basophils

The leukocytes from sixty patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis were tested for histamine release in response to environmental and food antigens. Eighteen patients (30 percent of the population studied) were atopic, and this history of respiratory allergy was confirmed by an in vitro histamine release assay. The nonatopic patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis had a significantly higher incidence of in vitro histamine release to foods than did control subjects. The leukocytes from twenty-three patients (38 percent) released histamine to food antigens. Patients eliminated foodstuffs in a double-blind trial to correlate the in vitro histamine release to the development of oral ulcers. Only 30 percent of the patients had a decreased incidence of ulcers after eliminating foods which had induced in vitro histamine release. On rechallenge in the double-blind trial, 30 percent of the foods which caused histamine release also correlated to increased incidence of oral lesions. In ...

Desensitization for drug allergy is the induction of temporary clinical unresponsiveness to drug antigens. Gradual reintroduction of small doses of drug antigen at fixed time intervals allows for the delivery of full therapeutic doses, protecting patients from anaphylaxis. Rapid desensitizations permit the use of essential antibiotics in severely infected allergic patients or aspirin in aspirin-sensitive cardiac patients undergoing revascularization. We review the indications and outcomes of recent protocols for desensitization to antibiotics and aspirin. Despite the success of rapid desensitizations, the cellular and molecular inhibitory mechanisms are incompletely understood. In-vitro mast cell and basophil models implicate molecular signaling molecules syk and STAT6. Rapid desensitization protocols treat type I mast cell/IgE dependent reactions, such as anaphylaxis, as seen with sensitization to penicillin, cephalosporins, and other antibiotics. Anaphylactoid reactions induced up...

Glutathione S-transferase (GST) from various arthropods can elicit allergic reactions. In the present study, Per a 5, a GST, was cloned from American cockroach (CR) and expressed in both baculovirus-infected insect cell (iPer a 5) andE. coliexpression (bPer a 5) systems. The secondary structures were predicted to be 45.93 and 8.69% ofα-helixβ-sheets in iPer a 5 and 42.54 and 8.49% ofα-helix andβ-sheets in bPer a 5, respectively. It is found that 4 out of 16 (25%) sera from American CR allergy patients reacted to both bPer a 9 and iPer a 9 as assessed by ELISA and Western blotting analysis, confirming that Per a 5 is not a major allergen of American CR. Induction of upregulated expression of CD63 and CCR3 on passively sensitized human basophils (sera from American CR allergy patients) by approximately up to 4.5- and 3.2-fold indicates that iPer a 5 and bPer a 5 are functionally active. Recombinant Per a 5 (rPer a 5) should be a useful tool for studying and understanding the role of P...

Significance Type 2 inflammation occurs in a large subgroup of asthmatics and is the target of multiple novel therapies for asthma; however, the mechanisms that drive type 2 inflammation in chronic asthma are poorly understood. In this study, we identify a previously unidentified mechanism of IL-33 activity involving alternative RNA transcript splicing and provide evidence that mast cells and basophils are major cellular targets of IL-33 activity driving type 2 cytokine production in stable asthma. These data advance our understanding of the mechanisms of type 2-high asthma and guide the selection of asthmatics likely to benefit from IL-33 inhibitor therapies.

The present research was carried out in an attempt to identify the problems associated with the morpho-functional analysis of vertebrate animal's leukocyte blood cells. For this blood samples of four age groups chickens (Gallus gallus L.) were collected and analysis was carried out as per the recommendations of the International Council for Standardization in Hematology for the identifying morpho-physiological characteristics of leukocytes of peripheral blood of birds. Results of the current study were based on the sample of early postnatal ontogenesis based on the analysis of high-resolution color microphotographs taken by the method of light-optical microscopy. Results of the current study revealed that the cells have the well-designed of all granular leukocytes typical "eosinophilic" nucleus with two segments. Sometimes cells contain polysegmental nuclei that are eccentrically located. Further, in contrast to heterophils, the eosinophilic nucleus has well-expressed contours, formed by irregularly shaped chromatin blocks with an optically denser structure. There are also eosinophils with stick-nuclei. The smallest blood granulocytes of the birds are basophils. Basophils differ in structure slightly basophilic color cytoplasm with intensively basophilic granules of rounded or other forms of different size. The sizes of granules in basophils are smaller than the other types of granular leukocytes. Thus, based on the analysis of qualitative color microphotographs of white blood cells of chickens of neonatal ontogenesis performed by optical microscopy, the differential morpho-physiological markers of leukocytic cells of peripheral blood of birds were marked and characterized.
KEYWORDS: Blood, Leukocytes, Heterophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Lymphocytes, Chicken.

Staining cells or tissues with basic dyes was the mainstay of mast cell and basophil detection methods for more than a century following the first identification of these cell types using such methods. These techniques have now been largely supplanted by immunohistochemical procedures with monoclonal antibodies directed against unique constituents of these cell types. Immunohistochemistry with antibodies specific for the granule protease tryptase provides a more sensitive and discriminating means for detecting mast cells than using the classical histochemical procedures; and employing antibodies specific for products of basophils (2D7 antigen and basogranulin) has allowed detection of basophils that infiltrate into tissues. The application of immunohistochemistry to detect more than one marker in the same cell has underpinned concepts of mast cell heterogeneity based on differential expression of chymase and other proteases. The double-labelling procedures employed have also provide...

We recently showed a desensitization of FcεRI-mediated basophil response after short-term VIT. Our aim was to evaluate the allergen specificity of this desensitization. In 11 Hymenoptera-venom double positive subjects, basophil threshold sensitivity (CD-sens) to anti-FcεRI, honeybee, and Vespula venom was assessed at the beginning and just before the first maintenance dose (MD) of single ultra-rush VIT. In some patients we also monitored CD-sens to rApi m 1 and/or rVes v 5 or other co-sensitizations (i.e., grass pollen). In additional 7 patients, basophils were stripped and sensitized with house dust mite (HDM) IgEs at the same time points. We demonstrated a marked reduction of CD-sens to anti-FcεRI and VIT-specific venom before the first MD in all 18 subjects included. Furthermore, in 10 out of 11 double positive subjects, a significant and comparable decrease before the first MD was also evident for non-VIT venom; this nonspecific decrease was further supported by the opposite rec...

Olive (Olea europaea) pollen constitutes one of the most important allergen sources in the Mediterranean countries and some areas of the United States, South Africa, and Australia. Recently, we provided evidence that olive pollen releases nanovesicles of respirable size, named generically pollensomes, during in vitro germination. Olive pollensomes contain allergens, such as Ole e 1, Ole e 11, and Ole e 12, suggesting a possible role in allergy. The aim of this study was to assess the contribution of pollensomes to the allergic reaction. We show that pollensomes exhibit allergenic activity in terms of patients' IgE-binding capacity, human basophil activation, and positive skin reaction in sensitized patients. Furthermore, allergen-containing pollensomes have been isolated from three clinically relevant nonphylogenetically related species: birch (Betula verrucosa), pine (Pinus sylvestris), and ryegrass (Lolium perenne). Most interesting, pollensomes were isolated from aerobiologic...

The indirect basophil activation test using flow cytometry is a promising tool for autoimmune urticaria diagnosis. We aimed to identify better donor basophils (from atopic vs. non-atopic donors and interleukin-3 primed vs. unprimed basophils) and improve basophil identification and activation markers (eotaxin CC chemokine receptor-3 [CCR3] vs. CD123 and CD63 vs. CD203c). Donor basophils were obtained from non-atopic and atopic group O donors. Positive control sera were artificially prepared to simulate autoimmune urticaria patients' sera. Patient sera were obtained from nine children with chronic urticaria. Assay sensitivity was compared among each variation by using positive control sera (n=21), applying cutoff values defined from negative control sera (n=20). For basophil identification, a combination of CCR3 and CD123 markers revealed a higher correlation with automated complete blood count (r=0.530) compared with that observed using CD123 (r=0.498) or CCR3 alone (r=0.195). T...

The morphofunctional characteristic of the peripheral blood cell ensemble of broiler chickens Gallus gallus (L.) of early postnatal ontogenesis is presented. It is based on the analysis of high-resolution color micrographs made with light-optical microscopy. The work is a practical result to continue the comprehensive study of the morphophysiology of the blood cells of broiler chickens in the early period of ontogenesis after birth.

Keywords: blood morphology, erythroblasts, erythropoiesis, mitosis, hemocytopoiesis, heterophiles, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, platelets, hens.

Treatments for allergic disease block the effects of mediators released from activated mast cells and blood basophils. A panel of fullerene
derivatives was synthesized and tested for their ability to preempt the release of allergic mediators in vitro and in vivo. The fullerene
  C -tetraglycolic acid significantly inhibited degranulation and cytokine production from mast cells and basophils, while C -tetrainositol 70 70
blocked only cytokine production in mast cells and degranulation and cytokine production in basophils. The early phase of Fc􏰅RI inhibi-
tion was dependent on the blunted release of intracellular calcium stores, elevations in reactive oxygen species, and several signaling
molecules. Gene microarray studies further showed the two fullerene derivatives inhibited late phase responses in very different ways.
C -tetraglycolic acid was able to block mast cell-driven anaphylaxis in vivo, while C -tetrainositol did not. No toxicity was observed with 70 70
either compound. These findings demonstrate the biological effects of fullerenes critically depends on the moieties added to the carbon cage and suggest they act on different Fc􏰅RI-specific molecules in mast cells and basophils. These next generation fullerene derivatives represent a new class of compounds that interfere with Fc􏰅RI signaling pathways to stabilize mast cells and basophils. Thus, fullerene- based therapies may be a new approach for treating allergic diseases.

Naturally occurring IgE-specific IgG autoantibodies have been identified in patients with asthma and other diseases, but their spectrum of functions is poorly understood. Address the hypothesis that: (i) IgG anti-IgE autoantibodies are detectable in the serum of all subjects but elevated in asthmatic patients regardless of atopic status as compared with controls; (ii) some activate IgE-sensitized basophils; and (iii) some inhibit allergen-induced basophil activation. IgE-specific IgG autoantibodies were detected and quantified in sera using ELISA. Sera were examined for their ability to activate IgE-sensitized human blood basophils in the presence and absence of allergen using a basophil activation test, and to inhibit allergen binding to specific IgE on a rat basophilic cell line stably expressing human FcεRI. IgG autoantibodies binding to both free and FcεRI-bound IgE were detected in patients with atopic and non-atopic asthma, as well as controls. While some were able to activate...

Background IgE binds to mast cells and basophils via its high-affinity receptor, FcɛRI, and cross-linking of FcɛRI-bound IgE molecules by allergen leads to the release of allergic mediators characteristic of type I hypersensitivity reactions. Previous work has shown that cross-linking of FcɛRI with FcγRIIb, an ITIM-containing IgG receptor, leads to inhibition of basophil triggering. 2G10, a chimeric human IgG1 anti-idiotype, has broad reactivity with human IgE and as such has the potential to bind simultaneously to FcɛRI-bound IgE, via ...

Eosinophils and other phagocytes use NADPH oxidase to kill bacteria. Proton channels in human eosinophils and neutrophils are thought to sustain NADPH oxidase activity, and their opening is greatly enhanced by a variety of NADPH oxidase activators, including phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). In nonphagocytic cells that lack NADPH oxidase, no clear effect of PMA on proton channels has been reported. The basophil is a granulocyte that is developmentally closely related to the eosinophil but nevertheless does not express NADPH oxidase. Thus, one might expect that stimulating basophils with PMA would not affect proton currents. However, stimulation of human basophils in perforated-patch configuration with PMA, N -formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, or anti-IgE greatly enhanced proton currents, the latter suggesting involvement of proton channels during activation of basophils by allergens through their highly expressed IgE receptor (FcεRI). The anti-IgE-stimulated response occurred in...

Ten cases of chromophobic adenoma have been studied by electron microscopy; seven were associated with hypopituitarism and three with acromegaly. Comparison of the tumors revealed that morphological variations in parenchymal cell types were slight, and, based on characteristics of the secretory granules, a single cell type was predominant and common to both varieties of the tumor. The predominant cell type contained varying amounts of secretory granules that measured 80–200 mμ or more in diameter, and had an electronopaque core and perigranular halo. Though the features of these secretory granules were most like those in “normal” adult basophils this classification is considered doubtful. The core material of the secretory granules was homogeneously electron-opaque in some granules and particulate in others. In addition to electron-opaque core material many secretory granules contained aggregates of clear vesicles. Some granules did not contain clear vesicles but were closely associated with numerous cytoplasmic vesicles. Lysosomes were abundant and a consistent feature of the tumor cells. The present observations indicate that cell features are significantly altered in the cells of both varieties of chromophobic adenoma so that ultrastructural criteria used to identify cell types in “normal” pituitary glands are not applicable to the tumor cells. Chromophobic adenomas associated with acromegaly varied more with respect to the features of the predominant cell type than did chromophobic adenomas associated with hypopituitarism. Cell features varied between cells with electronlucent cytoplasmic matrix and scant development of organelles to others with more electron-opaque cytoplasmic matrix and more complex development of organelles. Common to both varieties of tumor were marked variations in the number and structure of mitochondria from cell to cell; occasionally mitochondria filled the cytoplasm.

Objective The aim of this study is to determine when during hematopoiesis Siglec-8 gets expressed, whether it is expressed on hematologic malignancies, and if there are other non-human species that express Siglec-8. Methods Siglec-8 mRNA and cell surface ...

Protein tyrosine and lipid phosphorylations are early and critical events in type 1 Fc(epsilon) receptor (Fc(epsilon)RI)-mediated activation of mast cells and basophils. Tyrosine phosphorylation of Fc(epsilon)RI subunits as well as other signal transduction molecules reflects the balance between the action of protein tyrosine kinases and phosphatases. Similarly, the phosphate content of inositol phospholipids, involved in the recruitment of signalling molecules to the plasma membrane and the generation of secondary messengers, is the net result of the opposing effects of phosphoinositide kinases and lipid phosphatases. This review summarizes the current understanding of the structural and functional aspects of nonreceptor protein tyrosine phosphatases (SHP-1, SHP-2, HePTP, PTP20, PRL1, PRL2, PTP-MEG1 and PTP-MEG2) and lipid phosphatases (SHIP and SHIP2) in the activation of mast cells and basophils after Fc(epsilon)RI aggregation. New approaches towards a deeper understanding of the role of phosphatases in mast cell physiology are also discussed.

Mast cell (MC)- and basophil-associated inflammatory diseases are a considerable burden to society. A significant portion of patients have symptoms despite standard-of-care therapy. Statins, used to lower serum cholesterol, have immune-modulating activities. We tested the in vitro and in vivo effects of statins on IgE-mediated MC and basophil activation. Fluvastatin showed the most significant inhibitory effects of the six statins tested, suppressing IgE-induced cytokine secretion among mouse MCs and basophils. The effects of fluvastatin were reversed by mevalonic acid or geranylgeranyl pyrophosphatase, and mimicked by geranylgeranyl transferase inhibition. Fluvastatin selectively suppressed key FcεRI signaling pathways, including Akt and ERK. Although MCs and basophils from the C57BL/6J mouse strain were responsive to fluvastatin, those from 129/SvImJ mice were completely resistant. Resistance correlated with fluvastatin-induced upregulation of the statin target HMG-CoA reductase. ...