High Pressure Laminates with Antimicrobial Properties
"> Figure 1
<p>Typical assembly for a high pressure laminates build-up.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Chemical structure of poly(hexamethylene biguanide).</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Schematic representation of HPLs containing PHMB: (<b>a</b>) decorative paper impregnation strategies; (<b>b</b>) build-up approaches for HPLs without PHMB (SS and SSS) and with PHMB (AS and SAS).</p> "> Figure 4
<p>ATR-FTIR spectra of standard HPL and PHMB-HPL (2.4%(IN) SAS).</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Antimicrobial activity of DPL towards <span class="html-italic">E. coli</span> and <span class="html-italic"> L. innocua</span>, immediately after inoculation (0 h) and after incubation (24 h), on standard (control) and PHMB-DPL newly produced (0 month), and after 1 and 2 months storage ( <span class="html-fig-inline" id="materials-09-00100-i001"> <img alt="Materials 09 00100 i001" src="/materials/materials-09-00100/article_deploy/html/images/materials-09-00100-i001.png"/></span> Below detection limit).</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Antimicrobial activity of PHMB-HPLs prepared with two different approaches, against <span class="html-italic">E. coli</span> and <span class="html-italic">L. innocua</span> just after inoculation (0 h) and after incubation for 24 h (SS and SSS are the control samples for AS and SAS, respectively; <span class="html-fig-inline" id="materials-09-00100-i002"> <img alt="Materials 09 00100 i002" src="/materials/materials-09-00100/article_deploy/html/images/materials-09-00100-i002.png"/></span>, Below detection limit).</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Antimicrobial properties of PHMB-HPLs produced by two different methods, against <span class="html-italic">E. coli</span> and <span class="html-italic">L. innocua</span> over a period of 30 days simulating daily use (SS and SSS are control samples for AS and SAS, respectively; <span class="html-fig-inline" id="materials-09-00100-i001"> <img alt="Materials 09 00100 i001" src="/materials/materials-09-00100/article_deploy/html/images/materials-09-00100-i001.png"/></span>, Below detection limit).</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Antimicrobial properties against <span class="html-italic">E. coli</span> and <span class="html-italic">L. innocua</span> over a period of 30 days, simulating storage of PHMB-HPLs prepared by two different methods (SS and SSS are control samples for AS and SAS, respectively; <span class="html-fig-inline" id="materials-09-00100-i001"> <img alt="Materials 09 00100 i001" src="/materials/materials-09-00100/article_deploy/html/images/materials-09-00100-i001.png"/></span>, Below detection limit).</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Schematic representation of the antimicrobial evaluation tests: (<b>a</b>) qualitative (disk diffusion method); (<b>b</b>) quantitative [<a href="#B40-materials-09-00100" class="html-bibr">40</a>,<a href="#B41-materials-09-00100" class="html-bibr">41</a>].</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Characterization of HPLs Containing PHMB
Physical Property | Test Method [28] | Required Rating | Rating * |
---|---|---|---|
Resistance to immersion in boiling water | EN 438-2:12 | ≥4 | 4 |
Resistance to water vapour | EN 438-2:14 | ≥4 | 5 |
Resistance to dry heat (180 °C) | EN 438-2:16 | ≥4 | 4 |
Resistance to impact by small diameter ball | EN 438-2:20 | ≥20 N | 30 N |
Resistance to scratching | EN 438-2:25 | ≥4 | 3 |
Resistance to staining (groups 1, 2 & 3) | EN 438-2:26 | ≥4 | 5 |
2.2. Antimicrobial activity of HPLs Containing PHMB
2.2.1. Qualitative Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activity of Decorative Paper Laminates (DPL)
2.2.2. Quantitative Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activity of DPL
2.2.3. Quantitative Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of PHMB-HPLs
3. Experimental Section
3.1. Materials
3.2. Methods
3.2.1. Production and Characterization of HPLs
3.2.2. Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of PHMB-HPLs
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Magina, S.; Santos, M.D.; Ferra, J.; Cruz, P.; Portugal, I.; Evtuguin, D. High Pressure Laminates with Antimicrobial Properties. Materials 2016, 9, 100. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9020100
Magina S, Santos MD, Ferra J, Cruz P, Portugal I, Evtuguin D. High Pressure Laminates with Antimicrobial Properties. Materials. 2016; 9(2):100. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9020100
Chicago/Turabian StyleMagina, Sandra, Mauro D. Santos, João Ferra, Paulo Cruz, Inês Portugal, and Dmitry Evtuguin. 2016. "High Pressure Laminates with Antimicrobial Properties" Materials 9, no. 2: 100. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9020100