Telecom Advances Explained

Telecom Advances Explained

Telecom Advances Explained

Tanushri Kaniyar

Telecom Advances Explained

Tanushri Kaniyar

ISBN - 9789361529054

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Preface

Telecommunication

This is the second part of the book Information technology and telecommunication. This part deals with the aspects of telecommunication as well as linking them to the technological advancements of today’s world.

The book produces an in-depth knowledge about various network structures like MAN, LAN, WAN, and PAN, etc., along with their benefits. It provides detailed knowledge about the different forms of transmission technologies, their class and procedures. The latter chapters of this book deal with local and wide area networks and their working process.

The author has written this book to give its readers an insight to the subject of information technology and telecommunication. This book starts with some basics and then gradually advances the depth of the topics. It can help students and individuals alike to get a grip on the above mentioned subjects and gain benefits by applying this knowledge in their lives.

Table of Contents

1 Transmission Networks 1

1.1 Transmission Technology 1

1.1.1 Information Technology Basics 2

1.1.2 Transmission Method 8

1.1.3 Transmission Paths 12

1.1.4 Signal Types 13

1.1.5 Electroacoustics 15

1.2 Wired Signal Transmission 17

1.2.1 Transmission Cable with Copper Wires 18

1.2.2 Optical Fiber Cable (Fiber Optic Cable) 19

1.2.3 Cable Network Construction 21

1.2.4 Basic Variables of a Line 22

1.2.5 Attenuation on Cables 23

1.2.6 Level 25

1.2.7 Transmission Interference 26

1.3 Multiple uses of Transmission Paths 29

1.3.1 Multiple-use Procedure 30

1.3.2 Modulation Method 32

1.3.3 Modulation Types for Pulse Trains 35

1.3.4 Frequency Multiplexing 36

1.3.5 Wavelength Multiplexing 37

1.3.6 Digital Modulation Methods with

the Sinusoidal Carrier 38

1.3.7 Digital Subscriber Line ADSL 40

1.3.8 Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) 41

1.3.9 PCM Measurement Technology 42

1.4 Data Transmission in the Synchronous Digital

Hierarchy (SDH) 43

1.5 Integrated Data Network 44

1.5.1 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) 46

1.5.2 ATM Layer Model 50

1.6 Data Communication with the Internet Protocol (IP) 52

1.6.1 OSI Reference Model and its Protocols 53

1.6.2 TCP/IP Reference Model and OSI 56

1.6.3 TCP Segment Header(L4) 60

1.6.4 The Internet 62

1.6.5 Header of IP Protocol 67

1.6.6 IP address 71

1.6.7 Domain Name System 79

2 Wide Area Network 84

2.1 Introduction 84

2.2 Transport Network 87

2.2.1 Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) 89

2.2.2 Programming Characterized Organizing 92

2.2.3 Data Center 94

2.3 Next Generation Networks – NGN 97

2.3.1 Basics 98

2.3.2 IP Multimedia Subsystem IMS 100

2.3.3 Transmission of Real-time Information

about NGN 101

2.3.4 Connection Control with the Signaling

Protocol (SIP) Session Initiation Protocol 102

2.3.5 Public Architecture Nets 104

2.4 WAN Network Architectures 107

2.5 Access Networks 111

2.5.1 Asymmetrical Digital Subscribers Line (ADSL) 111

2.5.2 Very High Bit-rate Digital Subscriber

Line (VDSL) 113

2.5.3 Vectoring 114

2.5.4 Bonding 117

2.5.5 LTE Connection 121

2.5.6 Optical Access Systems 126

2.5.7 MSAN Multi-server Access Node 128

2.5.8 Private Networks (PBXs) 130

3 Local Networks 134

3.1 Basics of Local Networks 134

3.2 Network Topologies 136

3.2.1 Bus Topology 137

3.2.2 Star Topology 138

3.2.3 Ring Topology 139

3.2.4 Mesh Topology 140

3.2.5 Line Topology 141

3.2.6 Cell Topology 142

3.2.7 Hybrid Topologies 143

3.2.8 Extended Star 143

3.2.9 Logical and Physical Topology 144

3.3 Structured Cabling 145

3.3.1 Six Subsystems of a Structured Cabling System 146

3.4 Layer Models 147

3.4.1 ISO/OSI Model 147

3.4.2 Layers of the OSI Model 148

3.4.3 DoD or TCP/IP Model 153

3.5 Transmission Media 156

3.5.1 Coaxial Cable 159

3.5.2 Twisted Pair Cable 160

3.5.3 Network Classes and Network Categories 161

3.5.4 Optical Fiber (FO) 167

3.6 Ethernet 170

3.7 Network Couplings 175

3.7.1 Repeater and Hub 176

3.7.2 Bridge and Swatch 176

3.7.3 Routers 177

3.8 Wireless Networks 178

3.8.1 WLAN or Wi-Fi 182

3.8.2 Bluetooth 184

3.8.3 Li-Fi an Upcoming Standard? 187

3.9 Network Storage 188

3.9.1 Network Attached Storage – NAS 189

3.9.2 Storage Area Network – SAN 190

Index 192

Chapter

1 Transmission Networks

1.1 Transmission Technology

Bluetooth Technology makes it possible for electronic gadgets to make a remote connection with one another. PC Speakers, Cameras, Headsets and Video Games-Consoles are, for the most part, available with the innovation of Bluetooth. By associating gadgets with each other utilizing Bluetooth, information can be traded.

The speakers have worked in tweeters like some other standard speakers and a powerful woofer, which can give quality music or song in your home. The speakers are unique from standard speakers in a number of ways. Right off the bat, they needn’t bother with any links or wires. The speakers are likewise freed from space utmost in a specific way. They should be situated inside the scope of around a hundred feet from your PC framework. With the innovation of Bluetooth, it is anything but difficult to sound from the PC framework. The speakers can likewise be associated with a perfect sound system for quality diversion. The remote association sets up a connection between your PC and speakers, and it can respond to volume directions, notwithstanding other sound options given in the framework. While choosing Bluetooth PC speakers, you should check the sound nature of the speakers. You can check its adaptability by playing different music family on it, which will assist you with judging the recurrence go.

The headset is an astounding and phenomenal gadget. Bluetooth gives you freedom from the obfuscated links and associating you just as your PC or PDA remotely. Surely, the headset associated with a PDA adds mind-blowing versatility to an individual’s correspondence experience. You can get the joy of music put away in your phone by putting an agreeable, charming and a little gadget into your ear. The nature of the voice of the Bluetooth headset is simply excellent. The headsets are a renowned choice for headsets. The headset is regularly utilized and acquired by a few call focuses on the globe. Bluetooth headsets are of amazingly high caliber and are reasonable by all. Bluetooth Headsets offers you the range to choose from, which won’t be accessible with different brands. The headsets are accessible in various styles; they are well known for over the head or ear style and the style which folds over the ear. Whether you are occupied with working at the office or driving a vehicle, putting Bluetooth headset over your ear gives you access to talk over wireless liberating your hands from hanging on your telephone. Hardly any striking characteristics of headsets contain advanced sound adjusting and programmed change of volume. Ordinarily, every one of the gadgets is expected to give a scope of around 10 meters - 33 ft; however, they may vary. Bluetooth Headsets could be charged by a vehicle connector, a USB link or some other strategy, not including any more transformers to incorporate to your accumulation. In the setting of generally highlights and development, Jabra BT250v is the first-class Bluetooth headset at present.

1.1.1 Information Technology Basics

The strategies, ideas, and procedures depicted here is the same old thing, yet it is stunning what number of problem solvers neglect to utilize them.

Comprehend the real issue

Is it true that it isn’t evident that before you can unravel, you have to comprehend the issue? Perhaps it may, more often than not, the solver will begin taking care of without knowing the genuine issue. What the customer or client depicts as The Problem is ordinarily just the manifestation! My PC wouldn’t like to switch on is the indication. The genuine issue could be that the entire structure is without power. Each time I attempt to include another item, I get a blunder message is the side effect. Here the genuine issue could be, Just the last two items I attempted to include gave an ‘Item as of now exists’ blunder. Another exemplary model: Nothing is working.

You start your assessment by portraying the genuine issue. This will involve posing inquiries (and to a great extent, check them), and doing some basic testing. Ask the client solicitation like when was the last time it worked viably?, To what degree have you been utilizing the structure? Does it wear out another PC or another client? "What is the definite slip up message, and so forth. Requesting a screen-print of the mistake if conceivable. Your principal testing will be to guarantee the through and through gear is a great idea to go. Check the client’s PC, the framework, the Web Server, Firewalls, the File Server, the Database back-end, etc. Most distrustful circumstances, you can butcher a ton of zones for a reason behind the issue.

A certified model - The symptom as demonstrated by the customer: The structure hangs up unpredictably times when I spot orders. The earth: The customer enters the solicitation detail on a structure in a brought together PC application. Right when all the detail is done, the customer will tab off the structure. The brought together server by then sends this detail by methods for correspondence programming to an Oracle Client/Server structure at the plant. The Oracle structure will do scope measurement, and either re-establishes a mis-step or a typical solicitation return to the brought together server system. This issue is authentic in light of the way that you can free clients in case they endeavor to place orders, and the system doesn’t recognize them! To try to deal with this issue, people started by investigating: 1) The store and point of confinement of the brought together server gear 2) Monitoring the framework load between the incorporated PC and the Oracle structure 3) Hiring specialists to investigate the correspondence programming 4) Debugging the Oracle scope association system After placing in a couple of months they couldn’t handle the issue.

The Sensible Problem Solver was brought in. It took not exactly a day, and the issue was explained! How? The solver goes through the day at the customer to see what the genuine issue was. It was discovered that the issue simply occurs with admission orders. By examining the catch screen and customer exercises, it was discovered that with charge orchestrates, the prop upfield on the structure is in each case left clean, and the client didn’t tab up this field. The system was not hanging, and it trusted that the client would crush tab later. Issue handled. Well, it might be seen that the Legitimate Problem Solver had uncommonly constrained learning of the brought together a computer, of the solicitation getting structure, of the correspondence programming, and the Oracle scope measurement system. What’s more, this brings us to Principle#2.

The unraveling procedure, regardless of whether you don’t comprehend the framework

On the off chance that your clothes washer wouldn’t like to switch on, you shouldn’t be an Electrical Engineer, Washing Machine Repair Specialist, Technician, or whatever master to do some fundamental flaw finding. Ensure the fitting is working. Check the routing switch, and so on. Ought to I have never observed this blunder to not prevent you from endeavoring to unravel. With the mistake message and an Internet Search motor, you can get bunches of beginning stages.

In each unpredictable framework, there are a few essential working standards. Framework A that peruses information from System B can be perplexing (perhaps Laboratory Spectrometer that peruses information from a Programmable Logic Computer using an RS-232 port). A few fundamentals to test for: Do the two frameworks have control? Is there a blunder message in the occasion sign on one of these frameworks? Could you ping or follow a system bundle from the one framework to the next? Attempt an alternate correspondence link. Quest the web for the blunder message.

When you have built up what the issue is, you have to begin settling it. In some cases, the underlying examination will point you straightforwardly to the arrangement (switch the power on, supplant the flawed link, and so on). However, now and then, the genuine issue is mind-boggling in itself, so the following rule is to comprehend it straightforward.

Overcome the basic

How about we start this segment with a genuine model? Under specific conditions, a put-away technique will hang. The put-away methodology regularly takes about an hour to run (when it isn’t hanging). Thus, the designer attempted to troubleshoot. Roll out certain improvements and afterward hold up one more hour or so to check whether the issue is comprehended. After certain days the engineer surrendered, and the Issue Solver dominated. The Issue Solver had to his transfer the learning under which conditions the put-away system would hang. Along these lines, it was a basic exercise to duplicate the methodology, and after that, with this duplicate to strip all superfluous code. All parameters were changed with hard-coded values. Bits of code were executed at once, and the outcome sets were, on the other hand, hard-coded into the duplicate of the methodology. Inside 3 hours, the issue was understood. A vast circle was found.

What the Issue Solver did, was to recreate the issue and simultaneously attempted to disengage the code that caused the issue. In doing as such, the complex (and tedious) put away system moved toward becoming something quick and straightforward.

If the issue is inside an application, make another application and endeavor to reproduce the issue inside the new application as fundamental as would be prudent. On the remote possibility that the issue happens when a specific strategy for a specific control gets called, at that point, endeavor just to incorporate this control in the unfilled application and call that system with hard-coded values. In case that the issue is with inserted SQL inside a C# application, at that point, attempt to reproduce the SQL within a Database Query apparatus (like SQL*Plus for Oracle, Query Analyzer for SQL Server, or utilize the code in MS Excel using ODBC to the database).

The minute you can imitate the issue in a basic manner, you are over 80% on your approach to explain it. If you don’t have the foggiest idea where in the program the issue is, at that point, use DEBUG.

Troubleshoot

Most application improvement instruments come standard with a debugger. Climate is Macromedia Flash, Microsoft Dot Net, Delphi, or whatever advancement condition there will be a type of debugger. If the device doesn’t come standard with a debugger, at that point, you can mimic one.

The primary thing you need to do with the debugger is to figure out where the issue is. You do this by including breakpoints at key regions. At that point, you run the program in troubleshooting mode, and you will know between which breakpoints the issue happened. Drill down, and you will discover the spot. Since you know where the issue is, you can vanquish it straightforward.

Another pleasant element of most debuggers incorporates the office to watch factors, values, parameters, and so forth as you step through the program. With these qualities known at specific advances, you can hard-code them into your improved variant of the program

On the off chance that an advancement apparatus doesn’t support investigating, at that point, you can reproduce it. Put in steps in the program that yields variable qualities and hi I am here messages either to the screen, to a log document, or a database table. Make sure to take them out when the issue is settled. You don’t need your document framework to be jumbled or topped off with log records!

The abundance of data on