Printable Electrochemical Biosensors: A Focus on Screen-Printed Electrodes and Their Application
<p>Cyclic voltamograms of various DNA intercalators [<a href="#B51-sensors-16-01761" class="html-bibr">51</a>] Hoechst 33258 (<b>A</b>); metoxanthrone (<b>B</b>); distamycin (<b>C</b>); methylene blue (<b>D</b>) showing the superiority of Hoescht 33258 as a DNA intercalator, over the other intercalators.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>The principle of electrochemical DNA detection using Hoechst 33258 at disposable electrochemical printed (DEP) chips. (<b>A</b>) Hoechst 33258 interacts with the DNA resulting in a slow diffusion coefficient of the molecular label to the electrode surface (<b>a</b>); When DNA is amplified there is more interaction of DNA with the molecular label and aggregate formation, resulting in even slower diffusion of the molecular label to the electrode surface (<b>b</b>); (<b>B</b>) Voltammograms showing anodic peak currents of Hoechst 33258 after intercalation (i) with DNA at relatively low concentration; and (ii) amplified DNA. When the DNA is amplified, more Hoechst 33258 intercalates the DNA resulting in higher decrease in current detected (<b>a</b>); The degree of interaction is proportional to the current detected (<b>b</b>). Part of this figure was used in our original work [<a href="#B52-sensors-16-01761" class="html-bibr">52</a>]).</p> "> Figure 3
<p>An RT-PCR micro flow chip: Electrochemical semi-real time detection of influenza virus RNA by RT-LAMP on a USB-powered portable potentiostat [<a href="#B46-sensors-16-01761" class="html-bibr">46</a>].</p> "> Figure 4
<p>(<b>A</b>) Illustration of the principle of gold-linked electrochemical immunoassay (GLEIA). A primary antibody is immobilized directly on an electrode surface, and a typical sandwich-type immunoreaction carried out. The secondary antibody is labeled with Au NPs. In the presence of 0.1 M HCl, and upon application of approximately 1.2 V, the Au NPs are pre-oxidized from Au<sup>0</sup> to Au<sup>3+</sup>. A differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) from 0 V to 1.0 V immediately after the pre-oxidation step reduces the oxidised NPs back to Au<sup>0</sup> (this figure is a partial reproduction of our previous figure in Vestergaard et al. [<a href="#B1-sensors-16-01761" class="html-bibr">1</a>]); (<b>B</b>) A voltammogram of the reduction signal of Au NPs on carbon SPE. The signal increases proportionally to increase in antigen concentration (part of the figure is from our previous work: Idegami et al. [<a href="#B83-sensors-16-01761" class="html-bibr">83</a>]).</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Portable electrochemical devices used with disposable electrochemical printed (DEP) chips: Handheld potentiostat, operated by a simple PC or tablet (<b>A</b>); conveniently fitted in a small portable case (<b>B</b>); The DEP chips can conveniently fit into PCR tubes (i) for DNA amplification (ii) and subsequent detection (iii, iv) (<b>C</b>); Part of this figure was used in our original work [<a href="#B52-sensors-16-01761" class="html-bibr">52</a>].</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Printable Electrochemical DNA Biosensors
2.1. Electrochemical DNA Biosensors
2.2. Integration of DNA Biosensors with Microfluidics RT-PCR
Microfluidic RT-PCR Technique for Detection of Influenza Virus
3. Other Printable Electrochemical Biosensors
3.1. Electrochemical Immunosensors
Gold-Linked Electrochemical Immuno-Assay (GLEIA)
3.2. Electrochemical Enzyme-Based Biosensors
4. Miniaturized Printed and Portable Electrochemical Biosensors
5. Future Outlook and Concluding Remarks
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Yamanaka, K.; Vestergaard, M.C.; Tamiya, E. Printable Electrochemical Biosensors: A Focus on Screen-Printed Electrodes and Their Application. Sensors 2016, 16, 1761. https://doi.org/10.3390/s16101761
Yamanaka K, Vestergaard MC, Tamiya E. Printable Electrochemical Biosensors: A Focus on Screen-Printed Electrodes and Their Application. Sensors. 2016; 16(10):1761. https://doi.org/10.3390/s16101761
Chicago/Turabian StyleYamanaka, Keiichiro, Mun’delanji C. Vestergaard, and Eiichi Tamiya. 2016. "Printable Electrochemical Biosensors: A Focus on Screen-Printed Electrodes and Their Application" Sensors 16, no. 10: 1761. https://doi.org/10.3390/s16101761