UG

This paper recalls some basic facts on syntax of adverbs and negation in Czech. It has been proposed recently to analyze adverb phrases (AdvP) as the unique specifiers of distinct maximal projections, rather than as adjuncts (ClNQUE 1999). Cinque argues for the existence o f a fixed universal hierarchy of clausal functional projections. Furthermore, he rejects the assumption that languages vary in the number and type of functional projections and their distribution. Instead, he tries to construct a plausibility argument against these assumptions, suggesting that no such variation is allowed by UG and that the same number, type and order (hierarchy) of functional projections holds across languages and clause types, despite apparent counterevidence. Specifically, he argues that in addition to the order of free functional morphemes ("particles" and auxiliaries) and of bound functional morphemes (affixes), there is a third type of different classes offunctional projections of AdvP.

Similarily to the proposal that has been made by Uwe Junghanns (2006), I do not adopt the specific approach to the grammar of adverbials that are associated with specific functional projections (cf. also ALEXIADOU 1997 for Greek).

Instead, and as opposed to Uwe Junghanns, I make the claim that sentential adverbs are base-generated as adjuncts
to an agreement phrase as opposed to VP-Adverbs that adjoin to VP in the base.

This vision is supported with respect to the different properties of Negation and Scope w.r.t. sentential adverbs (SA) and manner (lower) adverbs: The contrast of manner adverbs with respect to structural position and the SA is striking both with respect to lexicon (semantics) and to scope properties of negation.

First descriptive generalization + manner adverbs are subcategorized by the verbal projection (light vP) whereas the higher adverbs are subcategorized by the CP phase heading and dominating the higher sentential negation phrase that outscopes manner adverbs. If the negational scope outscopes the propositional phrase and thus also the higher sentential adverbs, it usually takes scope over the lower adverbs and thus has properties of focus (partial) and contrastive focus.

My proposal is the following: The fact that in most cases SAs do not meet scope conflicts (for the exceptions see JUNGHANNS, 2006) can be explained by the fact that sentential negation does not build a scope domain of SA, the latter being situated higher in the sentence structure. Whereas SAs usually and mostly do not affect the reading of the negated proposition - despite their apparent scope conflicts that are then resolved by covered movement after Speil-out out of the scope of sentential negation (cf. JUNGHANNS, 2006) - manner adverbs such as pekne 'nicely', vlEdne 'moderately', nah/as 'loudly', dobfe 'good', etc. strictly combine with constituent negation interpretations with different scope properties than the sentence negation has. As I already stated my proposal will be that the negation - besides its main property as operator responsible for binding the trace or variable of negated sentences - constitutes the focus domain of the lowest phrase, viz. VP-shell. The starting point of my analysis is then the assumption that the negation -like other scope taking items (e.g., the particle only, etc.) - can be a candidate for focalizers or focus sensitive particles in the sense of HAJlcovA (l995a,b).
I assume that the focus feature [FOC can be assigned to syntactic constituents that include SAs and manner adverbs. Because SAs must take scope over the whole proposition (they
take the proposition as their argument in complement position)
they have to stand higher than the NegP. Scope conflicts between a sentential negation and SAs as discussed in Junghanns are resolved or overcome in the non-overt part of syntax (traditionally called LF). After Speil-out, the SA, the offending item, leaves its base position to adjoin to CP (or in my version to AGRSP) from where it takes scope over the whole clause.

Some recent findings on language variation have come to different conclusions although their major concern has been always the same. How can we explain the fact that since the very beginning, natural languages have become what they are: a wide array of different means of expressions of mind for the same referential entities of the world?
How can diversity and variation of languages be explained? In the past three centuries the problem of language variation is becoming a central issue in many respects of language studies: from the viewpoint of language evolution, language typology and ontogenesis of language. One of the most prominent fields of concern has since Plato been the question how innate ideas could be internalized and why they had to become externalized? For Noam Chomsky, the most prominent peer of generative linguistics since the 5o’s of the past century, language faculty in the narrow sense (FLN) is nothing but an “‘organ of the body,’ along with other cognitive systems. Our analysis of human language builds on Chomsky’s (1995, 2005, 2010) minimalist assumption that the design of language is grounded in conceptual necessity. Adopting this idea, we expect to find three factors that interact to determine (I-) languages attained: genetic endowment (the topic of Universal Grammar), experience, and principles that are language- or even organism-independent.” (Chomsky 2005:1). In the present article we will try to give some ideas how generative research based on Biolinguistics can contribute on a par with the typology of languages to a more profound and sound exploration of language variation. We shall try to show it on some examples from syntax taken from German and Czech (cf. section 3). Saying this, we strongly reject a superficial short hand account on language typology as it has been discussed lately as opposed to long-standing and serious studies on the same matter

Prediction of number of π-bonds, σ-bonds, single and triple bonds of aliphatic unsaturated open chain and cycloalkynes is a vitally important tool for students of chemistry at undergraduate and graduate level for solving different kinds of problems regarding different chemical reactions. In this manuscript, we try to present a simple and innovative method for easy calculation of number of π-bonds, σ-bonds, single and triple bonds with the help of completely 8 (eight) new formulae.

Twitter, the most popular microblogging service by the end of 2009, has gained much interest among Computer-Mediated Communication scholars and practitioners. As a new social medium, Twitter shows distinguished characteristics such as text-based posts of up to 140 characters delivered in real-time, and via multiple access modes including the Web, SMS, and mobile device applications. Interestingly, and in spite of an explosive growth in 2009, Twitter is also experiencing higher dropout rates compared to other social networking sites giving rise to the term Twitter Quitter.
This study will examine which factors influence Twitter Quitters in their decision to discontinue Twitter’s use through the use of perceived motivations and innovation related constructs. Uses and Gratifications (UG) and Diffusion of Innovation theory (IDT) are employed to frame the theoretical background. Also, this study will offer support for the effects of mobile device usage to access Twitter on self-reported motivations and perceived outcomes of using Twitter .
An online survey will be used to collect data from 300 undergraduate students at a large U.S. mid-western university. A Partial Least Squares (PLS)-based data analysis will be used to provide support for which constructs explain differences between Twitter users and Twitter quitters. Also, the influence of mobile device use on the continuance or discontinuance of Twitter will be examined. Implications for both theory and practice, as well as suggestions for further research will also be presented.

This study explored the explanatory power of Uses and Gratifications (UG) and the Diffusion of Innovation theory (IDT) in describing Twitter phenomenon. Effects of mobile access and perceived outcomes of using Twitter were also examined and comparison of active and inactive users revealed which needs are likely to result in Twitter’s discontinuance if unmet. Online survey and data analysis with Partial Least Squares (PLS) revealed that the needs for Entertainment, Relaxation, the service’s Visibility and Compatibility were strong predictors of Twitter’s usage. ANOVA highlighted that the same dimensions were significantly lower among inactive ‘tweeters’, suggesting that the same factors may be responsible for both adoption and continuance. Mobile access of Twitter was found to be a catalyst for continued use. There is a need for the combined use of UG and IDT in describing Twitter’s adoption, with personal needs and the service’s characteristics being the use drivers by different aud...

Prediction of magnetic moment without M.O.T. is of vital important tool to students of applied chemistry for solving different kinds of problems related to magnetic behavior. In this manuscript I try to present a simplest time saving innovative method for the identification of magnetic behavior of homo and hetero nuclear mono and diatomic molecules or ions having total electrons (01-20) excluding MOT concept. This method is not applicable for polyatomic molecules such as BCl3, CCl4, SO2 etc.

This research is analyzing errors made by the students in answering the past tense form of English direct and indirect speech. The aim of this research is to find out how many errors made by the students in answering the questions of English direct and indirect speech in the past tense form.The population is the first year students of the faculty of Economy majoring Accounting,Gunadarma University, namely lEB 11 and 1EB13. The number of population is 88 students which is 43 students from 1EB11 and 45 students from 1EB13.50 students are choosen as the sample.  The data analysis will show the result of the occurence of errors made by the sample by giving the numbers of students who made errors, then giving the explanation of the correct answer, and interpreting the data. The result shows that most students still found difficulties in answering the questions. Errors happened more in changing the sentence from the direct speech to indirect speech in the form of simple past than in the f...

The Focused Identification of Germplasm Strategy (FIGS) has been validated using predictive computer models in simulation studies to predict a priori known trait scores. This study was designed as a "blind" study where the person calculating the computer model did not know the actual trait scores. This study design provides a more realistic test of the predictive capacity of the FIGS approach compared to previous studies. Furthermore this study also explored the suitability of FIGS for the identification of resistance in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ssp. aestivum) and durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum) to Ug99 – a strain of stem rust (Puccinia graminis Pers f.sp. tritici Eriks. & Henn.) and typified to race TTKSK. The predictions were validated against a dataset with the screening of wheat accessions conducted in Yemen in 2008. Only a small training set representing 20% of the trait screening results was disclosed to the person conducting the data analysis ...

Visualisasi dalam requirement engineering dibutuhkan agar penyebab permasalahan menjadi lebih terjajaki (traceable). Di samping visualisasi, dibutuhkan juga deskripsi dari visualisasi. Pada fase requirement engineering, kadangkala terjadi inkonsistensi penyampaian informasi. Oleh karena itu, dibutuhkan visualisasi dan dokumentasi informasi secara otomatis dan konsisten untuk menelusuri penyebab ketidakpuasan. Untuk itu diperlukan suatu perangkat bantu agar memperoleh visualisasi dan dokumentasi secara otomatis dan konsisten. Dengan dikembangkannya perangkat bantu untuk visualisasi dan pendeskripsian informasi LWBA dengan menggunakan metode BBSDM diharapkan penyajian informasi menjadi lebih baik secara otomatis.

EVA atau Economic Value Added adalah ukuran nilai tambah ekonomis yong dihasilkan olch perusahaan sebagai akibot dari aktivitasEatau strategi manajemen. EVAjuga merupakan suatu metode yatig dapat digunakan untuk mengukur kinerja keuangan perusahaan dengan cara mempertimbangkan bioya dan modal yang telah diinvestasikan. Data atau informasi yang mempengaruhi hasil perhitungan adalah Laba Bersih Setelah Pajak (EAT), Laba per Lembar Saham (EPS), Tingkat Pajak yang berlaku (t), Biaya Bunga, Total Ekuitas, dan beberapa komponen lainnya. Penelitian ini mengambil data dari laporan keuangan dan harga saham PTTelkom selama periode 2007-2011. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menilai kinerja keuangan PT.Telekomunikasi Indonesia, Tbk selama periode 2007-2011 dengan menggunakan metode EVA. Hasil yang diperoleh adalah perusahaan terbukti menciptakan nilai tambah bagi perusahaan selama periode penelitian.

Abstract. A new electromagnetic metastructure, a lattice of 3D cavities consisting of an array of reentrant posts is presented. The individual cavity elements can be thought of as 3D split-ring resonators, which is confirmed by applying symmetry transformations, each of which is an electromagnetic resonator with spatially separated magnetic and electric field. The characteristics of the cavity is used to mimic phonon behaviour of a one dimensional chain of atoms. It is demonstrated how magnetic field coupling can lead to phonon-like dispersion curves with acoustical and optical branches. The system is able to reproduce a number of effects typical to one-dimensional lattices exhibiting acoustic vibration, such as band gaps, phonon trapping, and effects of impurities. In addition, quasicrystal emulations predict the results expected from this class of ordered structures. The system is easily scalable to simulate 2D and 3D lattices and shows a new way to engineer arrays of coupled micr...

The purpose of this study is to reveal whether there is association between English fluency of newly graduated bachelor programs, being measured by their TOEFL score and the waiting time to obtain their first jobs after graduation day. One hundred and twenty fresh graduates of a private university in Depok, West Java, Indonesia who were willing to participate in the study were tested to obtain their TOEFL score and instructed to report their waiting time until they get their first jobs. Mean of their TOEFL score was 443.6 (95% CI: 434.3,453.0), while the mean of waiting time was 50.8 days (95% CI: 45.2,563). In the linear regression analysis, TOEFL score was shown as a statistically significant predictor for the waiting time (p < 0.00). It is concluded that English fluency is of prime importance for fresh bachelor program graduates in Indonesia to facilitate their job seeking task.

Media massa yang memberitakan kasus-kasus korupsi di Indonesia , seperti kasus korupsi Angelina Sondakh , beberapa waktu lalu temyata juga menceritakan sisi kehidupan pribadinya. Hal ini tidak terlepas dari komodifikasi yang dilakukan media massa. Isi media lebih ditentukan oleh kekuatan-kekuatan ekonomi dan politik di luar pengelolaan media . Kajian ini mencoba memberikan gambaran mengenai proses komodifikasi pemberitaan kasus korupsi di media massa, termasuk media cetak.

Association behavior of mono, di and tri-hydric alcohols having three carbon skeleton in a straight chain was studied based on surface tension (γ) data, EÖTVÖS constants (k), order of association (x), hydrogen bond acceptor (Ha)-donor (Hd) counts and Trouton’s rule. It is to be understood from the title that alcohols used were 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol and glycerol.