Plant-Derived Antimalarial Agents: New Leads and Efficient Phytomedicines. Part II. Non-Alkaloidal Natural Products
"> Figure 1
<p>Schematic life cycle of malaria in humans. Sporozoites are injected into human dermis through the bite of infected <span class="html-italic">Anopheles</span> mosquito. After inoculation, sporozoites migrate to liver cells to establish the first intracellular replicative stage. Merozoites generated from this exoerythrocytic phase then invade erythrocytes (RBCs), and it is during this erythrocytic stage that severe conditions of malaria occur. The life cycle is completed when sexual stages (gametocytes) are ingested by a mosquito. Some sporozoites deposited in the skin eventually penetrate capillaries or lymph vessels. Those entering the lymph vessels will penetrate lymph vascular endothelial cells in lymph nodes to establish a lymph node form, which appears not to continue the life cycle - but may be significant in priming an immune response. Adapted and reproduced by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd. [<a href="#B7-molecules-14-03037" class="html-bibr">7</a>].</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Some traditional antimalarial drugs.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Antiplasmodial terpenes <b>8</b>-<b>12</b>.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Antiplasmodial terpenes <b>13-24</b>.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Antiplasmodial terpenes and related compounds <b>25-35</b>.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Antiplasmodial terpenes and related compounds <b>36-42</b>.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Antiplasmodial terpenes and related compounds <b>43-60</b>.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Antiplasmodial terpenes <b>61-66</b>.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Antiplasmodial terpenes and related compounds <b>67-88</b>.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Antiplasmodial terpenes <b>89-95</b>.</p> "> Figure 11
<p>Antiplasmodial flavonoids and related compounds <b>96-111</b>.</p> "> Figure 12
<p>Antiplasmodial flavonoids <b>112-117</b>.</p> "> Figure 13
<p>Antiplasmodial xanthones <b>118-127</b>.</p> "> Figure 14
<p>Antiplasmodial flavonoids and related compounds <b>128-144</b>.</p> "> Figure 15
<p>Antiplasmodial flavonoids <b>145-147</b>.</p> "> Figure 16
<p>Antiplasmodial miscellaneous compounds <b>148-162</b>.</p> "> Figure 17
<p>Antiplasmodial miscellaneous compounds <b>163-176</b>.</p> "> Figure 18
<p>Antiplasmodial miscellaneous compounds <b>177-204</b>.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Recently-Published Crude Extracts with Antiplasmodial Activity
Family | Species | Extract (part) | Antiplasmodial Activity (IC50, μg/mL) | Strain | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amaranthaceae | Amaranthus spinosus | Water (stem bark) | 789.36 ± 7.19 ¥ | (N.S.) ≠ S | [44] | |
Annonaceae | Uvariopsis congolana | MeOH* (stem) | 4.47 ± 0.45 | W2 R | [45] | |
MeOH* (leaves) | 4.57 ± 0.76 | W2 R | ||||
Polyalthia oliveri | MeOH* (stem bark) | 4.30 ± 0.31 | W2 R | |||
Enantia chlorantha | MeOH* (stem) | 4.79 ± 1.09 | W2 R | |||
MeOH* (stem bark) | 2.06 ± 0.01 | W2 R | ||||
Aphloiaceae | Aphloia theiforms | MeOH (bark) | 13.3 ± 0.8 | 3D7 S | [46] | |
11.0 ± 3.1 | W2 R | |||||
CH2Cl2 (bark) | 16.1 ± 2.7 | 3D7 S | ||||
18.2 ± 2.7 | W2 R | |||||
CH2Cl2 (leaves) | 21.0 ± 1.6 | 3D7S | ||||
22.7 ± 2.9 | W2 R | |||||
Apiaceae | Ferula oopoda | MeOH (roots) | 26.6 | K1 R | [47] | |
24.9 | 3D7 S | |||||
Astrodaucus orientalis | MeOH (aerial parts) | 46.1 | K1 R | |||
42.6 | 3D7 S | |||||
Apocynaceae | Picralima nitida | EtOH (seeds) [115 mg/Kg] | 73.0%** | (N.S.) ≠ S | [48] | |
Asclepiadaceae | Caralluma tuberculata | Pet. Ether (aerial parts) | 7.94 | K1 R | [49] | |
Asteraceae | Vernonia amygdalina | EtOH (leaves) | 9.7 ± 2.6 | (N.S.) S | [50] | |
Pet. Ether (leaves) | 2.5 ± 0.7 | (N.S.) S | ||||
Isoamyl alcohol (leaves) | 2.7 ± 0.6 | (N.S.) S | ||||
Psiadia arguta | CH2Cl2 (leaves) | 10.1 ± 2.2 | 3D7 S | [46] | ||
8.4 ± 1.1 | W2 R | |||||
MeOH (leaves) | 22.4 ± 2.2 | 3D7 S | ||||
26.1 ± 6.5 | W2 R | |||||
Centaurea bruguieriana | MeOH (aerial parts) | 36.9 | 3D7 S | [47] | ||
Centaurea golestanica | MeOH (aerial parts) | 35.6 | K1 R | |||
31.6 | 3D7 S | |||||
Boraginaceae | Heliotropium zeylanicum | MeOH (aerial parts) | 8.41 | K1 R | [49] | |
Buxaceae | Buxus hyrcana | MeOH (aerial parts) | 4.7 | K1 R | [47] | |
7.7 | 3D7 S | |||||
Caesalpiniaceae | Cassia occidentalis | EtOH (leaves) | 2.8 ± 0.5 | (N.S.) S | [50] | |
Pet. Ether (leaves) | 1.5 ± 0.7 | (N.S.) S | ||||
Isoamyl alcohol (leaves) | 18.6 ± 3.6 | (N.S.) S | ||||
CHCl3 [pH 2-3] (leaves) | 2.9 ± 0.3 | (N.S.) S | ||||
Capparaceae | Boscia angustifolia | CH2Cl2 (leaves) | 107.9 | 3D7 S | [51] | |
MeOH (leaves) | 37.6 | 3D7 S | ||||
Caryophyllaceae | Minuartia lineata | MeOH (aerial parts) | 44.0 | 3D7 S | [47] | |
Clusiaceae | Croton zambesicus | EtOH (roots) [81 mg/Kg] | 86.18% ** | ANKA ≠ | [52] | |
n-hexane (root) [57 mg/Kg] | 57.88% ** | ANKA ≠ | ||||
CHCl 3 (root) [57 mg/Kg] | 75.39% ** | ANKA ≠ | ||||
AcOEt (root) [57 mg/Kg] | 76.89% ** | ANKA ≠ | ||||
MeOH (root) [57 mg/Kg] | 77.27% ** | ANKA ≠ | ||||
Garcinia kola | EtOH (stem bark) | 2.9 ± 0.7 | (N.S.) S | [50] | ||
Pet. Ether (stem bark) | 1.6 ± 0.2 | (N.S.) S | ||||
Isoamyl alc. (stem bark) | 41.7 ± 3.2 | (N.S.) S | ||||
CHCl3 [pH 2-3] (stem bark) | 27.1 ± 2.7 | (N.S.) S | ||||
Symphonia globulifera | MeOH (leaves) | 4.1±0.5 | K1 R | [53] | ||
Combretaceae | Terminalia bentzoe L. | MeOH (fresh leaves) | 12.8 ± 2.9 | 3D7 S | [46] | |
12.8 ± 3.5 | W2 R | |||||
CH2Cl2 (leaves) | 42.7 ± 3.2 | 3D7 S | ||||
21.0 ± 2.1 | W2 R | |||||
Cucurbitaceae | Momordica foetida | Water (shoots) | 40.7 ± 11.20 | D10 S | [54] | |
50.8 ± 3.00 | K1 R | |||||
AcOEt (shoots) | 30.0 ± 1.70 | D10 S | ||||
29.30 ± 1.47 | K1 R | |||||
MeOH (shoots) | 75.4 ± 17.50 | D10 S | ||||
68.80 ± 5.40 | K1 R | |||||
Dilleniaceae | Tefracera pogge | EtOH (leaves) | 36.9± 4.2 | (N.S.) S | [50] | |
Pet. Ether (leaves) | 1.7 ± 0.4 | (N.S.) S | ||||
Isoamyl alcohol (leaves) | 21.8 ± 5.2 | (N.S.) S | ||||
Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia hirta | EtOH (whole plant) | 2.4 ± 0.2 | (N.S.) S | ||
Pet. Ether (whole plant) | 1.2 ± 0.3 | (N.S.) S | ||||
Isoamyl alc. (whole plant) | 2.6 ± 1.2 | (N.S.) S | ||||
Neoboutonia. glabracens | MeOH (leaves) | 5.50 ± 0.20 | W2 R | [45] | ||
Croton zambesicus | MeOH (stem bark) | 5.69 ± 0.06 | W2 R | |||
Phyllantus niruri | EtOH (whole plant) | 2.5± 0.1 | (N.S.) S | [50] | ||
Pet. Ether (whole plant) | 1.3 ± 0.3 | (N.S.) S | ||||
Isoamyl alc. (whole plant) | 2.3 ± 0.5 | (N.S.) S | ||||
Fabaceae | Glycyrrhiza glabra | MeOH (aerial parts) | 17.5 | K1 R | [47] | |
Erythrina fusca | EtOAc (stem bark) | 7.5 | K1 R | [55] | ||
Stylosanthes erecta | CH2Cl2 (aerial parts) | 21.9 | 3D7 S | [51] | ||
MeOH (aerial parts) | 23.3 | 3D7 S | ||||
Tetrapleura tetraptera | EtOH (fruits) [900 mg/Kg] | 76.37%** | (N.S.) ≠ S | [56] | ||
Geraniaceae | Erodium oxyrrhnchum | MeOH (aerial parts) | 40.3 | K1 R | [47] | |
13.0 | 3D7 S | |||||
Hypericaceae | Harungana madagascariensis | EtOH (stem bark) | 0.052-0.517 | (N.S.) | [57] | |
MeOH (seeds) | 3.6 ± 0.3 | K1 R | [53] | |||
Lamiaceae | Otostegia persica | MeOH (fruits + leaves) | 31.1 | K1 R | [47] | |
Otostegia michauxii | MeOH (aerial parts) | 44.6 | K1 R | |||
Perovskia abrotanoides | MeOH (aerial parts) | 37.3 | K1 R | |||
Loganiaceae | Nuxia verticillata | CH2Cl2 (leaves) | 10.9 ± 1.8 | 3D7 S | [46] | |
8.8 ± 1.2 | W2 R | |||||
MeOH (leaves) | 32.7 ± 7.4 | 3D7 S | ||||
CH2Cl2 (bark) | 27.4 ± 6.6 | 3D7 S | ||||
MeOH (bark) | 36.9 ± 5.7 | 3D7 S | ||||
Buddleja salviifolia | CH2Cl2 (bark) | 49.9 ± 9.6 | 3D7 S | |||
CH2Cl2 (leaves) | 29.7 ± 12.6 | 3D7 S | ||||
18.6 ± 5.8 | W2 R | |||||
Strychnos angolensis | EtOAc (roots) | 17.0 ± 7.6 | FCA20 S | [58] | ||
Strychnos cocculoides | EtOAc (leaves) | 20.0 ± 11.9 | FCA20 S | |||
Strychnos gossweileri | EtOAc (roots) | 12.4 ± 4.1 | FCA20 S | |||
Strychnos henningsii | EtOAc (leaves) | 15.9 ± 3.0 | FCA20 S | |||
Strychnos johnsonii | EtOAc (stem) | 16.4 ± 1.8 | FCA20 S | |||
Strychnos mellodora | EtOAc (leaves) | 13.4 | FCA20 S | |||
MeOH (leaves) | 29.5 | FCA20 S | ||||
EtOAc (stem) | 14.5 ± 1.5 | FCA20 S | ||||
EtOAc (roots) | 11.2 ± 3.6 | FCA20 S | ||||
MeOH (roots) | 25.4 ± 11.0 | FCA20 S | ||||
Strychnos scheffleri | EtOAc (leaves) | 21.2 | FCA20 S | |||
Strychnos variabilis | EtOAc (roots) | 2.5 ± 0.2 | FCA20 S | |||
MeOH (roots) | 2.3 ± 0.5 | FCA20 S | ||||
Meliaceae | Trichilia emetica | CH2Cl2 (leaves) | 11.9 | 3D7 S | [51] | |
MeOH (leaves) | 47.6 | 3D7 S | ||||
Mimosaceae | Cylicodiscus gabunensis | EtOH (stem bark) [60 mg/Kg] | 83.3% ¥ | (N.S.) ≠ S | [59] | |
Albizia zygia | MeOH (stem bark) | 1.0 ± 0.1 | K1 R | [53] | ||
Moraceae | Artocarpus communis | MeOH (leaves) | 4.00 ± 0.37 | W2 R | [45] | |
Nyctagynaceae | Boerhaavia erecta | Water (stem bark) | 564.95 ± 6.23 ¥ | (N.S.) ≠ S | [44] | |
Polygalaceae | Securidaca longipedunculata | CH2Cl2 (leaves) | 6.9 | 3D7 S | [51] | |
Rubiaceae | Vangueria infausta | CHCl3 [fr.] (root bark) | 3.8 ± 1.5 | D6 S | [60] | |
4.5 ± 2.3 | W2 R | |||||
Morinda morindoides | EtOH (leaves) | 94.2 ± 3.4 | (N.S.) S | [50] | ||
Pet. Ether (leaves) | 1.8 ± 0.2 | (N.S.) S | ||||
Isoamyl alcohol (leaves) | 15.3 ± 3.6 | (N.S.) S | ||||
CHCl3 [pH 2-3] (leaves) | 8.8 ± 2.5 | (N.S.) S | ||||
Sapindaceae | Cardiospermum halicacabum | AcOEt (shoots) | 28.60 ± 4.20 | D10 S | [54] | |
32.60 ± 2.60 | K1 R | |||||
MeOH (shoots) | 62.60 ± 9.40 | D10 S | ||||
79.00 ± 5.20 | K1 R | |||||
Solanaceae | Licium shawii | MeOH (aerial parts) | 7.75 | K1 R | [49] | |
Tamaricaceae | Tamarix aralensis | MeOH (aerial parts) | 43.8 | 3D7 S | [47] | |
Verbenaceae | Lantana camara | CH2Cl2 (leaves) | 8.7 ± 1.0 | 3D7 S | [46] | |
5.7 ± 1.6 | W2 R | |||||
Vitaceae | Cissus quadrangulari | CH2Cl2 (whole plant) | 23.9 | 3D7 S | [51] | |
MeOH (whole plant) | 52.8 | 3D7 S | ||||
Zingiberaceae | Siphonochilus aethiopicus | EtOAc (rhizomes) | 2.90 ± 0.28 | D10 S | [61] | |
1.4 | K1 R |
3. Antiplasmodial Non-Alkaloidal Natural Products
3.3. Miscellaneous compounds
4. Perspectives and Remarks on the Development of New Drugs and Phytomedicines for Malaria
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
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Batista, R.; De Jesus Silva Júnior, A.; De Oliveira, A.B. Plant-Derived Antimalarial Agents: New Leads and Efficient Phytomedicines. Part II. Non-Alkaloidal Natural Products. Molecules 2009, 14, 3037-3072. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules14083037
Batista R, De Jesus Silva Júnior A, De Oliveira AB. Plant-Derived Antimalarial Agents: New Leads and Efficient Phytomedicines. Part II. Non-Alkaloidal Natural Products. Molecules. 2009; 14(8):3037-3072. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules14083037
Chicago/Turabian StyleBatista, Ronan, Ademir De Jesus Silva Júnior, and Alaíde Braga De Oliveira. 2009. "Plant-Derived Antimalarial Agents: New Leads and Efficient Phytomedicines. Part II. Non-Alkaloidal Natural Products" Molecules 14, no. 8: 3037-3072. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules14083037