Transvaginal ultrasonography

Abstract
Question: Are women in semi-urban city of Nigeria aware of alternative route of  ultrasound scanning in early pregnancy aside trans-abdominal route(TAS) and what is the  level of acceptance of trans-vaginal ultrasound scanning(TVS) among them?
Summary Answer: Only about one-fifth (16.4%) of women who have been pregnant  ever are aware of TVS as an option in pregnancy assessment, among which only 52.6% of  them know that TVS is preferred in some pregnancy conditions over TAS. Less than one third (28.8%) will accept to have TVS done.
Known Already: Several studies in western world have looked at acceptability of  TVS among women for various indications with a wide range acceptability of 43% to 96%  depending on the content of questionnaire. Very few studies have looked at acceptability in  Nigeria. Willingness to have TVS done was quoted by Atalabi et al. as 84%. Study Design, Size and Duration: This was a cross-sectional study over 8-week  period among unselected women who came for routine ante-natal clinic in two tertiary hospitals in Osogbo, Nigeria. The plan was to administer at least 300 questionnaires. Verbal
consent was secured after due counselling by research assistant.
Participants, Settings, Method: Pregnant women attending booking clinics of  Lautech teaching hospital and Asubiaro general hospital were approached as convenient  to participate in the study using self-administered questionnaire though queries about  questionnaire were answered on spot by research assistant. Verbal consent after due
counsel was accepted. Descriptive and multivariate analysis done using SPSS Statistics  version 20 software. Main results: Total of 347 participants. Response rate was 94.3%. Two out of three  participants (68%) had tertiary level of education. Of the participants 83.6% think ultrasound  scanning is not harmful. Only about one-fifth (16.4%) of women who have been pregnant  ever are aware of TVS as a tool in women assessment. Among those who are aware of  TVS over 80% are unsure of conditions when TVS is preferred to TAS. The leading negative
expected feeling among participants (74.7%) who responded if they were asked to do TVS  was expectation of more pain compared to TAS 41.2% will consider giving consent only  after discussing it with husband. Less than one-third (28.8%) of women who have ever been
pregnant will accept to have TVS done.
Limitation: Participants are within semi-urban area even though two-third of them has  tertiary level of education. The environment of study may be a strong factor in limiting  exposure & thus awareness of TVS.
Wider Implications of Findings: There is urgent need to educate the populace  including men via various media houses including social media on the safety & advantages  of TVS in assessment of women either in pregnancy or outside of pregnancy.  Only about one-fifth (16.4%) of women who have been pregnant ever are aware of TVS
as a tool in women assessment, Less than one-third (28.8%) of women who have ever been  pregnant will accept to have TVS done.
Keywords: Awareness TVS, Pregnant Women

Background: Infertility is a common problem as it is observed in 10-15% of couples to whom developing approaches for treatment is an issue of utmost importance. The aim of the current study was to determine the accuracy of diagnostic transvaginal ultrasongraphy (TVS) for the investigation of uterin pathologies in women before the application of assisted reproductive technique (ART). Methods: In this observational, cross-sectional study, TVS and diagnostic hysteroscopy were performed consecutively on 100 infertile women, who were candidates for ART. All the findings of TVS were compared with hysteroscopic appearance of uterine cavity. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative likelihood ratios were also calculated for diagnostic polyp and uterine anomalies. Results: Polyp was detected through diagnosis hysteroscopy in 6 cases (6.0%), out of whom 4 were diagnosed by TVS. The sensitivity and specificity ratios with TVS, diagnosed for polyp, were 50.00% and 98.94%, respectively. In addition, the sensitivity and specificity ratios with TVS, diagnosed for uterine abnormalities were 27.78 % and 98.78%, respectively. Conclusion: The researchers concluded that TVS allows for the diagnosis of polyp uterine in the most cases, but its sensitivity for diagnosis of uterine anomalies is low. Therefore, TVS is not useful technique, compared with hysteroscopy, in patients who are candidates for ART. Thus, hysteroscopy is highly recommended.

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the complication rates of oocyte pick-up (OPU) procedures via transvaginal ultrasonography in patients with different levels of ovarian reserve.Methods: In total, 789 patients who underwent OPU procedures for in vitro fertilization (IVF) were included in the study.Results: Individuals with normal ovarian reserve had a 2.947-fold higher risk of complications in OPU procedures than individuals with low ovarian reserve, and individuals with high ovarian reserve had a 7.448-fold higher risk of complications than individuals with low ovarian reserve. In addition, a higher number of IVF trials was associated with an increased risk of complications.Conclusion: The results of this study show that OPU has a higher risk of complications, particularly severe pain, in patients with high ovarian reserve. It is thought that complications can be reduced by preferring mild stimulation in patients with high ovarian reserve. Collecting fewer oocytes is ...