Sun Tracking Systems: A Review
<p>(a) Collector acceptance angle. (b) illustration of sun tracking mechanism. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier [<a href="#b21-sensors-09-03875" class="html-bibr">21</a>].</p> ">
<p>Block diagram of sun-tracking system. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier [<a href="#b24-sensors-09-03875" class="html-bibr">24</a>].</p> ">
<p>(a) four-quadrant sensor and (b) transfer functions for both axes. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier [<a href="#b31-sensors-09-03875" class="html-bibr">31</a>].</p> ">
<p>(a) Schematic illustration of vision-based heliostat control system, and (b) photographs showing different shapes of sun images projected by heliostats onto target plane: (i) centered ellipsoids (the shape of the ellipsoid changes during the day), and (ii), (iii) ellipsoids outside of target boundaries due to aiming errors. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier [<a href="#b33-sensors-09-03875" class="html-bibr">33</a>].</p> ">
<p>(a) Typical configuration of three-phase grid-connected PV system, (b) overall configuration of system controller. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier [<a href="#b38-sensors-09-03875" class="html-bibr">38</a>].</p> ">
<p>Functional PLC program for plane rotated about (a) south-north axis and (b) about vertical axis. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier [<a href="#b45-sensors-09-03875" class="html-bibr">45</a>].</p> ">
<p>Uncertainties in solar zenith and azimuth angles. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier [<a href="#b46-sensors-09-03875" class="html-bibr">46</a>].</p> ">
<p>(a) Operational principle of traditional analogue sun sensor, (b) aperture of traditional analogue sun sensor, (c) aperture of proposed analogue sun sensor. Reproduced with permission from IOP Publishing Ltd. [<a href="#b48-sensors-09-03875" class="html-bibr">48</a>].</p> ">
<p>Distribution of errors in solar vector (i.e. solar vector: angular position of the sun). Reproduced with permission from Elsevier [<a href="#b49-sensors-09-03875" class="html-bibr">49</a>].</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Closed-loop Types of Sun Tracking Systems
3. Open-loop Types of Sun Tracking Systems
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References and Notes
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Algorithm | References | Error | Gain in Energy Production Compared with a Non-tracking System |
---|---|---|---|
Closed-loop Control | Akhmedyarov et al. (1986) | - | 40% |
Maish (1990) | 1° | - | |
Enslin (1992) | - | 10-15% | |
Brown et al. (1993) | < 0.01° | - | |
Kalogirou (1996) | 0.05-0.2° | - | |
Khalifa et al. (1998) | - | 75% | |
Falbel et al. (2002) | 0.05° | - | |
Al-Mohamad (2004) | - | 20% | |
Abdallah (2004) | - | 15-44% | |
Aiuchi et al. (2004) | 0.1° | - | |
Open-loop Control | McFee (1975) | 0.5-1° | - |
Blanco-Muriel et al. (2001) | 0.08° | - | |
Abdallah et al. (2004) | - | 41% | |
Reda et al. (2004) | 0.0003° | - | |
Chen F. et al. (2006) | 0.02° | - | |
Chen F. et al. (2007) | 0.2° | - | |
Grena (2008) | 0.0027° | - | |
Chong et al. (2009) | - | - |
Average | Standard Deviation | Mean Deviation | Range | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Error in Zenith Distance | ||||
Michalsky | -0.128 | 0.137 | 0.109 | [-0.666 0.340] |
PSA Algorithm | -0.008 | 0.107 | 0.084 | [-0.396 0.366] |
Error in Azimuth | ||||
Michalsky | -0.065 | 0.206 | 0.150 | [-1.903 1.344] |
PSA Algorithm | 0.000 | 0.177 | 0.127 | [-1.553 1.443] |
Sun Vector Deviation | ||||
Michalsky | 0.208 | 0.110 | 0.086 | [0.000 0.667] |
PSA Algorithm | 0.136 | 0.079 | 0.063 | [0.000 0.433] |
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Lee, C.-Y.; Chou, P.-C.; Chiang, C.-M.; Lin, C.-F. Sun Tracking Systems: A Review. Sensors 2009, 9, 3875-3890. https://doi.org/10.3390/s90503875
Lee C-Y, Chou P-C, Chiang C-M, Lin C-F. Sun Tracking Systems: A Review. Sensors. 2009; 9(5):3875-3890. https://doi.org/10.3390/s90503875
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Chia-Yen, Po-Cheng Chou, Che-Ming Chiang, and Chiu-Feng Lin. 2009. "Sun Tracking Systems: A Review" Sensors 9, no. 5: 3875-3890. https://doi.org/10.3390/s90503875