Work incentives

Книга посвящена исследованию механизмов стимулирования труда рабочих-текстильщиков дореволюционной России на основе сочетания принципов микро- и макроанализа. В качестве объектов микроанализа в данной работе выступают отдельные крупные текстильные предприятия. На базе комплексов архивной документации из фондов рассматриваемых предприятий изучаются реальные трудовые практики, отражающие механизмы создания мотивации труда текстильщиков, а также социальные отношения не только на производстве, но и в повседневной жизни, в фабричной социальной сфере.

Мобилизационное развитие - одна из наиболее обсуждаемых тем в России. Однако дискуссии о возможностях и проблемах реализации моделей мобилизационной экономики в России ХХ века упираются  в отсутствие определенности с самим понятием мобилизационной экономики. Нередко  мобилизационная экономика получает широкую трактовку, включающую, в частности, активную роль государства в организации действий по мобилизации ресурсов страны, необходимых для выполнения поставленных задач и планов, используя при этом внеэкономические методы воздействия на тех, от кого зависит достижение этих задач.
    В данной статье обсуждается спектр подходов к определению мобилизационного развития, рассматриваются вопросы функционирования экономики Гулага в послевоенные годы, в условиях мобилизационной программы восстановления народного хозяйства. В центре нашего внимания – проблема эффективности принудительного труда, использовавшегося в широких масштабах в лагерной системе. Показано, что в послевоенном Гулаге эта проблема приняла острый характер, что заставило руководство Гулага искать действенные трудовые стимулы, способные обеспечить самоокупаемость лагерей. Становилось очевидным, что практически неограниченные возможности использования принудительного труда заключенных не дают больше ожидаемых результатов.

From 2006 to 2009, Federal minimum wages in Australia were set by the Australian Fair Pay Commission. This paper uses data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia panel survey to investigate the circumstances of persons who are paid at or near the minimum wage, and thus potentially affected by the wage determinations. Net disposable incomes for actual and potential minimum wage workers are modelled in and out of work to investigate the implications of the wage determinations on work incentives. In addition, a range of measures of socioeconomic status and wellbeing are inspected. Comparisons are made with selected groups of non-employed persons and those with higher earnings to highlight the potential costs and benefits for affected individuals, and hence the potential trade-offs faced in setting minimum wages if we accept that increases in minimum wages reduce employment opportunities.

Public social benefits can, depending on their design, either reduce or strengthen work incentives. Benefits that provide an alternative to earned income weaken work incentives, benefits that require recipients to seek and accept work strengthen them. On the basis of six historical case studies, this paper analyses how the peak federations of German employers perceived the impact of public social programs on work incentives and how these perceptions changed over time. The paper shows how employers' assessments of the importance of work incentives changed over time: They perceived the negative work incentives created by social programs either as positive or as negative, depending on labor market conditions and experiences with social programs made in earlier periods. During the debates leading to the adoption of new social insurance programs, employers feared that the new benefits would undermine work incentives when those programs would benefit persons fit to work, but not when programs would benefit the sick or injured. Consequently, unemployment insurance was the program employers opposed most strongly. Later, during the 1970s and 1980s, when firms faced over-staffing, employers did however come to welcome a weakening of work incentives.

This report presents findings on the activities of the 103 organizations receiving Social Security Administration grants under the Work Incentives Planning and Assistance (WIPA) program, established in 2006 to disseminate information on work incentives and support beneficiaries in their efforts to return to work. This report focuses on short- and intermediate-term outcomes for beneficiaries receiving services as well as program

Abstract: This paper examines the employment and wage outcomes of Australians undertaking Mutual Obligation Activities (MOAs). Specifically, it considers whether the outcomes for MOA participants vary according to whether they receive housing assistance ...

The purpose of this paper is to give a comparative view of tax systems and tax reforms in some EU Countries (France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Spain and UK) over the period 1970-2000. The paper presents evidences of the structure and evolution of tax systems, focusing on tax ratios by legal and economic categories and on the allocation of revenues

Die gemeinsame Besteuerung von Ehepartnern im Rahmen des Ehegattensplittings ist nach wie vor ein großes Hemmniss der Erwerbsbeteiligung von verheirateten Frauen am Arbeitsmarkt in Deutschland. In ihrem aktuellen Finanzkonzept fordert die SPD, das Ehegattensplitting durch eine Individualbesteuerung mit Unterhaltsabzug zu ersetzen, entsprechend den bereits geltenden Regelungen für geschiedene Eheleute. Simulationsrechnungen des DIW Berlin zeigen, dass eine solche Reform nur geringe

The joint taxation of married couples in Germany with full income splitting is still a major hindrance to the participation of married women in the labor market. In their current financial proposals, the SPD (Social Democratic Party) is calling for income splitting for married couples to be replaced by individual taxation with maintenance deductions, in accordance with existing schemes for divorced spouses. Simulations implemented by DIW Berlin show that such a reform would only have limited effects on distribution and labor supply. Pure individual taxation, however, would not only lead to significant additional tax revenue but would also considerably increase the number of married women participating in the labor market. If politicians take the goal of greater integration of married women in the labor market seriously, then the current income splitting for married couples would have to be replaced by individuation taxation.

Recognizing that people value employment not only to earn income to satisfy their consumption needs, but also as a means to gain socio-psychological (nonpecuniary) benefits, we show that once nonpecuniary work incentives are incorporated into standard labor supply theory, (i) the wage rate under-estimates (over-estimates) the true value of nonwork/leisure time when work has nonpecuniary benefits (costs), (ii) nonpecuniary benefits can be a substitute for monetary wages as work incentives, (iii) at very low wage rates, work can become a net source of utility, and (iii) the shape of labor supply curve differs from standard theory. We also identify conditions under which a greater nonpecuniary work incentive generates a larger individual labor supply, and examine the effects of non-wage income on labor supply both for paid and voluntary work.

Based on survey findings, this report examines the characteristics, circumstances, and job readiness of single-parent TANF cases, noting that most are not long-term welfare recipients, and the majority had some paid employment in the past two years. However, many had weak educational backgrounds and reported problems such as poor physical or mental health, caring for a family member with a health problem or special need, or problems with child care and transportation. Although Illinois has a strong work incentive package, fewer than a third of these household heads are meeting federal work requirements. In response, comprehensive strategies may be needed to address the multiple liabilities prevalent in this population. Also available in HTML format at http://aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/TANF-IL-emp03/index.htm.

In December 2010 Health Insurance in Uruguay was extended to the partners of workers in the formal labor market. This extension may have modified the incentives to participate in the formal and informal labor markets, potentially reducing overall participation or the share of individuals in the formal labor market whose partners were formally employed. Using a difference-in-differences methodology, effects of the Health Insurance expansion are estimated by comparing individuals affected by the policy over time with similar but unaffected individuals. We find negative and statistically significant effects: the policy extension reduces the share of the economically-active population in the formal labor market by 0.95 percentage points and women in formal employment in the private sector by 2.13 percentage points.  In addition to these effects, we find significant heterogeneous effects by age, educational level, and the formality conditions of the partners. We also find an effect of the policy on occupation, though of smaller magnitude and not always statistically-significant.

Increasing work incentives for people with low incomes is a common topic in the policy debate across European countries. The "Mini-Job" reform in Germany - introduced on April 1, 2003 - can be seen in line with these policies, exempting labour income below a certain threshold from taxes and employees' social security contributions. We carry out an ex-post evaluation to identify the short-run effects of this reform. Our identification strategy uses an exogenous variation in the interview months in the German Socio-Economic Panel, that allows us to distinguish groups that are (or are not) affected by the reform. To account for seasonal effects we additionally use a difference-in-differences strategy. The results show that the short-run effects of the reform are limited. We find no significant short-run effects for marginal employment. However, there is evidence that single men who are already employed react immediately and increase secondary job holding.

... (This compares with a variety of measures and data sources used in the present study which include multiple time periods and cover most of England and Wales, with sample sizes of up to 12 million observations.). ... Quercia, RG, Mccarthy, GW, Ryznar, RM and Talen, AC 2000. ...

The labor supply and benet claiming incentives provided by the early retirement rules of the Social Security Old Age benets program are of growing importance as the Normal Retire-ment Age (NRA) increases to 67, the labor force participation of Older Americans rises, and a variety of reforms to the Social Security system are considered. Any reform needs to take into account the effects and rationale of the Social Security Earnings Test and the Actuarial Adjustment Factor, which are likely to be widely misunderstood due to the relatively little at-tention paid by policy makers and researchers to the fact that Americans are willing to work while receiving benets. We describe these incentives, and emphasize that individuals who claim benets before the NRA but continue to work, or return to the labor force, can reduce the early retirement penalty by suspending the collection of monthly benets if they earn above the Earnings Test limit. We then argue that the Earnings Test can be distorti...