Transnationalization

We discuss some features of the conformation of Spiritism in Brazil, highlighting some
specific aspects of the originally French doctrine transmuted by their first Brazilian
followers. According to the processes and impacts of the transnationalization of the
Spiritism, the actions of certain social actors, far from promoting a misrepresentation
of the primary principles, responded to historical imperatives, and social and cultural
factors. According to this perspective, the goal of this paper is to show the process of
accentuation of the religious character of Spiritism in Brazil.

U.S. law schools currently run more than 200 study abroad programs annually, but scant law review literature exists on the subject. This is surprising, because study abroad programs are a central mainstay of U.S. law schools’ global programming efforts. This essay therefore addresses the design and administration of law school study abroad programs, and does so through the comparative lens of feng shui principles. The result is a useful taxonomy of factors that must be considered, and balanced, in order for law school study abroad programs to be fully effective - both as stand-alone programs and as platforms for additional global programming.

Keywords: Study Abroad, Globalization, Transnationalization, Legal Education

Trato, neste artigo, sobre o modo como o movimento da Reforma da Vida colaborou para a construção de uma espiritualidade e novos modos de pensar o sujeito, que forjaram os elementos socioculturais de receptividade às religiosidades afro-brasileiras não apenas na Alemanha, mas em grande parte do contexto europeu, trazendo também problemas para a transnacionalização religiosa, em que ressurgem práticas do veganismo e outros modos de lidar com a construção religiosa do sujeito europeu sob grande influência das práticas espiritualistas e da chamada Nova Era.

Résumé
Cet article propose une réflexion théorique autour de l’analyse des phénomènes de transnationalisation de l’action collective. L’approche du processus politique, approche dominante dans le champ de la transnationalisation, limite notre compréhension des pratiques de transnationalisation par sa conception du politique, du pouvoir et du changement social (partie I). Ces limites conceptuelles, qui ne sont pas nouvelles, prennent cependant une couleur particulière dans le cas des actions qui transcendent le territoire national et font resurgir la nécessité de penser l’action collective par le biais d’une « géographie » des solidarités transnationales (partie II). Finalement, nous décrivons le cas exemplaire de transnationalisation des solidarités que représente la Marche mondiale des femmes, qui contraste les apports respectifs de l’approche des processus politiques et celle proposée ici (partie III).

Abstract
An analysis of the transnationalisation of collective action
A proposal for a geography of transnational solidarities
This article considers the phenomenon of the transnationalization of collective action from a theoretical perspective. Our understanding of transnationalization and its practices is limited by the prevailing political process approach and its concept of politics, power and social change (Part I). The conceptual constraints, while not new, nonetheless take on a special colour when the actions transcend national boundaries and spark collective actions through a “geography” of transnational solidarities (Part II). Finally, we describe the exemplary case of solidarities represented by the World March of Women which contrasts the respective contributions of the political process approach with the approach proposed here (Part III).

Resumen
Este artículo propone una reflexión teórica en torno al análisis de los fenómenos de transnacionalización de la acción colectiva. El enfoque del proceso político, que domina el campo de estudio de la transnacionalización, limita nuestra comprensión de las prácticas de transnacionalización por su concepción sobre la política, el poder y el cambio social (parte I). Estos límites conceptuales, que no son del todo nuevos, toman sin embargo un matiz particular en el caso de las acciones que trascienden el territorio nacional, y nos hace reflexionar sobre la necesidad de pensar la acción colectiva por medio de una “geografía” de las solidaridades transnacionales (parte II). Por último, describimos el caso ejemplar de transnacionalización de las solidaridades representado por la Marcha mundial de las mujeres, que contrasta las contribuciones respectivas del enfoque del proceso político con la propuesta que se desarrolla en este artículo (parte III)

How is it that the disappearance of 43 students from Ayotzinapa, one of the poorest and most marginalized areas in Mexico, sparked the mobilization of hundreds of thousands of people all around the world? This study characterizes the process of transnationalization of local protest movements based on the case of Ayotzinapa. It identifies the factors that facilitate or even make the process possible. It examines the strategies of mobilization of domestic protesters, the response gotten from the international community, the motives for participation in collective action and the possible impact. To conceptualize the transnationalization process the "Boomerang model" is introduced.  The argumentation is drawn on existing theoretical perspectives, the relevant events assessed based on documentary analysis and complemented with statements from qualitative interviews with three movement leaders and participants. This research identified three aspects crucial for the effectiveness of the process of transnationalization: The framing of the plurality of the case around the Human Rights that resonated with a wide spread population around the world, the recognition and use of political opportunities, and the existence of a wide transnational advocacy network from former Mexican movements. This thesis focuses on the interaction between civil societies, but it is suggested that further research should be made on the impact on a political level.

Keywords: Protest Movements, Transnationalization, Mexico, Ayotzinapa, Human Rights, Boomerang Model, Resonance, Framing.

This chapter provides an empirical analysis into the historical processes that resulted in the establishment of the concept of evidence-based education on European Union's official political agenda. The evidence-turn in European education policy-making was not limited to the ideational level, but it had also more pervasive consequences for the distribution of symbolic power between competing groups of economic, academic and political education experts located on national and supranational levels. Amongst other things, the evidence-turn weakened the traditional national political sovereignty over education and enhanced the symbolic authority possessed by European Commission and its actions influencing groups of economic experts. Even more importantly, the introduction of evidence-based education has given rise to a new transnational social field that is dominated by economic rationalities and economic actors. 2

This paper focuses on the relationship between food practices, preparation of Candomblé ritual offerings and performance of rituals in a transnational case study. My interest here is to consider two ethnographic accounts of Candomblé rituals in Italy and Brazil. I will analyze how Italian practitioners perceive different aspects of the preparation of ritual offerings and what values are at stake in the cooking and consumption of food and food offerings. I will show how memory and the senses are essential to build a new idea of familiarity and to learn new skills within the ritual practice.

Owing to the increasing presence of globalized communication and the accelerated exchange of cultural products, there is a consensus that collective memories transcend their original contexts. We investigate how imported memories are recruited in political speech to render meaning relevant to domestic publics. Based on a qualitative comparative long-term analysis of speeches held by heads of state in the United States, the United Kingdom, Israel, and Germany (1945–2018), we identify three ways in which memories are imported into new settings. Findings show that memories are not imported as meaningful wholes, but arranged selectively and recontextualized, confining their role to supporting predetermined domestic agendas. While the progressing transnationalization may have expanded the repertoire of memories available for public sense-making, the use of memories remains firmly rooted within the national context.

Do the current changes of both geographical and symbolic boundaries lead to the emergence of a world society? How do transnational migration, communication and worldwide economic and political networks manifest themselves in globalised modernity? This book presents innovative contributions to transnationalisation research and world society theory based on empirical studies from Asia, Africa, Latin America and Europe. Practicable methodologies complete theoretical inquiries and provide examples of applied research, which also might be used in teaching.

Social work has always been basically organized at the local and national levels. Nevertheless, in the face of globalization, social work has to be reconsidered far beyond national boundaries, because its clients’ social life worlds extend beyond local and state borders. This chapter analyzes the state of the art in the field of volunteering, refuge and social work and argues that due to its double mandate, social work could act as a bridge between state services and initiatives of the civil society and offer an insight into the ambiguities of cooperation between volunteering activities and professional social work using selected examples.

Owing to the increasing presence of globalized communication and the accelerated exchange of cultural products, there is a consensus that collective memories transcend their original contexts. We investigate how imported memories are recruited in political speech to render meaning relevant to domestic publics. Based on a qualitative comparative long-term analysis of speeches held by heads of state in the United States, the United Kingdom, Israel, and Germany (1945–2018), we identify three ways in which memories are imported into new settings. Findings show that memories are not imported as meaningful wholes, but arranged selectively and recontextualized, confining their role to supporting predetermined domestic agendas. While the progressing transnationalization may have expanded the repertoire of memories available for public sense-making, the use of memories remains firmly rooted within the national context.