Vulcanismo

Estudio del proceso ilustrado que fue transformando la percep- ción mítica de los fenómenos volcánicos en la incipiente ciencia vulcanológica. La observación directa en Filipinas y la acumulación de datos empíricos de diferente naturaleza (relaciones de sucesos, testimonios de erupciones, expediciones científicas e historiografía) permitió el desarrollo de la ciencia española al mismo tiempo que alimentó las bases estéticas de lo sublime filipino. Se edita como anexo Carta dirigida al señor D. Rafael María de Aguilar sobre el volcán de Albay por Manuel Sánchez Valladares. Nueva Cáceres, 1800.

An analysis is made of the process that in 18th century tranformed the mythical perception of volcanic phenomena into the incipient science of Volca- nology. Direct observation in the Philippine Archipelago and the collection of diffe- rent kinds of empirical data (accounts of events, testimonies of eruptions, scientific expeditions and historiography) allowed Spanish Science to evolve at the same time that the aesthetical roots on the Philippine Sublime were estblished. In the appendix there is an edition of the Carta dirigida al señor D. Rafael María de Aguilar sobre el volcán de Albay por Manuel Sánchez Valladares, Nueva Cáceres, 1800.

O presente texto foi disponibilizados, online, aos alunos dos cursos de Biologia e Geologia da Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos - Unisinos, inscritos na disciplina Introdução ao Sistema Terra, na década de 2000.
Trata ele sobre o entendimento do que seja a estrutura da Terra, bem como dos fenômenos relacionados a sua dinâmica interna, tais como, vulcanismo, terremotos, maremotos (tsunamis), movimentação de placas continentais e oceânicas, etc.
São aqui apresentadas a hipótese da Deriva Continental e a hipótese que lhe sucedeu, a da Tectônica de Placas.

Abstract. In Part I the paper summarizes how the UN/IPCC presents an incomplete and misleading picture of the Earth’s Energy Budget. How it tells us nothing about other sources of heat besides the sun, like the earth’s nuclear furnace or how oceans act like a climate moderator given its huge heat capacity. PART II presents 11 arguments against CO2 caused global warming. Explaining in simple terms and concepts, the difference between real-physical greenhouses and the misleading term of the “greenhouse effect.” It also explains the challenges posed by the concept of “Radiative Forcing.” Part III summarizes policy recommendations and procedural changes for NASA/NOAA.

Este artículo presenta los resultados de la investigación arqueológica y vulcanismo en el área del Puracé, Cauca: Se analizan los asentamientos humanos, sitios ceremoniales y cultura material en los territorios ancestrales de los resguardos indígenas de Poblazón, Puracé, Kokonuko y Paletará. Los vestigios son de culturas prehispánicas alto andinas que ocupaban pisos climáticos con exposición al volcanismo. Se presentan evidencias precerámicas de hace 9.000 A.P., y de pueblos o cacicazgos entre 2.000 y 500 A.P., con poblados nucleados a 3.100 m., que intercambiaban productos (maíz, coca, obsidiana) en amplias áreas. El trabajo con las comunidades tuvo carácter de arqueología colaborativa, donde se aprendió sobre la amenaza volcánica en los resguardos, así como de la cosmogonía ancestral con la cual se reafirman tradiciones, mitos y leyendas. Los resultados contribuyen al conocimiento de la historia y memoria de las poblaciones ancestrales del pueblo Kokonuko. El estudio fue realizado entre el Servicio de Geología Colombiano (Bogotá) y la Universidad del Cauca, Popayán.

Magmatic stoping-A process of igneous intrusion in which magma gradually works its way upward by breaking off and engulfing blocks of the country rock. Also known as stoping. A xenolith (Ancient Greek: "foreign rock") is a rock fragment which becomes enveloped in a larger rock during the latter's development and solidification. In geology, the term xenolith is almost exclusively used to describe inclusions in igneous rock during magma emplacement and eruption. Xenoliths may be engulfed along the margins of a magma chamber, torn loose from the walls of an erupting lava conduit or explosive diatreme or picked up along the base of a flowing body of lava on the Earth's surface. Solidification, also known as freezing, is a phase change of matter that results in the production of a solid. Generally, this occurs when the temperature of a liquid is lowered below its freezing point. Although the freezing point and melting point of most materials are the same temperature, this is not the case for all substances, so freezing point and melting point are not necessarily interchangeable terms. Igneous Intrusion (also called a pluton): a large body of igneous rock formed when magma is injected into the surrounding (country rock) and crystallizes.\ Plutons are classified based on their size, shape and relation to the surrounding rock. I. Concordant plutons : intrusive bodies that do not cut across the layered country rock Most concordant intrusions are reletively small. Two common types are: a. Sill: a concordant pluton with parallel sides* b. Laccolith: a concordant pluton with a domed upper surface

Resumo de comunicação apresentada no Sétimo Encontro de Inovação Educacional, Educação e Intervenção, e Segundo Encontro Internacional de Inovação Educacional, que decorreu nos dias 24 e 25 de Abril no Campus de Angra do Heroísmo da Universidade dos Açores, ao Pico da Urze.
A comunicação em qpreço é a número 29.

Resumen En este artículo se presentan los hallazgos del sitio Cueva Abra del Toro, un abrigo rocoso localizado al sur del Valle de Yocavil. La información que proviene del sitio es importante para ampliar el conocimiento sobre la ocupación prehistórica durante el Holoceno por fuera de la región de Puna. Existen dos datos que sostienen esta afirmación. En primer lugar, la Cueva Abra del Toro presenta la ocupación más antigua en estratigrafía para el valle, y en segundo lugar, en la estratigrafía del sitio hay evidencia de ceniza volcánica que proviene la erupción de mayor intensidad conocida para el Holoceno en los Andes. Este depósito de ceniza separa las ocupaciones de la cueva, una pre-cerámica, anterior a la erupción y una pre-cerámica y otra cerámica (posteriores a la erupción). La información que incorpora este nuevo sitio contribuye a complementar y complejizar la construcción del conocimiento científico sobre las ocupaciones prehistóricas en los valles mesotermales del Noroeste Argentino.

Abstrac This article presents the findings of the Cueva Abra del Toro site, a rocky shelter located south of the Yocavil Valley. The information that comes from the site is important to gainexpand knowledge ofabout the prehistoric Holocene occupation outside the Puna region. There are two pieces of evidence that support this statement. First, the Cueva Abra del Toro presents/shows the oldest occupation, in stratigraphy for this valley, and second, in the stratigraphy of the site there is evidenceare deposits of volcanic ash that comes from the most intense eruption known duringto the Holocene in the Andes. This ash deposit dividesseparates the occupations of the cave into three: distinct the occupations of the cave, a pre-ceramic one (before/prior the eruption) and a pre-ceramic and aanother ceramic one (after/post-the eruption). The information included in this new site contributes to complementing and gaining furthermaking complex the construction of scientific knowledge ofabout prehistoric occupations in the mesothermal valleys of the northwestern Argentinae Northwest.

This article deals with archaeology and volcanism in the lands of indigenous communities who live in the mountains of the high Andean region of Puracé, Colombia. The study was carried out in four Indian reservations: Poblazón, Puracé, Kokonuko and Paletará. The effects of the Puracé volcano on community settlements are recorded over the period from 2500 to 500 years before the present. Archaeological sites and cultural materials indicate that these societies were politically homogeneous with an economy based on agriculture; they were linked to one another through the exchange and barter of different products. In the cosmogonies of these communities, volcanoes are related to the ancestral past. Thus, for each community nature and the volcanoes' power are represented as mythical beings. The results of the study contribute to the knowledge of recent volcanic activity in the area and will help to mitigate the risks from future eruptions; at the same time, they record the oral history and historical beliefs in the memory of these indigenous peoples with regard to their territory and the neighbouring volcanoes.

Riassunto
Il paesaggio dei Campi Flegrei nel Golfo di Pozzuoli da sempre è condizionato da una particolare attività vulcanica e sismica,
che rappresenta dunque una costante nella vita dei suoi abitanti. Questo contributo vuole approfondire in particolare quanto è
avvenuto tra il II secolo a.C. e il V secolo d.C., quando il bradisismo modificò profondamente la geografia di questo territorio. Il
bradisismo è il costante, silenzioso e lento movimento di parte della crosta terrestre, sia ascendente che discendente, provocato
dai livelli di pressione della attività vulcanica in profondità. Un’alta pressione può sollevare terreni duri e deformare suoli più
flessibili. La mancanza di pressione provoca invece il bradisismo discendente. Il suo movimento è sempre impercettibile e e può
variare da 1 a 60 cm all’anno.


Abstract
The landscape of the Phlegrean Fields in the Gulf of Pozzuoli has always been linked to a certain volcanic and seismic activity,
tectonic phenomena which constitute a constant in the life of their inhabitants. This contribution seeks to delve more deeply
into what happened between the 2nd century BC and the 5th century AD, when bradyseism profoundly changed the geography of
this territory. Bradyseism is the constant, silent and slow movement of part of the earth´s crust, both ascending and descending,
caused by the pressure levels of volcanic activity at great depths. High pressure can lift hard soils and deform more flexible soils.
Lack of pressure, on the other hand, causes descending bradyseism. Its movement is always imperceptible and we know, thanks
to the data collected in the past century, that it can vary from 1 to 60cm per year.

Recientes estudios en arqueología colaborativa en comunidades indígenas de Puracé, Colombia, han revelado asentamientos ancestrales a más de 3000 metros en áreas volcánicas; sus relaciones culturales milenarias aun perviven en relación al paisaje mítico milenario.

El vulcanismo ha configurado los continentes del presente; asimismo, ha contribuido - durante las épocas geológicas - al cambio climático. El Parque Nacional Somma-Vesubio, al sur de Italia, integra la red de Reservas de Biosfera; es un laboratorio abierto donde se genera conocimiento y cuyos fines es lograr la conciliación entre el uso sostenible de los recursos naturales y la conservación de la biodiversidad. El Vesubio es un volcán en actividad permanente, su erupción más conocida es aquella que sepultó - debajo toneladas de ceniza y lodo - a las ciudades de Pompeya y Herculano en el año 79 de nuestra era. El siguiente artículo trata, en términos generales, de los procesos naturales y culturales que motivan la visita del cráter del Vesubio y su entorno.

This is a hyperlink (below) to a podcast interview with Dr. Alan Garfinkel. Garfinkel answers a series of questions regarding his research on the rock art of the Coso Range. The Coso Range is a small area of volcanic mountains and drainages of about 100 square miles location in eastern California - further situated in the southwestern corner of the Great Basin of North America. Within this rather small area is, by most prehistorians estimation, the largest concentration of prehistoric rock art in the Western Hemisphere. Not just in frequency but in character this iconic record is rather impressive. Many of the images are realistic or representational and besides the latter characteristics fully 25% or more of the images depict the desert bighorn.

Such circumstances begs the questions, why so much rock art? Why bighorn? How old? Who made the art? How did it function within the Native cultures who lived there... The Podcasts attempts to answer some of these questions.

https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?id=310241441

Riassunto
Il paesaggio dei Campi Flegrei nel Golfo di Pozzuoli da sempre è condizionato da una particolare attività vulcanica e sismica,
che rappresenta dunque una costante nella vita dei suoi abitanti. Questo contributo vuole approfondire in particolare quanto è
avvenuto tra il II secolo a.C. e il V secolo d.C., quando il bradisismo modificò profondamente la geografia di questo territorio. Il
bradisismo è il costante, silenzioso e lento movimento di parte della crosta terrestre, sia ascendente che discendente, provocato
dai livelli di pressione della attività vulcanica in profondità. Un’alta pressione può sollevare terreni duri e deformare suoli più
flessibili. La mancanza di pressione provoca invece il bradisismo discendente. Il suo movimento è sempre impercettibile e e può
variare da 1 a 60 cm all’anno.



Abstract
The landscape of the Phlegrean Fields in the Gulf of Pozzuoli has always been linked to a certain volcanic and seismic activity,
tectonic phenomena which constitute a constant in the life of their inhabitants. This contribution seeks to delve more deeply
into what happened between the 2nd century BC and the 5th century AD, when bradyseism profoundly changed the geography of
this territory. Bradyseism is the constant, silent and slow movement of part of the earth´s crust, both ascending and descending,
caused by the pressure levels of volcanic activity at great depths. High pressure can lift hard soils and deform more flexible soils.
Lack of pressure, on the other hand, causes descending bradyseism. Its movement is always imperceptible and we know, thanks
to the data collected in the past century, that it can vary from 1 to 60cm per year.

Los volcanes suelen  estar en las zonas de contacto de las diferentes placas en las que está dividida la corteza terrestre, especialmente en las dorsales oceánicas y en las que se produce subducción, es decir, hundimiento del borde de una placa bajo la otra empujada por la corteza nueva generada en las dorsales mencionadas. Estas zonas son también especialmente favorables para la generación de terremotos. No obstante, también hay volcanes que no se relacionan con este proceso, sino que El vulcanismo es un fenómeno que nos indica que el planeta está activo y en permanente transformación, espectacular, atractivo, potencialmente peligroso pero estrechamente relacionado con la vida. En el planeta hay numerosos volcanes activos o no, y sin duda los procesos relacionados con ellos han se explican por debilidades en la corteza terrestre por la presencia de conjuntos de fallas o por los llamados "puntos calientes". España no suele ser asociado con un país especialmente rico en fenómenos volcánicos, pero si que hay algunos ejemplos de ellos que merece la pena conocer y que añaden geodiversidad a un país enormemente variado en lo climático, paisajístico, biológico, y en tantos aspectos.