Production, Characterization, and Evaluation of Pellets from Rice Harvest Residues †
<p>Particle size distribution of grounded rice straw.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Pellets produced using the single press.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>N-Pico pelletizer (<b>a</b>) and pelletized rice straw (RS) (<b>b</b>).</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Axial compressive test.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Fraction 0.3–0.85 mm (<b>a</b>) and 0.15–0.3 mm (<b>b</b>) of the straw powders at the magnification of 50× at optical microscope.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>RS (<b>a</b>) and RH (<b>b</b>) pellets.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Axial compressive stress-strain curves for RS pellets (<b>a</b>) and RH pellets (<b>b</b>).</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Production of Rice Straw Pellet with a Single Press
2.2. Production of Commercial Pellets
2.3. Characterization of Pellets
2.3.1. Physical Properties
2.3.2. Chemical Properties
2.3.3. Mechanical Properties
2.3.4. Structural Properties
3. Results
3.1. Lab-Scale Pellets
3.1.1. Physical Properties
3.1.2. Chemical Properties
3.1.3. Mechanical Properties
3.1.4. Structural Properties
3.2. Commercial Rice Straw and Rice Husk Pellets
3.2.1. Physical Properties
3.2.2. Chemical Properties
3.2.3. Mechanical Properties
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Guidelines |
---|---|
Length (mm) | 3.15 < length < 40 |
Diameter (mm) | Die diameter ± 1 |
Bulk density (kg/m3) | >600 |
Moisture content (wt %) | <10 |
Durability (%) | >97.5 |
Samples | l (mm) | d (mm) | ρp (kg/m3) |
---|---|---|---|
RS_6 tons | 10.1 ± 0.3 | 8.18 ± 0.02 | 980 ± 20 |
RS_7 tons | 10.8 ± 0.6 | 8.14 ± 0.03 | 930 ± 49 |
Physical | RS |
---|---|
Proximate analysis (wt %) | |
Moisture | 7 |
Fixed Carbon | 13 |
Volatile Matter | 71 |
Ash | 9 |
Ultimate analysis (wt %) (ash-free) | |
Carbon | 46.8 |
Hydrogen | 5.1 |
Nitrogen | 0.6 |
Oxygen | 47.2 |
Sulfur | 0.3 |
HHV (MJ/kg) | 15.6 |
Samples | σAC (MPa) | ε (%) |
---|---|---|
RS_2 tons | 56.5 ± 7.7 | 0.70 ± 0.04 |
RS_3 tons | 67.7 ± 2.9 | 0.72 ± 0.02 |
RS_4 tons | 58.2 ± 10.4 | 0.66 ± 0.04 |
RS_5 tons | 61.2 ± 3.1 | 0.68 ± 0.05 |
RS_6 tons | 58.4 ± 7.0 | 0.69 ± 0.06 |
RS_7 tons | 54.4 ± 18.9 | 0.72 ± 0.15 |
Dimensions | RS | RH |
---|---|---|
L (mm) | 17.7 ± 1.0 | 8.5 ± 2.5 |
d (mm) | 6.3 ± 0.1 | 6.4 ± 0.1 |
L/d | 2.8 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.1 |
Physical | RS | RH |
---|---|---|
ρb (kg/m3) | 606 ± 20 | 505 ± 15 |
ρp (kg/m3) | 1305 ± 34 | 1112 ± 38 |
ε0 (−) | 0.536 | 0.544 |
Physical | RS | RH |
---|---|---|
Proximate analysis (wt %) | ||
Moisture | 15 | 17 |
Fixed Carbon | 11 | 11 |
Volatile Matter | 60 | 63 |
Ash | 14 | 9 |
Ultimate analysis (wt %)—ash-free | ||
Carbon | 43.9 | 52.1 |
Hydrogen | 4.7 | 6.2 |
Nitrogen | 0.6 | 2.2 |
Oxygen | 50.5 | 39.3 |
Sulfur | 0.3 | 0.2 |
HHV (MJ/kg) | 13.2 | 13.8 |
RS | RH | |
---|---|---|
σAC (MPa) | 11.0 ± 2.0 | 1.17 |
ε (%) | 7.5 ± 3.2 | 8.12 |
σDC (MPa) | 7.8 ± 2.5 | 4.26 ± 2.57 |
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Moliner, C.; Lagazzo, A.; Bosio, B.; Botter, R.; Arato, E. Production, Characterization, and Evaluation of Pellets from Rice Harvest Residues. Energies 2020, 13, 479. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13020479
Moliner C, Lagazzo A, Bosio B, Botter R, Arato E. Production, Characterization, and Evaluation of Pellets from Rice Harvest Residues. Energies. 2020; 13(2):479. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13020479
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoliner, Cristina, Alberto Lagazzo, Barbara Bosio, Rodolfo Botter, and Elisabetta Arato. 2020. "Production, Characterization, and Evaluation of Pellets from Rice Harvest Residues" Energies 13, no. 2: 479. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13020479