitrite levels (above 3 mg NO2-N L−1) were signals for the immediate remediation of the algae culture. Under optimal conditions in summer SIII, an average algal biomass production of 11 ± 1.5 g m−2 day−1 and a nitrogen use efficiency of 28 ± 2.6 g biomass/g N-input were achieved with the developed DST. The developed DST tool was, in this study, successfully implemented and used for the cultivation of microalgae consortia predominated by Scenedesmus dimorphus and S. quadricauda with biogas digestate. DST offers the possibility to be modified according to producers’ specific needs, facility, digestate and climate conditions, and as such, could be used for different microalgae cultivation processes with biogas digestate as a food source. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Climatic stratification of the environment of Europe: (<b>a</b>) All environmental zones of Europe; (<b>b</b>) Environmental zones in Slovenia, Ljubljana (white star), is located in the Alpine South. Pictures: modified dataset Metzger, Marc J. (2018). The Environmental Stratification of Europe, [dataset]. University of Edinburgh. <a href="https://doi.org/10.7488/ds/2356" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.7488/ds/2356</a> [<a href="#B28-sustainability-15-16948" class="html-bibr">28</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Production of microalgae. (<b>a</b>) Three raceway ponds installed in foil greenhouse; (<b>b</b>) Inoculum for three raceway ponds with predominant species <span class="html-italic">Scenedesmus dimorphus</span> and <span class="html-italic">Scenedesmus quadricauda</span> (under light microscope (AmScope T690C-PL-5M, Irvine, CA, USA), 400× magnification).</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Experimental scheme.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Conditions during the experiment in ponds. (<b>a</b>) Climate conditions, average monthly air temperature and sun duration in Ljubljana, Slovenia, during the experiment. (<b>b</b>) Temperature of the medium. (<b>c</b>) pH of the medium.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Dynamics of physio-chemical parameters measured in algal cultures in ponds P0, P1, P2, and P3 during the experiment: (<b>a</b>) total solids, (<b>b</b>) electroconductivity, (<b>c</b>) ammonium nitrogen, (<b>d</b>) nitrate nitrogen, and (<b>e</b>) nitrite nitrogen. In the case of NO<sub>2</sub>-N, values above 10 mg L<sup>−1</sup> are shown as red dots (actual values were 13.4, 27.2, 37.5, 35.3, and 11.9 mg L<sup>−1</sup> in P0 SI; 14.0, 27.4, 10.6, 24.0 mg L<sup>−1</sup> in P3 SIII).</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Most representative algae communities in the digestate-fed ponds under light microscope (400× magnification): (<b>a</b>) single <span class="html-italic">Scenedesmus</span> cells, (<b>b</b>) double-cell <span class="html-italic">Scenedesmus</span> colonies, (<b>c</b>) prevailing four-cell <span class="html-italic">Scenedesmus</span> colonies, (<b>d</b>) algae in flocks.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Biological parameters in ponds: (<b>a</b>) Delayed fluorescence intensity (DFI &lt; 600), (<b>b</b>) Optical density (OD680), and (<b>c</b>) PCl—coefficient OD680/DFI &lt; 600 during the whole study period.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Average seasonal biomass productivity in stages SII and SIII. Average values with standard errors for biomass productivity BP (g m<sup>−2</sup> day<sup>−1</sup>) in each season are presented (number of periods between two harvests: n = 22, 11, 5, 9, and 6 in SII summer, SIII fall, winter, spring, and summer, respectively). Values with different letters are significantly different at <span class="html-italic">p</span> ˂ 0.05.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>Decision support tool for microalgae cultivation on digestate. Only a few easy-to-measure parameters enable decisions about actions to be taken for stable culture maintenance and steps to save culture at critical points.</p> Full article ">
29 pages, 2546 KiB  
Article
Development of a Resilience Assessment Model for Manufacturing Enterprises
by Matteo De Marchi, Fanny Friedrich, Michael Riedl, Hartmut Zadek and Erwin Rauch
Sustainability 2023, 15(24), 16947; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416947 - 18 Dec 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1895
Abstract
In today’s world, crises like the COVID-19 pandemic and ongoing global changes pose significant challenges for manufacturing companies. Resilience, the ability to withstand and recover from disruptions, is essential for survival. To make resilience actionable, the discussion introduces a four-step Circular Resilience Assessment [...] Read more.
In today’s world, crises like the COVID-19 pandemic and ongoing global changes pose significant challenges for manufacturing companies. Resilience, the ability to withstand and recover from disruptions, is essential for survival. To make resilience actionable, the discussion introduces a four-step Circular Resilience Assessment Tool. To assess their resilience score, companies undergo a risk and vulnerability assessment, a qualitative resilience factor assessment, a suitable strategies identification phase, and a quantitative performance assessment. This tool guides companies in evaluating their resilience before, during, and after hypothetical or occurred crises. The balance among qualitative and quantitative aspects, encompassing technical, social, and organizational considerations, ensures that an omni comprehensive point of view is adopted in evaluating the overall resilience score of a company. This innovative approach empowers companies to not only survive crises but also to gain a competitive advantage and expand their market share in the long term. The work provides a thorough description of each of the four steps, accompanied by examples. The Circular Resilience Assessment Tool is designed to be as specific as necessary and as general as possible, thus making it a valuable resource for a variety of enterprises. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Management)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Performance curve (own representation based on [<a href="#B4-sustainability-15-16947" class="html-bibr">4</a>,<a href="#B33-sustainability-15-16947" class="html-bibr">33</a>,<a href="#B35-sustainability-15-16947" class="html-bibr">35</a>,<a href="#B37-sustainability-15-16947" class="html-bibr">37</a>]).</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Resilience framework (adapted from [<a href="#B12-sustainability-15-16947" class="html-bibr">12</a>]).</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Evaluation of the questionnaire answers, question 1.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Evaluation of the questionnaire answers, question 2.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>The Circular Resilience Assessment Tool.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Exemplary result of a qualitative analysis in a radar chart—comparison between the previous and current period (MS Excel Version 16.74).</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Possible correlations between the top 10 resilience factors.</p> Full article ">
19 pages, 3015 KiB  
Review
An Integrated Approach for Electronic Waste Management—Overview of Sources of Generation, Toxicological Effects, Assessment, Governance, and Mitigation Approaches
by Abhishek Nandan, Albin C. Suresh, Parth Saole, S. Amulya Jeevanasai, Ramprasad Chandrasekaran, Lucas Meili, Nur Izyan Wan Azelee and Rangabhashiyam Selvasembian
Sustainability 2023, 15(24), 16946; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416946 - 18 Dec 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 6176
Abstract
Electronic waste (e-waste) management has become a significant challenge in recent years due to the increasing consumption of electronic devices and their improper disposal. Effective e-waste management requires a comprehensive approach that considers the environmental, economic, and social impacts of e-waste. This comprehensive [...] Read more.
Electronic waste (e-waste) management has become a significant challenge in recent years due to the increasing consumption of electronic devices and their improper disposal. Effective e-waste management requires a comprehensive approach that considers the environmental, economic, and social impacts of e-waste. This comprehensive review provides a critical assessment of e-waste management procedures, encompassing the stages of collection, transportation, treatment, and disposal. Emphasising the significance of embracing sustainable approaches like reusing, repairing, and recycling, the review underscores their pivotal role in mitigating the adverse environmental and human health effects of e-waste. This review provides an overview of e-waste management concerns specifically in India from its collection to the end cycle including toxicological, environmental, and human impacts and a graphical analysis of current and future e-waste trends. It emphasises the need to effectively enforce regulations and establish extended producer responsibility (EPR) to promote sustainable e-waste management practices. Additionally, the review delves into the complexities surrounding e-waste management, such as insufficient infrastructure, resource and funding constraints, and a dearth of awareness among stakeholders. It strongly underscores the necessity for a concerted endeavour involving governments, industries, and communities to tackle these obstacles and advance the cause of efficient e-waste management practices. This paper is valuable to the scientific community as it offers a thorough assessment of e-waste management, focusing on environmental, economic, and social impacts. It emphasises sustainable practices and regulatory measures, providing actionable insights to address e-waste challenges. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive overview of e-waste management and highlights the importance of adopting sustainable practices to address the negative impacts of e-waste on the environment, human health, and the economy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical and Electronic Waste: Environmental Impact and Risk Mitigation for Sustainability)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>(<b>A</b>) Global e-waste generated by year in million metric tonnes and global e-waste generated by year in kg per capita. (<b>B</b>) Continent-wise e-waste generated—2019.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>E-waste generation in 2022 by different countries.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>(<b>A</b>) Components of e-waste, (<b>B</b>) constituents of metallic waste in e-waste, and (<b>C</b>) average composition by mass percent of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE).</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>(<b>A</b>) Year-wise e-waste generation and projected e-waste generation in India. (<b>B</b>) Import profile of EEE in India.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>(<b>A</b>). State-wise e-waste generators—2021. (<b>B</b>) Major e-waste generating cities, India 2021.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>(<b>A</b>) Authorised recyclers in India and processing capacities of authorised recyclers in India. (<b>B</b>) Informal recycling—sources of e-waste.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Statistics of the top five e-waste generating countries in 2019.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>General movement of e-waste throughout several sectors.</p> Full article ">
23 pages, 6025 KiB  
Article
Study on Spatial Characteristics, Health Assessment, and Influencing Factors of Tropospheric Ozone Pollution in Qin–Jin Region, 2013–2022
by Shengtong Lei, Tianzhen Ju, Bingnan Li, Jinyang Wang, Tunyang Geng and Ruirui Huang
Sustainability 2023, 15(24), 16945; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416945 - 18 Dec 2023
Viewed by 937
Abstract
Ozone is a pollutant that is harmful to human health and the troposphere. As a coal base in China, the study of ozone in the Qin–Jin region provides a scientific basis for pollution control and early warning and is of great practical significance. [...] Read more.
Ozone is a pollutant that is harmful to human health and the troposphere. As a coal base in China, the study of ozone in the Qin–Jin region provides a scientific basis for pollution control and early warning and is of great practical significance. This paper analyzes the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of tropospheric ozone in the Qin–Jin region from 2013 to 2022. It predicts the tropospheric ozone seasons in 2023 using a combination of ozone monitoring instruments (OMIs), ground stations, and machine learning. It also estimates the loss of health and economic benefits caused by ozone to humans, discusses the multiple factors affecting ozone changes, and identifies ozone-sensitive pollution control areas. The results showed that ozone in the Qin–Jin region spatially tends to increase from northwest to southeast, the Slope showed that ozone in the study area has a slightly increasing trend (0~0.079), the ozone concentration values are much larger than those in other months during the period of April–September, and there is no weekend effect. The predicted mean ozone values for 2023 are 36.57 DU in spring, 50.88 DU in summer, 34.29 DU in fall, and 30.10 DU in winter. The average values of all-cause mortality and economic losses are estimated to be 4591 and 4214 persons and 43.30 and 51.30 billion yuan in 2019 and 2021 in Shanxi Province, and 2498 and 1535 persons and 23.50 and 18.70 billion yuan in 2019 and 2021 in Shaanxi Province, respectively. Natural factors are positively correlated with ozone in the following order, temperature (TEM) > precipitable water (TPW) > vegetation cover (NDVI) > relative humidity (RH), uplift index (LI) is negatively correlated with ozone, and barometric pressure (PS) is mainly uncorrelated. During the period of high ozone pollution in the Qin–Jin region (April–September), emissions of VOCs accelerated ozone production, and emissions of NOx suppressed ozone production in most areas. The high-value pollution period in the Qin–Jin area is mainly a VOC control area, and the synergistic control of NOx and VOCs is secondary. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Air, Climate Change and Sustainability)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Overview of the study area: (<b>a</b>) elevation map; (<b>b</b>) land use types and administrative divisions.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Technology roadmap.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>(<b>a</b>) Overall spatial distribution of tropospheric ozone column concentration in Qin–Jin region, 2013–2022; (<b>b</b>) Slope past trend analysis; (<b>c</b>) percentage change of tropospheric ozone column concentration and three-value changes. The abbreviation “DU” stands for Dobson Unit.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Monthly average spatial distribution of tropospheric ozone column concentrations in Qin–Jin region, 2013–2022.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>(<b>a</b>) Box plots of monthly O<sub>3</sub> concentrations across Qin–Jin area; the relationships between O<sub>3</sub> concentrations across four seasons are also given in the subplot. (<b>b</b>) Box plots of weekly O<sub>3</sub> concentrations across Qin–Jin area; the relationships between O<sub>3</sub> concentrations across workdays and weekends are also given in the subplot.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Measured tropospheric ozone column concentrations in the four seasons of 2022 and random forest regression model predictions for 2022 and 2023 of Qin–Jin.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>The map for visualization of early death values for ozone pollution in the Qin–Jin region. (<b>a</b>) All-cause mortality in 2019; (<b>b</b>) Cardiovascular mortality in 2019; (<b>c</b>) Respiratory mortality in 2019; (<b>d</b>) All-cause mortality in 2021; (<b>e</b>) Cardiovascular mortality in 2021; and (<b>f</b>) Respiratory mortality in 2021.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Spatial distribution of population, standard deviation ellipse, and center of gravity migration trajectory in Qin–Jin region.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>Kernel density estimates for (<b>a</b>,<b>e</b>) transportation facilities, (<b>b</b>,<b>f</b>) scientific services, and (<b>c</b>,<b>g</b>) medical services (<b>d</b>,<b>h</b>) in the Qin–jin area. The upper column shows the relationship between the distribution of POI and tropospheric ozone, the lower column shows the clustering characteristics from the kernel density analysis.</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>The spatial distribution of the regression coefficients of ozone-related natural variables in the GTWR model is shown in the figure. These variables are as follows: (<b>a</b>) vegetation cover, (<b>b</b>) precipitable water, (<b>c</b>) air temperature, (<b>d</b>) barometric pressure, (<b>e</b>) uplift index, and (<b>f</b>) relative humidity.</p> Full article ">Figure 11
<p>Spatial distribution of ozone precursors during the high-pollution period (April–September) and other months, Pearson correlation analysis map. (<b>a</b>) April–September tropospheric NO<sub>2</sub> concentration; (<b>b</b>) April–September tropospheric HCHO concentration; (<b>c</b>) April–September O<sub>3</sub>-NO<sub>2</sub> correlation; (<b>d</b>) April–September O<sub>3</sub>-HCHO correlation; (<b>e</b>) Tropospheric NO<sub>2</sub> concentration other than April–September; (<b>f</b>) Tropospheric HCHO concentration other than April–September; (<b>g</b>) O<sub>3</sub>-NO<sub>2</sub> correlation other than April–September; (<b>h</b>) O<sub>3</sub>-HCHO correlation other than April–September.</p> Full article ">Figure 12
<p>Temporal trend of FNR for Qin–Jin region, 2013–2022.</p> Full article ">Figure 13
<p>Spatial distribution of tropospheric ozone FNR for April–September 2013–2022.</p> Full article ">
28 pages, 1196 KiB  
Article
The Implementation Mechanism and Effectiveness of a National Plan of a Digital Competence Training Program for Chinese Primary and Secondary School Teachers
by Qian Shi, Min Lan and Xiulan Wan
Sustainability 2023, 15(24), 16944; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416944 - 18 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1349
Abstract
This study investigated the implementation and effectiveness of a national plan for a digital competence training program (DCTP) aimed at Chinese teachers. A relational content analysis was performed using policy documents, observations, and assessments to identify four DCTP implementation stages. Local educational departments [...] Read more.
This study investigated the implementation and effectiveness of a national plan for a digital competence training program (DCTP) aimed at Chinese teachers. A relational content analysis was performed using policy documents, observations, and assessments to identify four DCTP implementation stages. Local educational departments and training institutes were afforded a moderate degree of autonomy to organize training activities. A t-test indicated disparities in the effectiveness of training between privately funded and publicly funded institutes, with the latter demonstrating stronger assessment outcomes in certain subject areas. The study examined the advantages and disadvantages of this implementation process, proposing collaborative efforts between privately funded and publicly funded training institutions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Transformation of Education for Sustainable Development)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>National-level training program implementation mechanism.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Workflow in the case study of naturalistic inquiry.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Qualitative data collection.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Implementation mechanism of a national plan for DCTP.</p> Full article ">
25 pages, 10689 KiB  
Article
Equity Evaluation of Elderly-Care Institutions Based on Ga2SFCA: The Case Study of Jinan, China
by Mingjiu Jin, Qingtan Deng, Siyu Wang and Luteng Wei
Sustainability 2023, 15(24), 16943; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416943 - 18 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1172
Abstract
With the deepening trend of aging, the issue of elderly care for the aging population has become a matter of concern for all sectors of society. Elderly-care services have become increasingly vital. Elderly-care institutions, a major component of the elderly-care system, are an [...] Read more.
With the deepening trend of aging, the issue of elderly care for the aging population has become a matter of concern for all sectors of society. Elderly-care services have become increasingly vital. Elderly-care institutions, a major component of the elderly-care system, are an important part of public facility resource provision; the spatial distribution of elderly-care institutions (ECIs) directly affects the equitable access of the elderly to public resources. To cope with the current pressure of population aging and limited resources for the elderly, this study aims to explore the relationship between population aging and the supply of ECIs in Jinan, China. Using the ArcGIS platform, this study analyzes the spatial allocation of ECIs, provides improved supply capacity modelling of ECIs based on the Gaussian Two-Step Floating Catchment Area Approach (Ga2SFCA), and evaluates the equity of ECIs in terms of accessibility, supply–demand equity, and spatial equity. The results show that there are large differences in spatial accessibility between different levels of ECIs, there is a mismatch of supply and demand, the number and size of existing ECIs do not meet the needs of the elderly, and the distribution of resources in small ECIs is highly inequitable. These results can provide a guiding direction for optimizing ECIs and urban road network planning and can also provide new insights for urban planners to assess the equity of public service facilities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research Contributions to the Social Development of Under-Served Communities)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Study framework.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Jinan city center location (study area).</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>(<b>a</b>) Number of ECIs in Jinan central city. (<b>b</b>) Number of beds in ECIs in Jinan central city.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Technical flow chart.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>(<b>a</b>) Distribution of the population aged over 65 in the subdistrict; (<b>b</b>) distribution of density of elderly population over 65 years old in the subdistrict.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>(<b>a</b>) Spatial distribution of multilevel ECIs; (<b>b</b>) distribution of beds in elderly-care institutions.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Kernel density map for ECIs.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>(<b>a</b>) Small elderly-care institution accessibility. (<b>b</b>) Medium-sized elderly-care institution accessibility. (<b>c</b>) Large elderly-care institution accessibility. (<b>d</b>) Overall elderly-care institution accessibility.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>Lorenz Curve: (<b>A</b>) small ECIs, (<b>B</b>) medium-sized ECIs, (<b>C</b>) large ECIs, (<b>D</b>) all ECIs.</p> Full article ">Figure 9 Cont.
<p>Lorenz Curve: (<b>A</b>) small ECIs, (<b>B</b>) medium-sized ECIs, (<b>C</b>) large ECIs, (<b>D</b>) all ECIs.</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>(<b>a</b>) Location entropy of small elderly-care institutions. (<b>b</b>) Location entropy of medium-sized elderly-care institutions. (<b>c</b>) Location entropy of large elderly-care institutions. (<b>d</b>) Location entropy of all elderly-care institutions.</p> Full article ">
32 pages, 10843 KiB  
Article
Performance Analysis and Multi-Objective Optimization of a Cooling-Power-Desalination Combined Cycle for Shipboard Diesel Exhaust Heat Recovery
by Qizhi Gao, Senyao Zhao, Zhixiang Zhang, Ji Zhang, Yuan Zhao, Yongchao Sun, Dezhi Li and Han Yuan
Sustainability 2023, 15(24), 16942; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416942 - 18 Dec 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 957
Abstract
This study presents a novel cooling-power-desalination combined cycle for recovering shipboard diesel exhaust heat, integrating a freezing desalination sub-cycle to regulate the ship’s cooling-load fluctuations. The combined cycle employs ammonia–water as the working fluid and efficiently utilizes excess cooling capacity to pretreat reverse [...] Read more.
This study presents a novel cooling-power-desalination combined cycle for recovering shipboard diesel exhaust heat, integrating a freezing desalination sub-cycle to regulate the ship’s cooling-load fluctuations. The combined cycle employs ammonia–water as the working fluid and efficiently utilizes excess cooling capacity to pretreat reverse osmosis desalination. By adjusting the mass flow rate of the working fluid in both the air conditioning refrigeration cycle and the freezing desalination sub-cycle, the combined cycle can dynamically meet the cooling-load demand under different working conditions and navigation areas. To analyze the cycle’s performance, a mathematical model is established for energy and exergy analysis, and key parameters including net output work, comprehensive efficiency, and heat exchanger area are optimized using the MOPSO algorithm. The results indicate that the system achieves optimal performance when the generator temperature reaches 249.95 °C, the sea water temperature is 22.29 °C, and 42% ammonia–water is used as the working fluid. Additionally, an economic analysis of frozen seawater desalination as RO seawater desalination pretreatment reveals a substantial cost reduction of 22.69%, showcasing the advantageous features of this proposed cycle. The research in this paper is helpful for waste energy recovery and sustainable development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Engineering and Science)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Schematic of the cooling-power-desalination combined cycle (CPDCC).</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Multi-objective optimization flowchart.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Cooling load for one day.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Performance parameters of the system for one day. (<b>a</b>) COP and comprehensive efficiency of system. (<b>b</b>) The cooling capacity of the system.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>CPDCC state parameter diagram. (<b>a</b>) T—s diagram; (<b>b</b>) P—T diagram; (<b>c</b>) P—V diagram; (<b>d</b>) P—h diagram.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Cycle performance parameters with different generation temperatures.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Sea-surface temperature of different sea areas. (<b>a</b>) Summer sea-surface temperature. (<b>b</b>) Winter sea-surface temperature [<a href="#B48-sustainability-15-16942" class="html-bibr">48</a>]. Reprinted from Climate Reanalyzer.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Cycle performance parameters with different sea-surface water temperatures.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>Cycle performance parameters with different reflux ratios.</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>Pareto Frontier for MOPSO solutions.</p> Full article ">Figure 11
<p>Exergy flow chart of the CPDCC.</p> Full article ">Figure 12
<p>(<b>a</b>) Low-salinity water produced in a single day. (<b>b</b>) Recovery of cold energy in a single day.</p> Full article ">Figure 13
<p>Cost comparison between pre-desalination RO and general RO.</p> Full article ">
23 pages, 9930 KiB  
Article
Analyzing Water and Sediment Flow Patterns in Circular Forebays of Sediment-Laden Rivers
by Haidong Wang, Yuji Tai, Lingxiao Huang, Cheng Yang and Hefang Jing
Sustainability 2023, 15(24), 16941; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416941 - 18 Dec 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 839
Abstract
In the circular forebay of sediment-laden rivers, adverse flow patterns such as vortices emerge, leading to substantial sediment accumulation along the sidewalls of the diversion channel and in the forebay. This sediment accumulation significantly impacts the operational efficiency of water pumps. To address [...] Read more.
In the circular forebay of sediment-laden rivers, adverse flow patterns such as vortices emerge, leading to substantial sediment accumulation along the sidewalls of the diversion channel and in the forebay. This sediment accumulation significantly impacts the operational efficiency of water pumps. To address these challenges, a combination of numerical simulations and engineering experiments was employed to reveal the factors contributing to the development of these patterns. Based on these findings, seven distinct flow rates and operating conditions were introduced to obtain the optimal inlet flow rate and increase the sustainability of engineering use. The findings revealed that the different inlet flow rates exert varying influences on the flow patterns in the circular forebay, leading to changes in sediment levels in both the forebay and diversion channels. Following comprehensive comparison, Scheme 6 was identified as the optimal flow rate scheme. In this scheme, the flow uniformity, deviation angle, ratio of the vortex reduction area parameter, and rate of vortex area reduction in sections z1−3 were markedly enhanced. The effectiveness of this scheme was validated through rigorous numerical simulations and engineering experiments, thereby offering indispensable theoretical insights into the operation of pumping stations in circular forebays. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Engineering and Science)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Potential problems in a circular forebay.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Cross-section velocity distribution. Point A is the diversion point between the linear and Y-shaped diversion channels.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Comparison of flow velocity between various turbulence models and measured flow. (<b>a</b>) Comparison of flow velocity at the Y1 section. (<b>b</b>) Comparison of flow velocity at the Y2 section. (<b>c</b>) Comparison of flow velocity at the Y3 section. (<b>d</b>) Comparison of flow velocity at the Y4 section. (<b>e</b>) Comparison of flow velocity at the Y5 section.</p> Full article ">Figure 3 Cont.
<p>Comparison of flow velocity between various turbulence models and measured flow. (<b>a</b>) Comparison of flow velocity at the Y1 section. (<b>b</b>) Comparison of flow velocity at the Y2 section. (<b>c</b>) Comparison of flow velocity at the Y3 section. (<b>d</b>) Comparison of flow velocity at the Y4 section. (<b>e</b>) Comparison of flow velocity at the Y5 section.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Solid and fluid regions.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Hydraulic losses in the circular forebay with different grid numbers.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Mesh generation.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Cross-sectional layout.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Flow pattern distribution of each Scheme.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>Sediment content distribution for each Scheme.</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>Comparison of flow velocity before entering the circular forebay.</p> Full article ">Figure 11
<p>Layout of the measuring points in the circular forebay.</p> Full article ">Figure 12
<p>Comparison of Flow Velocities in Different Lines: (<b>a</b>) A1-1 Velocities Comparison. (<b>b</b>) B1-1 Velocities Comparison. (<b>c</b>) C1-1 Velocities Comparison. (<b>d</b>) D1-1 Velocities Comparison. (<b>e</b>) L1-1 Velocities Comparison. (<b>f</b>) L2-1 Velocities Comparison. (<b>g</b>) L3-1 Velocities Comparison.</p> Full article ">Figure 13
<p>Sediment accumulation comparison chart. (<b>a</b>) Sediment accumulation in 2021; (<b>b</b>) Sediment accumulation in 2022; (<b>c</b>) Elevation variation in the scheme 6 numerical simulation.</p> Full article ">
14 pages, 669 KiB  
Article
“Lines Demarked”: A Way to Foster Occupational Health in Police Officers
by Vânia Sofia Carvalho, Maria José Chambel and Beatriz Marta
Sustainability 2023, 15(24), 16940; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416940 - 18 Dec 2023
Viewed by 768
Abstract
Police officers are part of a demanding professional activity with a high risk of occupational health and work–family conflict, and this is a topic of relevance to understanding occupational health sustainability. Based on this, this study developed and tested a mediation model that [...] Read more.
Police officers are part of a demanding professional activity with a high risk of occupational health and work–family conflict, and this is a topic of relevance to understanding occupational health sustainability. Based on this, this study developed and tested a mediation model that accounts for the work–family conflict (WFC) in the relationship between work–family boundary segmentation and well-being (i.e., burnout and engagement). A sample of 291 police officers from Portugal was used, and the hypotheses were tested by using structural equation modeling methods implemented with Mplus. The results indicated that over nonstandard work schedules and unpredictable working hours, family–work segmentation was negatively related to WFC, and work–family segmentation was negatively related to family-to-work conflict. Moreover, WFC fully mediated the relationship between segmentation and engagement but only partially mediated the relationship between segmentation and burnout. Conversely, family-to-work conflict fully mediated the relationship between segmentation and burnout but was not related to engagement. Such results suggest that the occupational health of these professionals is interdependent on their opportunity to enact the segmentation strategy to manage the boundary between work and family domains. In terms of its practical implications, this study sheds light on the environmental conditions of police officers that can foster and sustain their well-being. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Occupational Health Management and Healthy Workplace in Sustainability: Challenges and Opportunities)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Significant paths of the hypothetical model. Note: ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001; FWS = family-to-work segmentation; WFS = work-to-family segmentation; WFC = work-to-family conflict; FWC = family-to-work conflict.</p> Full article ">
19 pages, 487 KiB  
Article
The Regionally Heterogeneous Impact of China’s Environmental Regulation on the Transformation and Upgrading of Its Industrial Structure
by Yutian Dou and Shuai Guan
Sustainability 2023, 15(24), 16939; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416939 - 18 Dec 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1000
Abstract
Approaches to promoting the transformation and upgrading of China’s industrial structure represent an important issue in high-quality economic development. The upgrading of industrial structures is beneficial not only for environmental protection but also for sustainable economic development. This article first tests the correlation [...] Read more.
Approaches to promoting the transformation and upgrading of China’s industrial structure represent an important issue in high-quality economic development. The upgrading of industrial structures is beneficial not only for environmental protection but also for sustainable economic development. This article first tests the correlation between environmental regulation and the transformation and upgrading of industrial structure through an impulse response function and then uses provincial panel data to analyze the regionally heterogeneous impact of environmental regulation on industrial structure upgrading. The research results indicate that: (1) the presented impulse response graph indicates that environmental regulation shocks have a significant impact on the rationalization and upgrading of industrial structure, and subsequent variance decomposition indicates that environmental regulation has a strong explanatory power on the transformation and upgrading of industrial structure; (2) overall, strengthening the level of environmental regulation is not conducive to the rationalization of industrial structure (RIS), but a strong level of environmental regulation can significantly promote the upgrading of industrial structure (UIS); and (3) at the regional level, there is significant regional heterogeneity in the impact of environmental regulation on the transformation and upgrading of industrial structure in different regions. Environmental regulation can promote UIS in China’s eastern and western regions, but it is not conducive to RIS. Environmental regulation can promote RIS in China’s central region, but it has a negative impact on UIS. The conclusion of this article provides inspiration for sustainable economic development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Policy as a Tool for Sustainable Development)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Impulse response curves.</p> Full article ">
31 pages, 9504 KiB  
Article
On the Usage of Artificial Neural Networks for the Determination of Optimal Wind Farms Allocation
by Kleanthis Xenitidis, Konstantinos Ioannou, Georgios Tsantopoulos and Dimitrios Myronidis
Sustainability 2023, 15(24), 16938; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416938 - 18 Dec 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1450
Abstract
Worldwide energy demand is constantly increasing. This fact, in combination with the ever growing need to reduce the energy production footprint on the environment, has led to the adoption of cleaner and more sustainable forms of energy production. Renewable Energy Sources (RES) are [...] Read more.
Worldwide energy demand is constantly increasing. This fact, in combination with the ever growing need to reduce the energy production footprint on the environment, has led to the adoption of cleaner and more sustainable forms of energy production. Renewable Energy Sources (RES) are constantly developing in an effort to increase their conversion efficiency and improve their life cycle. However, not all types of RES are accepted by the general public. Wind Turbines (WTs) are considered by many researchers as the least acceptable type of RES. This is mostly because of how their installation alters the surrounding landscape, produces noise and puts birds in danger when they happen to fly over the installation area. This paper aims to apply a methodology which, by using Rational Basis Function Neural Networks (RBFNN), is capable of investigating the criteria used for the installation locations of WTs in a transparent way. The results from the Neural Network (NN) will be combined with protected areas and the Land Fragmentation Index (LFI), in order to determine possible new installation locations with increased social acceptance and, at the same time, increased energy production. A case study of the proposed methodology has been implemented for the entire Greek territory, which is considered one of the most suitable areas for the installation of wind farms due to its particular geomorphology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Energy Systems and Renewable Generation)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>The locations of WTs in Greece.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>The structure of an RBFNN.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Methodology diagram.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>The structure of the proposed RBFNN.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>The data that are imported to each layer of the RBFNN.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>The activation functions of the neurons. (<b>a</b>) Gaussian RBF <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>ϕ</mi> <mfenced open="(" close=")"> <mi>x</mi> </mfenced> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mn>0.5</mn> <mo>·</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </msup> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math>. (<b>b</b>) The activation function of the hidden layer <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">max</mo> <mfenced separators="" open="(" close=")"> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mi>x</mi> </mfenced> </mrow> </semantics></math>.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>The map of Landscape Fragmentation Indicator zones in Greece.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Histograms and density curves for each characteristic. Separate lines for the whole set of points and for each cluster. (<b>a</b>) Distance from airports. (<b>b</b>) Distance from road network. (<b>c</b>) Distance from protected areas. (<b>d</b>) Wind speed. (<b>e</b>) Elevation. (<b>f</b>) Slope. (<b>g</b>) Distance from coastline. (<b>h</b>) Distance from rivers. (<b>i</b>) Distance from residential areas.</p> Full article ">Figure 8 Cont.
<p>Histograms and density curves for each characteristic. Separate lines for the whole set of points and for each cluster. (<b>a</b>) Distance from airports. (<b>b</b>) Distance from road network. (<b>c</b>) Distance from protected areas. (<b>d</b>) Wind speed. (<b>e</b>) Elevation. (<b>f</b>) Slope. (<b>g</b>) Distance from coastline. (<b>h</b>) Distance from rivers. (<b>i</b>) Distance from residential areas.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>The locations of the RBF layer’s prototypes.</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>Validation score for RBFNN with no extra hidden layer and validation scores for RBFNN with one hidden layer consisting of 1 to 200 neurons (<b>a</b>). The current loss and the validation score for each iteration of the RBFNN with 100 neurons in one extra hidden layer (<b>b</b>).</p> Full article ">Figure 11
<p>The proposed locations per cluster.</p> Full article ">Figure 12
<p>The proposed locations with LFI ≥ 10.</p> Full article ">Figure 13
<p>Proposed locations in Drama prefecture.</p> Full article ">Figure 14
<p>Proposed locations in Kozani prefecture.</p> Full article ">Figure A1
<p>Protected areas and rivers of Greece.</p> Full article ">Figure A2
<p>Residential areas and airports of Greece.</p> Full article ">Figure A3
<p>Road network of Greece.</p> Full article ">Figure A4
<p>Wind speed of Greece [<a href="#B57-sustainability-15-16938" class="html-bibr">57</a>] including Crete [<a href="#B58-sustainability-15-16938" class="html-bibr">58</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure A5
<p>Map of elevations in Greece.</p> Full article ">Figure A6
<p>Polygons of the clustered WTs according to the study [<a href="#B79-sustainability-15-16938" class="html-bibr">79</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure A7
<p>The clusters of the polygons that were retrieved from study [<a href="#B79-sustainability-15-16938" class="html-bibr">79</a>].</p> Full article ">
12 pages, 3436 KiB  
Article
Improvement of Printability Properties of High-Protein Food from Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) Using Guar Gum for Sustainable Future Food Manufacturing
by Wares Chancharoen, Yossaphol Kaewkumpha, Wanassanan Chansataporn, Potiwat Ngamkajornwiwat and Jirapat Wannakee
Sustainability 2023, 15(24), 16937; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416937 - 18 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1035
Abstract
Increasing the availability of alternative protein from insects is important for solving food shortages. Not only are insects a rich source of protein, but using insect as ingredients could reduce food waste. Insects are thus a potentially valuable ingredient for food industries and [...] Read more.
Increasing the availability of alternative protein from insects is important for solving food shortages. Not only are insects a rich source of protein, but using insect as ingredients could reduce food waste. Insects are thus a potentially valuable ingredient for food industries and even sustainable food. The three-dimensional production of food for future food has gained attention owing to its potential to reduce autonomous food production and produce sustainable food. This study investigated the printability and rheological properties of a high-protein food system derived from mealworms and guar gum used to improve printability. The stability and rheological properties were analyzed for various printing parameters. The results indicate that the yield stress of the mealworm paste dramatically increased (39 to 1096 Pa) with even a small guar gum concentration resulting in an increase (0 to 1.75%). Increasing the guar gum concentration thus resulted in a mealworm paste that had a more significant value of hardness and cohesiveness but reduced adhesiveness (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the addition of guar gum increased viscosity, and caused the paste to exhibit a shear thinning behavior and ability to support itself and was thus more stable. In summary, introducing guar gum resulted in a mealworm paste with rheological properties more suitable for printing in terms of printability and stability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Security and Nutrition and Sustainable Agriculture)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Mealworm paste preparation and the three-dimensional printing process.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Effect of the guar gum concentration on the yield stress of MP at 25 °C. The yield stress values are the cross-over points of G′ and G″.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Effect of the guar gum concentration and shear rate on the viscosity of MP at 25 °C.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Effects of the concentration of guar gum and frequency on G′ for MPs at 25 °C (<b>a</b>). Effects of the concentration of guar gum and frequency on G″ for MPs at 25 °C (<b>b</b>).</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Stability of MP 0, MP 1, MP 1.25, MP 1.5, and MP 1.75 and the effects of the nozzle size (1, 1.3, and 1.6 mm) and infill percentage (20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%) on stability. The samples are summarized in <a href="#sustainability-15-16937-t002" class="html-table">Table 2</a>.</p> Full article ">
22 pages, 528 KiB  
Article
Towards Smart Parking Management: Econometric Analysis and Modeling of Public-Parking-Choice Behavior in Three Cities of Binh Duong, Vietnam
by Nguyen Viet Long, Hoang Thuy Linh and Vu Anh Tuan
Sustainability 2023, 15(24), 16936; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416936 - 18 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1614
Abstract
In developing cities, newly emerging cities have started facing the problem of insufficient public parking facilities and ineffective regulations. To support the planning, design and management of the public parking system towards a smart and sustainable city vision, it is necessary to study [...] Read more.
In developing cities, newly emerging cities have started facing the problem of insufficient public parking facilities and ineffective regulations. To support the planning, design and management of the public parking system towards a smart and sustainable city vision, it is necessary to study deeply parking behaviors. This paper presents an empirical study on parking-choice behaviors of motorcycle users and car users in the emerging cities of developing countries through a case study of three cities in Binh Duong, Vietnam. To explore the behavioral mechanisms and influential factors, the multinomial logit parking choice models are developed using revealed preference and stated preference data. The users’ overall satisfaction and perceived importance of parking lot design and service aspects are analyzed using order logistic regression. The revealed choices show no trade-off between parking fee and walking distance, as the users are not fully aware of parking locations and service features. However, the stated choice experiments prove a potential existence of the trade-off mechanism and differentiate significant factors in the decision of choices for the two user groups. The results bring insightful implications for the development of a smart public parking system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Transportation)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Factors of parking-choice behaviors in the literature.</p> Full article ">
17 pages, 10616 KiB  
Article
Multi-Purpose Accessibility of Mountain Area Forests for the Purpose of Forest Management and Protection of the State Border
by Doroteja Krivić-Tomić, Ivica Papa and Mijo Kožić
Sustainability 2023, 15(24), 16935; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416935 - 18 Dec 2023
Viewed by 835
Abstract
The planning and implementation of surveillance of state territory in forested border areas, especially mountainous areas, is considered to be highly complex. This is illustrated by the example of the difficulties the European Union faced in controlling the 2015 European migration crisis. Thereby, [...] Read more.
The planning and implementation of surveillance of state territory in forested border areas, especially mountainous areas, is considered to be highly complex. This is illustrated by the example of the difficulties the European Union faced in controlling the 2015 European migration crisis. Thereby, Croatia has the difficult task of protecting the borders of the Union because a particular problem on the Western Balkan Route is the so-called bottleneck to Slovenia in the area of the Municipality of Donji Lapac, which consists of the green border with Bosnia and Herzegovina. Consequently, by using the example of planning multi-purpose forest roads, the aim of this paper is to propose the inclusion of the road network of border management units of mountain areas in the control system of the state’s green border, which, in this paper, includes its surveillance and protection by land for the purpose of national security. The research was conducted on the example of the Visočica–Lisac border management unit in the Municipality of Donji Lapac. The results of the research indicate a possible solution to the control of the border management unit by establishing a two-level surveillance system. The higher level consists of strategically defined surveillance points and corresponding multi-purpose forest roads designed on a tactical level. At this level, the priority is protection or, more precisely, defense of the state border. The lower level consists of tactically determined surveillance points with corresponding multi-purpose forest roads designed on the operational level. In addition to protecting the state border, this level would also have the task of protecting the forest, that is, monitoring the area of the management unit. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forest Operations and Sustainability)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Surveillance points in the Visočica–Lisac management unit. Source: Prepared by the author.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Visibility from the Lisac strategic point by simulating the installation of a thermal imaging camera at a height of 4 m and 8 m. Source: Prepared by the authors.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Visibility from the Gologuz strategic point by simulating the installation of a thermal imaging camera at a height of 4 m and 8 m. Source: Prepared by the authors.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>(<b>a</b>) Tactical forest road Gologuz and (<b>b</b>) Tactical forest road Lisac. Source: Prepared by the authors.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Visibility from Tactical Point 1 by simulating the installation of a thermal imaging camera at a height of 8 m. Source: Prepared by the authors.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Visibility from Tactical Point 2 by simulating the installation of a thermal imaging camera at a height of 8 m. Source: Prepared by the authors.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>(<b>a</b>) Forest road designed on the operational level in Visočica area and (<b>b</b>) Forest road designed on the operational level in Lisac area. Source: Prepared by the authors.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>(<b>a</b>) Classic multi-purpose forest road and (<b>b</b>) multi-purpose circular forest road. Source: Prepared by the authors.</p> Full article ">
22 pages, 7585 KiB  
Article
Synthesis and Evaluation of Geopolymer Mixtures Containing Chronologically Aged Basic Oxygen Furnace Slags
by Aizhan Tukaziban, Chang-Seon Shon, Dichuan Zhang, Jong Ryeol Kim, Ji-Hyun Kim and Chul-Woo Chung
Sustainability 2023, 15(24), 16934; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416934 - 18 Dec 2023
Viewed by 955
Abstract
Applying industrial by-products as a substitution for conventional construction materials (natural resources) is a superior solution for the environment in terms of waste management and reduction in greenhouse emissions and for the construction industry in terms of cost and expenditure. Applying basic oxygen [...] Read more.
Applying industrial by-products as a substitution for conventional construction materials (natural resources) is a superior solution for the environment in terms of waste management and reduction in greenhouse emissions and for the construction industry in terms of cost and expenditure. Applying basic oxygen furnace slag (BOFS), one of the metallurgical industry by-products, as a construction material can be a high-potential and promising idea. However, the utilization of BOFS in construction applications is considerably limited because of its inherent characteristics leading to volumetric expansion behavior caused by the chemical reaction between free lime (f-CaO) and water. This study used geopolymer technology to stabilize the expansive behavior of chronologically aged BOFS aggregates. The compressive strength, expansion behavior, and drying shrinkage characteristics of a normal ordinary Portland cement (OPC) mixture and a geopolymer mixture containing siliceous river sand and chronologically aged BOFS aggregates were investigated. The test results showed that the compressive strength of geopolymer mixtures containing chronologically aged BOFS aggregate achieved 64.02 MPa, and the expansion behavior of geopolymer mixtures was improved compared with normal OPC mixtures containing the same BOFS aggregates, reaching 0.02% and 0.44%, respectively. However, due to the air-curing method, geopolymer mixtures had higher drying shrinkage values than normal OPC mixtures. Therefore, further studies should be conducted to investigate how to control the drying shrinkage of geopolymer mixtures containing chronologically aged BOFS aggregate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability and Application of Civil Engineering Materials and Building Materials)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Diagram of the experimental program. Standards [<a href="#B48-sustainability-15-16934" class="html-bibr">48</a>,<a href="#B49-sustainability-15-16934" class="html-bibr">49</a>,<a href="#B50-sustainability-15-16934" class="html-bibr">50</a>,<a href="#B51-sustainability-15-16934" class="html-bibr">51</a>,<a href="#B52-sustainability-15-16934" class="html-bibr">52</a>,<a href="#B53-sustainability-15-16934" class="html-bibr">53</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>BOFS aggregate: (<b>a</b>) Field stockpiled BOFS with different ages. (<b>b</b>) Bottom BOFS.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>X-ray diffraction patterns of river sand and BOFS aggregates.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Mixing procedures for geopolymer mixture.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Compressive strength of (<b>a</b>) normal mortar mixtures and (<b>b</b>) geopolymer mixtures.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Expansion behavior of (<b>a</b>) normal OPC mixtures and (<b>b</b>) geopolymer mixtures submerged in the water.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Expansion behavior of (<b>a</b>) normal OPC mixtures and (<b>b</b>) geopolymer mixtures submerged in 1 M NaOH solution.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Drying shrinkage of (<b>a</b>) normal OPC mixtures and (<b>b</b>) geopolymer mixtures.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>Weight change of (<b>a</b>) normal OPC mixtures and (<b>b</b>) geopolymer mixtures.</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>SEM/EDS images for fracture surface of normal OPC mixture containing bottom BOFS aggregate submerged into 1 M NaOH solution.</p> Full article ">Figure 11
<p>SEM/EDS images for fracture surface of geopolymer mixture containing bottom BOFS aggregate submerged into 1 M NaOH solution.</p> Full article ">Figure 12
<p>Normal OPC mixtures containing fresh BOFS aggregate submerged in water at 80 °C.</p> Full article ">Figure 13
<p>Geopolymer mixtures containing fresh BOFS aggregate submerged in water at 80 °C.</p> Full article ">
15 pages, 4235 KiB  
Article
Determining the Appropriate Minimum Effort Levels for Use in Fisheries Dynamic Bioeconomic Models
by Sean Pascoe, Roy Aijun Deng, Trevor Hutton and Denham Parker
Sustainability 2023, 15(24), 16933; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416933 - 18 Dec 2023
Viewed by 781
Abstract
Managing fisheries to achieve ecological, economic and social sustainability is complex. The use of dynamic bioeconomic models can be and have been used to assist in determining management targets. However, optimizing profits over time can result in large reductions in fishing effort in [...] Read more.
Managing fisheries to achieve ecological, economic and social sustainability is complex. The use of dynamic bioeconomic models can be and have been used to assist in determining management targets. However, optimizing profits over time can result in large reductions in fishing effort in the short term with adverse social consequences. There exist other benefits from maintaining fishing effort even in adverse conditions (e.g., maintain crew and fleet capacity). For this reason, many bioeconomic models have included some form of minimum effort, catch or short-term profit constraint. In this paper, we consider a range of approaches to assess an appropriate minimum fishing effort, including the estimation of fishery breakeven effort levels, and approaches based on historical fishing levels. These are tested using a bioeconomic model currently used for fishery management. We find that breakeven approaches tend to result in the most conservative effort levels and the highest net present value of profits. In contrast, using a proportion of the moving average of the observed fishing effort results in less conservative change in effort, while resulting in positive changes in the net present value of fishery profits. The approach also has the advantage of being dynamic, adjusting with recent fishery conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Oceans)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Average vessel profit if no fishing for tiger prawns occurred compared with banana prawn fishery revenue.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Number of days fishing for tiger prawns required to break even.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Probability of breaking even at different number of days fished. The vertical black dashed line represents the maximum observed number of days fished, and the vertical blue dashed line the current effort constraint.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Annual predicted breakeven point and probability of a zero breakeven point for the period 2007 to 2022. The dashed line represents the base level breakeven point.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Nominal fishing effort and average net revenue per day in the tiger prawn fishery.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>A comparison of key results between the different minimum effort threshold methods applied to the 2018 bioeconomic model and the observed fishing effort in 2018 (the blue line).</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>A comparison of key results between the different minimum effort threshold methods applied to the 2022 bioeconomic model and the observed fishing effort in 2022 (the blue line).</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Difference between model estimated and observed effort, 2022.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>Increase in NPV with different effort thresholds relative to the base case.</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>Trade-off between fishing effort and net present value. The blue vertical lines indicate a 10% change from the 2022 observed effort.</p> Full article ">
17 pages, 314 KiB  
Article
An Agonistic Perspective on the Challenge of Biodiversity Value Integration
by Thomas Fickel
Sustainability 2023, 15(24), 16932; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416932 - 18 Dec 2023
Viewed by 829
Abstract
The identity-laden conflict comprising clashing biodiversity values can hinder the integration of plural biodiversity values into policy. Until now, research on the elicitation and negotiation of biodiversity values approached this task by applying an economic or a deliberative model to guide the elicitation [...] Read more.
The identity-laden conflict comprising clashing biodiversity values can hinder the integration of plural biodiversity values into policy. Until now, research on the elicitation and negotiation of biodiversity values approached this task by applying an economic or a deliberative model to guide the elicitation of values and transformation knowledge regarding their negotiation. However, both models have weaknesses in generating robust and transformative outcomes, which lie in their approach to dealing with identity conflicts and their related passions and affects. To address this gap, I explain how research has used both models and discuss how an agonistic model can improve the debate. I will show that current models highlight integrating and synergising values. In contrast, the agonistic model aims at eliciting distinctive values that challenge hegemonic values and the unsustainable status quo. Thereby, it implies dealing with and utilising passions and affects within the research process. Implications and operational suggestions for biodiversity value research applying the agonistic model are outlined. These include changes in the research structure, eliciting negative attributions and marginalised or missing values, and altered communication within group valuation settings. This article is relevant to researchers in biodiversity valuation and facilitators of value negotiations that aim to achieve value integration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Biodiversity as a Natural Asset: Monitoring, Assessment, Policy and Management for the 21st Century)
21 pages, 2211 KiB  
Article
Analysis and Dissolution of Potential Contradictions in Thematic Lessons from a Cultural-Historical Activity Theory Perspective
by Shengqing He and Chunxia Qi
Sustainability 2023, 15(24), 16931; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416931 - 18 Dec 2023
Viewed by 924
Abstract
Thematic learning features sustain exploratory activities focused on a selected theme, which contributes to developing students’ core competencies, including problem solving, collaboration, and communication skills, supporting sustainable development in learning. For teachers and students, this emerging pedagogical approach may encounter various contradictions in [...] Read more.
Thematic learning features sustain exploratory activities focused on a selected theme, which contributes to developing students’ core competencies, including problem solving, collaboration, and communication skills, supporting sustainable development in learning. For teachers and students, this emerging pedagogical approach may encounter various contradictions in the classroom activity system. Grounded in a cultural-historical activity theory perspective, this study examined the potential contradictions in an activity system in the context of thematic learning, as well as possible strategies for dissolving those potential contradictions and their effectiveness through a case study. Interviews with an experienced teacher were conducted to acquire information about potential contradictions, and the interview results suggested that these contradictions were perceived as potentially occurring between the students, tools, and objects. According to that information, solutions were proposed to dissolve those potential contradictions, including setting moderate learning objects, creating a sustainable exploratory learning environment, scaffolding necessary knowledge, and situating students in an interactive, communicative, and cooperative classroom environment. Finally, the dissolution of those contradictions was examined through classroom observations, with the results showing that students were able to apply their knowledge accurately and fluently to solve the problems. The contribution of this study involves adopting cultural-historical activity theory as guidance to dissolve the contradictions in classroom teaching, which expands the application of this theory compared to previous studies that focused more on the contradictions between researchers and teachers during a lesson study. This innovative application will inspire teachers to adopt this theory routinely to improve teaching, including designing instructional sequences and question chains that support students’ sustained exploration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Education and Approaches)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>The six core elements and their relationships in an activity system as depicted in CHAT (Source: Cited from the literature [<a href="#B12-sustainability-15-16931" class="html-bibr">12</a>], but elaborated with another approach).</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>The key potential contradictions involved in the TLAS focused on in this study.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>The three patterns presented to students.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>The two solutions provided by students for a combined PM constructed with three regular triangles and two squares.</p> Full article ">
Show export options expand_more Show export options expand_less
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:
 
Displaying articles 1-415
Previous Issue
Next Issue
Back to TopTop